This document discusses ideal gases, Raoult's law, ideal solutions, and deviations from Raoult's law. It explains that an ideal gas is composed of randomly moving particles that only interact during elastic collisions. Raoult's law describes ideal solutions. Non-ideal solutions show either positive or negative deviations from Raoult's law due to differences in intermolecular forces between solvent-solute and pure components. Positive deviations occur when these interactions are weaker, while negative deviations occur when they are stronger.
RAOULT'S LAW ( Physical & Analytical Chemistry)Hasnaın Sheıkh
Name; Hasnain Nawaz
Surname : Shaikh
ROLL NO: 16 CH 42
B.E: Chemical Engineering (In Progress).
Mehran University of Engineering and Technology
Jamshore, ISO 9001 Certified.
Henry Law, Its Limitation and Active MassVinod Dahiya
https://youtu.be/rxmovBZQF6g
In this video you will study about Henry Law, Its limitations, What is Active Maas, how it is calculated with the help of example
RAOULT'S LAW ( Physical & Analytical Chemistry)Hasnaın Sheıkh
Name; Hasnain Nawaz
Surname : Shaikh
ROLL NO: 16 CH 42
B.E: Chemical Engineering (In Progress).
Mehran University of Engineering and Technology
Jamshore, ISO 9001 Certified.
Henry Law, Its Limitation and Active MassVinod Dahiya
https://youtu.be/rxmovBZQF6g
In this video you will study about Henry Law, Its limitations, What is Active Maas, how it is calculated with the help of example
Solubility of liquids in liquids, The term miscibility refers to the mutual solubility of the component of liquid - liquid system, Raoult’s Law, Raoult’s law may be mathematically expressed as: Ideal solution, Real solution
The branch of chemistry, which deals with the study of reaction rates and their mechanisms, called chemical kinetics.
Thermodynamics tells only about the feasibility of a reaction whereas chemical kinetics tells about the rate of a reaction.
For example, thermodynamic data indicate that diamond shall convert to graphite but in reality the conversion rate is so slow that the change is not perceptible at all.
Surface Tension is defined as the tension of the surface film of a liquid caused by the attraction of the particles in the surface layer by the bulk of the liquid, which tends to minimize surface area.
It is due to the phenomena of surface tension that the drops of water tend to assume a spherical shape to attain minimum surface area. the presentation gives a brief description of the methods to measue this important property of the interface of two fluid.
State of matter and properties of matter (Part-2) (Latent Heat, Vapour pressu...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Latent Heat, Vapour pressure, Factor affecting vapour pressure, Surface area, Types of molecule, Temperature and Intermolecular forces, Sublimation Critical point
Basic Terminology,Heat, energy and work, Internal Energy (E or U),First Law of Thermodynamics, Enthalpy,Molar heat capacity, Heat capacity,Specific heat capacity,Enthalpies of Reactions,Hess’s Law of constant heat summation,Born–Haber Cycle,Lattice energy,Second law of thermodynamics, Gibbs free energy(ΔG),Bond Energies,Efficiency of a heat engine
Solubility of drugs: Solubility expressions, mechanisms of solute solvent interactions, ideal solubility parameters, solvation & association, quantitative approach to the factors
influencing solubility of drugs, diffusion principles in biological systems. Solubility
of gas in liquids, solubility of liquids in liquids, (Binary solutions, ideal solutions)
Raoult’s law, real solutions. Partially miscible liquids, Critical solution temperature . Distribution law, its limitations and applications
Solubility of liquids in liquids, The term miscibility refers to the mutual solubility of the component of liquid - liquid system, Raoult’s Law, Raoult’s law may be mathematically expressed as: Ideal solution, Real solution
The branch of chemistry, which deals with the study of reaction rates and their mechanisms, called chemical kinetics.
Thermodynamics tells only about the feasibility of a reaction whereas chemical kinetics tells about the rate of a reaction.
For example, thermodynamic data indicate that diamond shall convert to graphite but in reality the conversion rate is so slow that the change is not perceptible at all.
Surface Tension is defined as the tension of the surface film of a liquid caused by the attraction of the particles in the surface layer by the bulk of the liquid, which tends to minimize surface area.
It is due to the phenomena of surface tension that the drops of water tend to assume a spherical shape to attain minimum surface area. the presentation gives a brief description of the methods to measue this important property of the interface of two fluid.
State of matter and properties of matter (Part-2) (Latent Heat, Vapour pressu...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Latent Heat, Vapour pressure, Factor affecting vapour pressure, Surface area, Types of molecule, Temperature and Intermolecular forces, Sublimation Critical point
Basic Terminology,Heat, energy and work, Internal Energy (E or U),First Law of Thermodynamics, Enthalpy,Molar heat capacity, Heat capacity,Specific heat capacity,Enthalpies of Reactions,Hess’s Law of constant heat summation,Born–Haber Cycle,Lattice energy,Second law of thermodynamics, Gibbs free energy(ΔG),Bond Energies,Efficiency of a heat engine
Solubility of drugs: Solubility expressions, mechanisms of solute solvent interactions, ideal solubility parameters, solvation & association, quantitative approach to the factors
influencing solubility of drugs, diffusion principles in biological systems. Solubility
of gas in liquids, solubility of liquids in liquids, (Binary solutions, ideal solutions)
Raoult’s law, real solutions. Partially miscible liquids, Critical solution temperature . Distribution law, its limitations and applications
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
3. It is a gas composed of many randomly moving point
particles that do not interact except when they collide
elastically.
RAOULTS LAW
PV=nRT
a gas behaves more like an ideal gas at
higher temperature and lower pressure
potential energy due to intermolecular forces becomes
less significant compared with the particles' kinetic energy,
and the size of the molecules becomes less significant
compared to the empty space between them.
4. The ideal gas model tends to fail at lower temperatures or
higher pressures, when intermolecular forces and
molecular size become important.
It also fails for most heavy gases, such as
many refrigerants and for gases with strong intermolecular
forces, notably water vapour.
5. An ideal solution is that solution that follows raoults law
under all standard temp. and conc.
It satisfy that ΔVmixing =0
ΔHMIXING =0
we can also say that it is the solution of two components A
and B in which the A---B interactions are of same
magnitude as A---A and B----B interaction
Only solutions with low conc of solute behave ideally.
Ex. benzene+toluene
chlorobenzene+ bromobenzene
6. The solution which do not follow raoults law.
ΔVmixing = 0 and ΔHmixing = 0
It is the solution in which solute and solvent molecules
interact with one another with a different force than forces
of interaction between the molecules of the pure
compounds.
Ex: Sulphuric acid(solute) and water(solvent) the amount
of heat is evolved is large and thus change in volume is
also seen.
7. +ve deviation:
In mixtures showing a positive deviation from Raoult's Law, the
vapour pressure of the mixture is always higher than you
would expect from an ideal mixture.
8. The deviation can be small - in which case, the straight
line in the last graph turns into a slight curve.
Notice that the highest vapour pressure anywhere is
still the vapour pressure of pure A.
Cases like this, where the deviation is small, behave
just like ideal mixtures as
But some liquid mixtures have very large positive
deviations from Raoult's Law, and in these cases, the
curve becomes very distorted.
9. mixtures over a range of compositions have higher vapour
pressures than either pure liquid. The maximum vapour
pressure is no longer that of one of the pure liquids.
10. Explaining the deviations
The fact that the vapour pressure is higher than ideal in
these mixtures means that molecules are breaking away
more easily than they do in the pure liquids.
That is because the intermolecular forces between
molecules of A and B are less than they are in the pure
liquids.
We can see that when we mix the liquids. Less heat is
evolved when the new attractions are set up than was
absorbed to break the original ones. Heat will therefore be
absorbed when the liquids mix. The enthalpy change of
mixing is endothermic.
The classic example of a mixture of this kind is ethanol and
water. This produces a highly distorted curve with a
maximum vapour pressure for a mixture containing 95.6%
of ethanol by mass.
11. -ve deviations
In exactly the same way, you can have mixtures with vapour
pressures which are less than would be expected by Raoult's
Law. In some cases, the deviations are small, but in others
they are much greater giving a minimum value for vapour
pressure lower than that of either pure component.
12. Explaining the deviations
These are cases where the molecules break away from the
mixture less easily than they do from the pure liquids. New
stronger forces must exist in the mixture than in the original
liquids.
we can recognise this happening because heat is evolved
when we mix the liquids - more heat is given out when the new
stronger bonds are made than was used in breaking the
original weaker ones.
this involve actual reaction between the two liquids. example of
a major negative deviation that we are going to look at is a
mixture of nitric acid and water. These two covalent molecules
react to give hydroxonium ions and nitrate ions.
You now have strong ionic attractions involved.