Dr. Guðmundur Ómar Friðleifsson, HS Orka Iceland Geothermal Conference 2013 March 5-8, 2013, Harpa, Reykjavík

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IDDP – CONCEPT AND FUTURE
Guðmundur Ómar Friðleifsson
IDDP- PI – Chief Geologist HS Orka Photo: Oddur Sigurðsson

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Outline of presentation
• Overview of the IDDP program 2000 – 2020
• Include discussion on the IDDP Concept and Design
• IDDP-1 in Krafla drilled by LV 2009 into >900°C hot magma,
presently the world’s hottest production well (>450°C).
• IDDP-2 to be drilled by HS in the Reykjanes field – 2014 or later
• IDDP-3 to be drilled by OR in the Hengill field - before 2020?

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www.iddp.is

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2007 plan: Three 4-5 km deep IDDP drill holes before 2012

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Overview 2000-2012
PAST: Project began at WGC-2000 – Invitation for an international collaboration
Run by Icelandic Energy Consortium (HS, LV, OR, OS) since beginning with participation
by Alcoa (since 2007) and Statoil of Norway (2008-2011) as partners. Supported by ICDP
(since 2001) and US NSF (since 2005) for science coring & science studies. WELL RN-17 at
REYKJANES was a “well of opportunity” for IDDP in 2004-2006. Collapsed during flow test.
PRESENT: Well IDDP-1 drilled at KRAFLA in 2008-2009 – hit magma at 2.1 km (>900°C)
Flow test began late March 2010, intermittent until August 2011 but then continuous until
July 2012. Superheated steam at 452°C and 140 bar. Enthalpy 3200 KJ/Kg. Power capacity
~35 MWe.
Key questions now: Will the fluid be manageable? Can the well IDDP-1 be maintained?
Well had to be cooled down due to wellhead valves failure – innermost casing snapped
FUTURE: Preparation for Well IDDP-2 at REYKJANES already underway. Drilling of
the well probably not before 2014 as several production wells need be drilled first.
To be drilled to ~3,5 km by HS-Orka. To be completed by the IDDP consortium, and ICDP &
NSF for science coring.

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Initial well designs considered
IDDP-1 RN-17

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Reykjanes : RN-17 well of opportunity 2005
17
16
19 20
2005
2014 ?
IDDP -2 possibly to be drilled 2014 or later
Photo: Oddgeir Karlsson

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IDDP Program in 2008
• IDDP -1 well at Krafla 2008-2009
– Landsvirkjun drills a well to 3.5 km
– IDDP Consortium deepens the well to 4.5 km
• IDDP-2 well at Hengill, 2010
– Reykjavik Energy drills a well to 3.5 km
– IDDP Consortium deepens the well to 5 km
• IDDP-3 well at Reykjanes, 2011
– HS Orka drills a well to 3.5 km
– IDDP Consortium deepens the well to 5 km
• Wells at Hengill and Reykjanes are back-up for the IDDP science program
Status today
Into magma at 2.1 km
( >30 MWe producer or EGS)
Postponed until later
Being considered as
IDDP-2 for 2014-2015

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IDDP-2
16
10
29
12
24 21
13
14
11
Preparation for IDDP-2 in progress
Review Geosciences for final IDDP-2 drill site
Review Drillhole Design and Cost Estimates
Photo: Oddgeir Karlsson

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List of IDDP Planning Workshops and
Organizational Meetings
• (1) Start-up
• (2) Drilling Technology
• (3) Science Program
• (4) Site Selection (RN-17)
• (5) Crisis
• (6) Site Selection (IDDP-1)
• (7) Kick-off Meeting
• (8) Fluid Handling
• (9) Continuation (IDDP-2)
• June 2001
• March 2002
• October 2002
• June 2004
• April 2006
• March 2007
• March 2009
• September 2009
• September 2012
ICDP
ICDP
ICDP
ICDP
( 9 SAGA Reports – available at www.iddp.is )

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Conceptual model of a high-temperature geothermal system
400°C
500°C
Unconventional

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CP for seawater ~ 407°C and ~298 bar
CP for water ~ 374°C and ~221 bar

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Conventional
geothermal systems
Unconventional
geothermal systems

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Electric Power Generation
Conventional
dry-steam well IDDP well
Downhole temperature 235 °C 430 - 550 °C
Downhole pressure 30 bar 230 - 260 bar
Volumetric rate of inflow 0.67 m3/s 0.67 m3/s
Electric power output ~ 5 MWe ~ 50 MWe
This comparison is based on the same volumetric flow rate of inflowing steam
Why are energy companies interested ?

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Sustainable clean energy sourceSupercritical
hydrothermal
fluid
Energy output increased
by an order of magnitude
~50 MWe
Into heat exchanger
Clean water circuit
P: 260 bar
T: 550°C

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Iceland Deep Drilling Project
Drilling into Supercritical Geothermal Systems
Modelling

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Simplified model of a high-temperature geothermal system
400°C
500°C
Unconventional

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Model for the Reykjanes high-temperature hydrothermal system
6-7 km ?
4-5 km
2-3 km
10 km
Lavas, hyaloclastites
and pillow basalts
Sheeted dyke complex
Seawater
recharge
Ophiolite crust– ocean floor
Layered gabbros

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From R. Fournier 2012

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New model of the Krýsuvík
High Temperature Field
Geoffrey and Dorbath, 2008:
Fluids and seismicity in Iceland
Could a similar model apply
to the Reykjanes High-T Field ?
e.g. this could better explain the Reykjanes geyser
activity in the wake of big earthquakes at several
decade interval -- leading to silica sinter deposits
on surface – like Kísilhóll

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IMAGE : Integrated Methods for Advanced Geothermal Exploration.
17 European Institutes and companies join forces - 2013-2017. Total cost >13 m€ whereof >10 m€
supported by EC-FP7. More than half will be used for enhanced exploration on the deep roots of
high-temperature magmatic geothermal systems – both in Italy and Iceland (Reykjanes and Krafla)
COTHERM : COmbined hydrological, geochemical, and geophysical modeling of geoTHERMal systems
2013-2016. Entirely supported by Switzerland, close to 2 m€. Joint research effort by ETH Zurick and UI.
DRG : Deep Root of high temperature Geothermal systems. Additional Iceland effort 2013-2016.
Supported by GEORG (Rannis), HS, LV, OR, OS. close to 0.5 m€. Joint research effort by UI, UR, ICI, ISOR,
HS, LV, OR, OS
IPGT: International Panel for Geothermal Technology. Joint effort between Australia-Iceland-USA-NZ,
established in 2007. Several ongoing subtasks like: Advanced 3D Geophysical Imaging Technologies for
Geothermal Resource Characterization (workshop in Reykjavik 4th March 2013). Mainly supported by
national foundations and industry to some extent. To be complete 2014 – research cost ~1 m$.
ICDP and NSF: International Scientific Continental Drilling Project and USA National Science Foundation
Since 2005 - Support IDDP and USA science team (UCR, USD, Stanford, UO) for drill cores for scientific studies.
Remaining fund ca. 2 m$ for coring in IDDP-2. (US science team has already used their funds for research and
need new research funding for studying the IDDP cores and fluids)
ongoing and new RESEARCH ACTIVITY on deep roots
All of value to IDDP well siting, design, testing, and production

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example from COTHERM

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COTHERM in a nutshell
1. Integrating thermo-hydrologic, geochemical, and geophysical modeling
(ground-truth with real data from two geothermal systems in Iceland)
2. Four sub-projects:
– The thermo-physical hydrology of geothermal systems
– Geochemical reactive transport modeling of fluid-rock interaction
– Characterizing geothermal systems with geophysical methods
– Dynamics of active geothermal systems
3. Targets:
– Year 1-2: Generic simulations
– Year 3: Krafla (non-saline) and Reykjanes (saline)
example from COTHERM

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• IDDP is not alone in the world drilling deeper for more energy
• JBBP: Japanese Beyond Brittle Project – workshop this month
• NZDDP: New Zealand Deep Drilling Project seriously being discussed
• USA collaborators planning a workshop at Salton Sea later this year
• ENEL participating in IMAGE providing access to superhot deep holes
etc.
• So – the trend seems pretty clear - that the geothermal industry
will drill many production wells to 3-6 km in the next 30 years or so.
• Collaboration in one program like IDDP will speed the needed knowhow
and therefore international collaboration is of fundamental value for
increased power production from the renewable green energy source

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CP for water ~ 374°C and ~221 bar

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magma
Model image showing a
cooling magma chamber
at different depths
Zeolites 40-250°C
Epidote >250°C
Actinolite >300°C
Amphibolite facies >400°C
Skarns: 400 - 700°C
Hornfelses: 700 - 1100°C
Magma: 900 - 1250°C
depending on composition
1,2,3,4: drillholes to ~5 km

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magma
Model image showing a
cooling magma chamber
at different depths
Zeolites 40-250°C
Epidote >250°C
Acinolite >300°C
Amphibolite facies >400°C
Skarns: 400 - 700°C
Hornfelses: 700 - 1100°C
Magma: 900 - 1250°C
depending on composition
1,2,3,4: drillholes to ~5 km

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( IDDP-1 at Krafla ) (NJ-11 in 1985)

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The highlight of the IDDP now
Well IDDP-1 in Krafla drilled into >900°C hot magma in 2009
World’s hottest production well, >450°C superheated steam
IDDP-1www.iddp.is

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Presumably we created a magmatic EGS system

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Flow test continued 17. May 2011 – but needed to be stopped few days later. Continued 9.
August 2011 but stopped 11. August for further modification.Opened again 27th September
2011 for wet scrubbing and heat exchange test. Since November flowing at 10-12 kg/sec
until end of July 2012

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IDDP-1 : superheated well capable of producing 25-35 MWe
410°C at 40 bar
superheated transparent steam
IDDP-1 :
World hottest geothermal well
and one of the most powerful

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Using 45 kg/s of steam at 40 bar and enthalpy of 3150 kJ/kg - the estimated production capacity:
Steam for present 7 bar steam turbines at Krafla: 24 MW
Steam for conventional steam turbines : 28 MW (higher efficiency)
Steam in specially adapted process: 34 - 36 MW (at higher pressure)
30-40 MWe
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Well Head Pressure P0 [bar]
m[kg/s]
IDDP-1, Steam Flow

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IDDP-1 Studies in 2011-2012
• Renew Wellhead and Flowline
• Continue Flowtest
– Chemical Monitoring
– Corrosion Experiments
• Utilisation tests
– Wet Scrubbing
– Heat Exchanger
– Dry Scrubbing
• Reporting

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Conventional
geothermal systems
Unconventional
geothermal systems
IDDP-1

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Well Head improvement needed
Casing handling improvement needed

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Mbl news quoting the CEO of Landsvirkjun 12. November 2012

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IDDP-2
31 drill holes already drilled – HS Orka began with RN-10
16
10
29
12
24 21
13
14
Reykjanes Power Plant: 100 MWe – Expansion plan: 50 + 30 MWe
11

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RN-29 drilled in 2010
RN-30 drilled in 2011
ICDP-NSF - spot cores
2012 - 2015
RN-31 – steam cap well
RN-32 – deep well
RN-33 – injection well
RN-29 B – additional leg
RN-34 – steam cap well
RN-35 – deep well
2014-2015 ?
IDDP-2
Cost range: 8-16 m$
+
ICDP-NSF spot cores

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Suggested site for IDDP-2 is extremely strategic for HS in order full-fill the multipurpose
exploration strategy:
(i) Where is the bottom of the Reykjanes hydrothermal reservoir before dry conduction ?
(ii) Can we harvest the deep heat source by injecting fluid in to the hot rocks right
beneath the most productive part of the well field ?
(iii) Will we find productive permeability at great depths within the approximate centre
of the fault-related hydrothermal up-flow zone ?
(iv) Will we manage to reach into supercritical reservoir or find high P-T superheated steam
between 4-5 km depth ?
(v) What is the depth and nature of the ultimate heat source ?
After these questions have been addressed by direct observations - the IDDP-2 well can be
turned into a conventional production well by side-tracking out of the casings at conventional
depths. This will result in a make-up or reserve well for conventional steam production.
HS Orka objectives

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29
17B
30
IDDP
field of
interest
1 2
3

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A map showing location of drill holes (RN-number – actual location of inclined wells). The isotherms drawn are based on well
temperature-logs and evaluation of the formation temperatures at 2000 m depth. The isotherms show a cooling “pond” at well
RN-16 (~270°C) and thermal peaks at RN-10 (~315°C) and RN-30 (330°C). The potential location of IDDP-2 is shown by a star.

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IDDP-2

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Details needed to the Conceptual Model for the
Deep Geothermal System at Reykjanes
• Tectonic model – reasonable – basically a graben
• Heat source model:
• sheeted dyke complex - single or multiple heat plates?
• and/or deep seated pluton?
• Depth of convective circulation – 3 - 4 km or 5 - 6 km?
• Temperature at 5 km estimated – 600°C +/- 100°C ?
• Heat transport from the heat source(s):
• by superheated steam from below 3 - 4 km ?
• and/or by supercritical fluid from below 4 - 5 km ?
• Do we have any surface exploration technique to determine?
• or -------- is the only way to find out by Deep Drilling ???
Major geophysical effort is in the pipeline by IMAGE supported by EC-FP7
and supported by COTHERM and DRG

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Initial well designs considered
IDDP-1
RN-17
IDDP-2 and
cut drilling cost by 1/2

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IDDP – CONCEPT AND FUTURE
Guðmundur Ómar Friðleifsson
IDDP- PI – Chief Geologist HS Orka Photo: Oddur Sigurðsson
Thank you !
IDDP – always open for discussion on
co-funding and collaboration