This document discusses the need for more flexible classrooms and educational technologies to facilitate new educational practices. It presents three questions regarding versatility, convertibility and scalability in classroom design. The document summarizes results from exploratory approaches that identify needs such as interactive whiteboards, latency for videoconferencing, and flexible furniture. The challenges of adapting classrooms to keep pace with educational changes are also discussed.

1. Next Generation Classroom
from elite classes to education factories up to co-creation
Shared Service Centre ICT – Education Technology
© 2014 Dr. ing. A.H.W. (Piet) van der Zanden
Dr.ing. Piet van der Zanden
Adviser for ICT in Education
a.h.w.vanderzanden@tudelft.nl

2. Three University Archetypes
from society detached … … to society engaged
© 2014 Dr. ing. A.H.W. (Piet) van der Zanden

3. Three ‘ICT in Education’ Practices
from individual training … … to co-creation
© 2014 Dr. ing. A.H.W. (Piet) van der Zanden

4. Five Learning Theories
from individual learning … … to collaborative producing
Pavlov
Skinner
Watson
Bruner
Gagné
Piaget Vygotsky
Siemens
DownesRogoff
Kukla
McFarlane
© 2014 Dr. ing. A.H.W. (Piet) van der Zanden

5. Adaptation of Innovations (Rogers, 2003)
2,5 % 13,5 % 34 % 34 % 16 %
Striking is the difference in people using
new technologies
Critical mass is between 10 % en 30 % of
maximum of users
Do you want change, aim at innovators and
early adopters!
Do pilot projects with lengths of minimum
4 years to reach critical mass!
© 2014 Dr. ing. A.H.W. (Piet) van der Zanden

6. Virtual Learning Environment
Another 5 years … … for the next education technology
Implementation of Blackboard VLE within higher education follows an S-curve in time,
similar to commercial products in the market!
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General
Arts&Humanities
NaturalSciences
Engineering
SocialSciences
SocialSciences-113
VLE’s lifespan is 19.3 years with standard deviation of 3.7 year
To reach a critical mass of 10% took 3 to 5 years
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Based on 236 VLEs with 1.15 * 106 online courses, of which 648 * 103 with a length > 1 month
and 144 * 103 unique users who applied 115 * 106 educational activities. R2 = 99,7 %.
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© 2014 Dr. ing. A.H.W. (Piet) van der Zanden

7. Education practices and technologies
© 2014 Dr. ing. A.H.W. (Piet) van der Zanden

8. Leading Question: What educational settings are tomorrow’s practices and
what technology is needed to facilitate these?
Education is developing in multiple directions
• Massification provides access for more people requesting larger halls
• Personalisation demands for smaller learning spaces
• Interactive Classes ask for convertible settings i.e. frontal and group mode
• Universities mostly choose the capacity option of Massification: more seats
to facilitate more students appears to be a straight forward strategy.
• However, occupation & utilisation show figures of 49% & 32% respectively
• Indication: Available education spaces do not match applied education
practices, but which do?
© 2014 Dr. ing. A.H.W. (Piet) van der Zanden

9. Statement: (Re)building lecture halls and classrooms with common widespread
arrangements impede developments in pedagogy!
Classroom Interior Design & Electronic Equipment
• Installed education technology seems to be stuck in a time warp (e.g.
chalkboard, whiteboard, projector)
• Observation: Pedagogy is taken hostage by these tools
Quote Sir Winston Churchill:
“We shape our buildings, and afterwards our buildings shape us”
Quote John Culkin:
“We shape our tools and thereafter they shape us”
© 2014 Dr. ing. A.H.W. (Piet) van der Zanden

10. Assumption: A well-designed flexible classroom in combination with modern
tools brings forth new educational practices, first simple ones, later on the
advanced ones and eventually new practices of which we cannot think of today
Classroom Interior Design & Electronic Equipment
Adaptive Structuration Theory (Desanctis and Poole, 1994): Interaction
between people and systems brings forth a social behaviour through
the uses of these systems
If interactive classes and mixed educational practices are
awaited for … Collaborative Learning Environment
- Appropriation = dynamic use of technology for personal situation.
- Structuration = evolutionary character of work processes within e.g. departments
© 2014 Dr. ing. A.H.W. (Piet) van der Zanden
Desanctis
Poole

11. 3. Scalability: How can audio-visual signals
be transported between classrooms and
buildings in order to virtually expand the
capacity of classrooms?
Three leading questions:
1. Versatility: How can an interactive whiteboard resemble the
applied chalkboard pedagogy for scientific practices at our
Delft University of Technology and ease the digitization of
subject matter?
Flexible Classrooms Facilitating Multiple Practices
2. Convertibility: How can multiple education
practices be facilitated in one and the same
classroom?
© 2014 Dr. ing. A.H.W. (Piet) van der Zanden

12. Results of Exploratory Approach
1. Only one interactive whiteboard suffices for our chalkboard pedagogy. See
Zanden, A. H. W. v. d. (2014). Advanced Teaching with Virtual Chalk and Four Parallel Video Signals.
2. Latency of digital videoconference chain preferably about 100 ms
3. Support and maintenance are keen issues
4. Aspect ratio preferably 16:9 in accordance with videos, online materials, …
5. AV-IT system’s native resolution, preferably full HD 1920*1080p
6. Automatic recording procedures
7. Robust connectors (HDMI not fault-tolerant), appropriate AV infrastructure
8. Appropriate network infrastructure
9. Ergonomic measures for readability, illumination, viewing angles, … . See
Zanden, A. H. W. v. d. (2014). Readability in Classrooms.
10. Flexstool to accommodate both frontal instruction and group modes. See
Kreke, T. v. d. (2010). Flexstool for multiple learning practices in lecture rooms. Master of Science, Delft
University of Technology, Delft.
© 2014 Dr. ing. A.H.W. (Piet) van der Zanden

13. Versatile Teaching Environment
Four
Quadrants
Multiple
AV Signals
Visualizer
Projector
signal A/B
Video wall
signal A
A
Scenario Lecture
Projector
signal B/C
SMARTboard
signal A
Video wall
signal B
Scenario Instruction
Full-Screen Display of a
Quadrant or Other Signal
Quadrant 2
Quadrant 3 Quadrant 4
Quadrant 1 SMARTboard
is signal 1,2,3 or 4
Scenario 4 Quadrants
Classroom 2
SMARTboard
Classroom 1
1
2
3
1
2
3
Video Conference
© 2014 Dr. ing. A.H.W. (Piet) van der Zanden

14. Convertible Practices in One Classroom
Frontal Instruction Group Assignment
© 2014 Dr. ing. A.H.W. (Piet) van der Zanden

15. Scalability through AV over IP Network
Transmitting Classroom Receiving Classroom
Streaming AV
© 2014 Dr. ing. A.H.W. (Piet) van der Zanden

16. Challenges
1. Teaching and Learning Environments are subject to educational change
2. Third parties (architect, AV integrator, other) have difficulty to understand
the consequences and impact for their domain
3. Conventional AV and pedagogy tools impede progress in education
4. New education practices may come forth from using new interiors and new
tools (Adaptive Structuration Theory )
5. Flexible classrooms may help to improve occupation and utilisation
6. The Test Classroom is part of on-going study with next two questions:
1. What AV-IT installation and furniture serves today’s classroom
practices and keeps an open path for adaptation and adoption to
modern education practices?
2. Which pedagogy and technology can bridge the gap between physical
education practices and online virtual collaboration environments?
© 2014 Dr. ing. A.H.W. (Piet) van der Zanden