Ancient forms of communication included kentongan (gongs) used to convey messages and indicate times, smoke signals used by Native American tribes, and epigraphy using palm leaves to write letters. Modern communication methods discussed include the telephone invented by Alexander Graham Bell, television which has evolved from black and white to color screens, radio used to transmit signals and for broadcasting, and the internet which started as a computer networking technology and led to the creation of the World Wide Web in 1989.