The document discusses the history and development of open licensing and copyright. It covers early copyright laws from the 1700s, the creation of various open licenses like the GPL and Creative Commons licenses in the late 20th century, and debates around balancing open sharing of content with author rights and commercial interests. Key events discussed include the establishment of copyright, the free software movement launched by Richard Stallman, and the growth of Creative Commons which now has over 100 million works licensed under its schemes.

1. Open / Free Licensing Mathias Klang

2. ATT-NC-SA NO ENDORSEMENT AND NO DEROGATORY USE - The Digital Revolution material is provided to allow you to get creative with content, not for campaigning, fundraising or to defame others. Don’t use it for illegal, offensive or fundraising purposes.

3. AN INFRASTRUCTURE OF SHARING

4. WHERE THE TROUBLE BEGAN Or the danger of good intentions…

5. WHEREAS PRINTERS, BOOKSELLERS, AND OTHER PERSONS, HAVE OF LATE FREQUENTLY TAKEN THE LIBERTY OF PRINTING, REPRINTING, AND PUBLISHING, OR CAUSING TO BE PRINTED, REPRINTED, AND PUBLISHED BOOKS, AND OTHER WRITINGS, WITHOUT THE CONSENT OF THE AUTHORS OR PROPRIETORS OF SUCH BOOKS AND WRITINGS, TO THEIR VERY GREAT DETRIMENT, AND TOO OFTEN TO THE RUIN OF THEM AND THEIR FAMILIES: FOR PREVENTING THEREFORE SUCH PRACTICES FOR THE FUTURE, AND FOR THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF LEARNED MEN TO COMPOSE AND WRITE USEFUL BOOKS; Statute of Anne 1710

6. LAGEN DEN 10 AUGUSTI 1877 OM ÄGANDERÄTT TILL SKRIFT äganderätt till skrift: litterär äganderätt. Därmed menas rätt för en skrifts författare eller dennes rättsinnehafvare att, med andras uteslutande, låta genom tryck (äfven fotokemiskt) mångfaldiga sin skrift, ehvad den förut blifvit offentliggjord eller förefinnes endast i handskrift.

8. THE ARCHDEACON GAZED AT THE GIGANTIC EDIFICE FOR SOME TIME IN SILENCE, THEN EXTENDING HIS RIGHT HAND, WITH A SIGH, TOWARDS THE PRINTED BOOK WHICH LAY OPEN ON THE TABLE, AND HIS LEFT TOWARDS NOTRE-DAME, AND TURNING A SAD GLANCE FROM THE BOOK TO THE CHURCH,--"ALAS," HE SAID, "THIS WILL KILL THAT." The Hunchback of Notre Dame

10. ESTABLISHMENT OF A UNION THE COUNTRIES TO WHICH THIS CONVENTION APPLIES CONSTITUTE A UNION FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF AUTHORS IN THEIR LITERARY AND ARTISTIC WORKS. Berne Convention 1886

11. Det upphovsrättsliga systemet Lag (1960) om upphovsrätt till litterära och konstnärliga verk UPPHOVSRÄTTEN Ekonomisk rätt Ideell rätt Exemplarframställning Tillgängliggörande Spridningsrätt Visningsrätt Framföranderätt Rätt till namnangivelse Skydd för kränkande ändring Skydd för kränkande användning Överföring till allmänheten

12. THE ROAD TO HELL IS PAVED WITH GOOD INTENTIONS

13. LIFE IS ORGANIZED AROUND TECHNOLOGY… … and it always has been….

14. COPYING COST  ZERO

15. WE HAVE ALTERNATIVES “ Can this be happiness, this terrifying freedom?” Caligula (Albert Camus)

16. IF IT AINT BROKE – THEN DON’T FIX IT… IF IT IS BROKEN – THEN DON’T FIX IT…

18. Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete Unix–compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu’s Not Unix), and give it away free to everyone who can use it. September 1983

19. STALLMAN FORKED THE FUNDAMENTAL IDEAS OF CREATION AND PROVED EMPIRICALLY THAT SHARING WORKS SO WHY IS IT THAT EVERYONE STILL CANNOT BELIEVE IT?

20. What does this mean? Free Infrastructure

21. “ Free software” is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of “free” as in “free speech,” not as in “free beer.”

22. COPYLEFT Viral or Vaccination?

24. COPYLEFT IS NOT OPPOSITE OR ANTI-COPYRIGHT Copyleft is a general method for making a program or other work free, and requiring all modified and extended versions of the program to be free as well

25. WHY NOT JUST USE PUBLIC DOMAIN? -- Public domain grants FULL freedom -- Including converting the program, after changes, into proprietary software. -- Including denying the same freedoms to others.

26. PROPRIETARY BUT FREE (NO COST?) SEMI FREE FREE THE LICENSES

27. WHAT IS FREE? 0. The freedom to run the program, for any purpose. 1. The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to your needs (source code). 2. The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor. 3. The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements to the public (source code).

28. Open Source Solution to the freedom discussion? Code available for… Studied Changed Improved

29. What makes an OS License? Open Source Definition – 10 requirements (Version 1.9) Approved by Open Source Initiative Board of Directors Use of the Open Source TM

30. 1. Free Redistribution Not restrict any party from selling or giving away the software Not require a royalty or other fee for such sale.

31. 2. Source Code The program must include source code Must allow distribution in source code … or there must be a well-publicized means of obtaining the source code Deliberately obfuscated source code is not allowed.

32. 3. DERIVED WORKS The license must allow modifications and derived works, and must allow them to be distributed under the same terms as the license of the original software.

33. 4. Integrity of The Author's Source Code The license may restrict source-code from being distributed in modified form only if the license allows the distribution of "patch files" with the source code for the purpose of modifying the program at build time. The license must explicitly permit distribution of software built from modified source code. The license may require derived works to carry a different name or version number from the original software.

34. 5. NO DISCRIMINATION AGAINST PERSONS OR GROUPS The license must not discriminate against any person or group of persons.

35. 6. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor The license must not restrict anyone from making use of the program in a specific field of endeavor. For example, it may not restrict the program from being used in a business, or from being used for genetic research.

36. 7. DISTRIBUTION OF LICENSE The rights attached to the program must apply to all to whom the program is redistributed without the need for execution of an additional license by those parties.

37. 8. LICENSE MUST NOT BE SPECIFIC TO A PRODUCT The rights attached to the program must not depend on the program's being part of a particular software distribution.

38. 9. License Must Not Restrict Other Software The license must not place restrictions on other software that is distributed along with the licensed software. For example, the license must not insist that all other programs distributed on the same medium must be open-source software.

39. 10. LICENSE MUST BE TECHNOLOGY-NEUTRAL

40. 72 OSI licenses Microsoft Reciprocal License (Ms-RL) MIT license MITRE Collaborative Virtual Workspace License (CVW License) Motosoto License Mozilla Public License 1.0 (MPL) Mozilla Public License 1.1 (MPL) Multics License NASA Open Source Agreement 1.3 NTP License Naumen Public License Nethack General Public License Nokia Open Source License Non-Profit Open Software License 3.0 (Non-Profit OSL 3.0) OCLC Research Public License 2.0 Open Group Test Suite License Open Software License 3.0 (OSL 3.0) PHP License Python license (CNRI Python License) Python Software Foundation License Qt Public License (QPL) RealNetworks Public Source License V1.0 Reciprocal Public License Reciprocal Public License 1.5 (RPL1.5) Ricoh Source Code Public License Simple Public License 2.0 Sleepycat License Sun Industry Standards Source License (SISSL) Sun Public License Sybase Open Watcom Public License 1.0 University of Illinois/NCSA Open Source License Vovida Software License v. 1.0 W3C License wxWindows Library License X.Net License Zope Public License zlib/libpng license Academic Free License 3.0 (AFL 3.0) Affero GNU Public License Adaptive Public License Apache Software License Apache License, 2.0 Apple Public Source License Artistic license Artistic license 2.0 Attribution Assurance Licenses New and Simplified BSD licenses Boost Software License (BSL1.0) Computer Associates Trusted Open Source License 1.1 Common Development and Distribution License Common Public Attribution License 1.0 (CPAL) Common Public License 1.0 CUA Office Public License Version 1.0 EU DataGrid Software License Eclipse Public License Educational Community License, Version 2.0 Eiffel Forum License Eiffel Forum License V2.0 Entessa Public License Fair License Frameworx License GNU General Public License (GPL) GNU General Public License version 3.0 (GPLv3) GNU Library or "Lesser" General Public License (LGPL) GNU Library or "Lesser" General Public License version 3.0 (LGPLv3) Historical Permission Notice and Disclaimer IBM Public License Intel Open Source License ISC License Jabber Open Source License Lucent Public License (Plan9) Lucent Public License Version 1.02 Microsoft Public License (Ms-PL)

41. Finding the right fit Restrictive Permissive GPL Linux kernel Ingres MySQL R BSD, MIT, Apache FreeBSD Subversion Ruby on Rails LGPL JBoss OpenOffice GFDL Wikipedia Citizendium MPL/GPL/LGPL Firefox Thunderbird Bugzilla EPL Eclipse IDE and software projects

42. Types of Licenses Academic Licenses (BSD) Originally from academic institutions Freedom to the public  even to close Reciprocal Licenses (GPL) Free for any use Licensees must offer same terms Standards Licenses Standard software & documentation Content Licenses (AFL, OSL) Copyrightable subject free for all www.creativecommons.org

43. Categorization Permissive Licenses BSD, MIT, Apache allow free distribution, modifying, and license change similar to public domain software Persistent LGPL allows free distribution, modifying and license change if bundled as a whole into new work; derivative works must be under LGPL or GPL

44. Categorization Persistent and viral GNU GPL allows free distribution and modifying but all bundled and derivative works must be under GNU GPL Persistent and viral source MPL, NPL used by large firms like Sun, Nokia etc, much like GPL but allows license change of binaries in favor of the original producer

45. GPL VERSION 1 JANUARY 1989 The four freedom

46. GPL VERSION 2 JUNE 1991 “LIBERTY OR DEATH” Section 7. This section says that if somebody has restrictions imposed that prevent him or her from distributing GPL-covered software in a way that respects other users’ freedom (for example, if a legal ruling states that he or she can only distribute the software in binary form), he or she cannot distribute it at all.

47. GPL VERSION 3 JUNE 2007 Tivoization Laws prohibiting free software (DMCA or equivalent) Discriminatory patent deals

48. Content changes everything

49. THREE MAD IDEAS…

53. STALLMAN FORKED THE FUNDAMENTAL IDEAS OF CREATION AND PROVED EMPIRICALLY THAT SHARING WORKS So why is it that everyone still cannot believe it?

54. CONVERGENCE OF HACKERS AND USERS… We are not marginal any more… actually we probably never were… & DIGITAL GENERATION…

55. HISTORIK 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 WWW Facebook YouTube Twitter MySpace Ning Linkedin Second Life

56. OPEN CONTENT LICENSING CC was not the first but it is now the most common

57. LAGEN DEN 10 AUGUSTI 1877 OM ÄGANDERÄTT TILL SKRIFT äganderätt till skrift: litterär äganderätt. Därmed menas rätt för en skrifts författare eller dennes rättsinnehafvare att, med andras uteslutande, låta genom tryck (äfven fotokemiskt) mångfaldiga sin skrift, ehvad den förut blifvit offentliggjord eller förefinnes endast i handskrift.

58. Det upphovsrättsliga systemet Lag (1960) om upphovsrätt till litterära och konstnärliga verk UPPHOVSRÄTTEN Ekonomisk rätt Ideell rätt Exemplarframställning Tillgängliggörande Spridningsrätt Visningsrätt Framföranderätt Rätt till namnangivelse Skydd för kränkande ändring Skydd för kränkande användning Överföring till allmänheten

59. Konstnärliga verk Teater Musik Datorprogram Film Databaser Konstverk Byggnader Brukskonst Kartor Fotografiska verk Litteratur

60. Utmärkande drag Skyddar formen men inte innehållet i ett verk Formen måste uppnå ”verkshöjd” för att skyddas av upphovsrättslagen Upphovsrätt kräver inga formaliteter

61. Skyddstid 70 år post mortem (dödsår + 71) Anonyma verk - 70 är efter publikation Fotografier – foto bilder: 50 år foto verk: 70 år

62. Vems upphovsrätt? Fastighetsägaren Mathias Klang Shepard Fairey Anonyma konstnärer Nätet

63. Vad är en kopia? Donald Duck av Walt Disney Arne Anka av Charlie Christensen

66. Form & Innehåll

67. Fountain - Duchamp (1917) “ The creative act is not performed by the artist alone; the spectator brings the work in contact with the external world by deciphering and interpreting its inner qualifications and thus adds his contribution to the creative act”

68. History 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 CC grundad! 1 mil . licenser 4.7 mil . CC licens verk! 20 mil .

69. 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 http://creativecommons.org/about/history/ 90 mill! 50 mill! 130 mill!

70. Licenssystem

71. Alternativ

72. Välj licens

73. Mer info

74. Japanska

75. Bulgarien

76. Finska

77. Vad skapas? License Deed - Human readable The License - Lawyer readable Metatext - Machine readable

79. Esperanto

80. Kastellanska

81. Colombia

82. Licens

83. Metatext <a rel=&quot;license&quot; href=&quot;http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/se/&quot;> <img alt=&quot;Creative Commons License&quot; style=&quot;border-width:0&quot; src=&quot;http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-sa/2.5/se/88x31.png&quot; /> </a> <br /> <span xmlns:dc=&quot;http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/&quot; href=&quot;http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Sound&quot; property=&quot;dc:title&quot; rel=&quot;dc:type&quot;>klang i duschen</span> by <a xmlns:cc=&quot;http://creativecommons.org/ns#&quot; href=&quot;http://www.digital-rights.net&quot; property=&quot;cc:attributionName&quot; rel=&quot;cc:attributionURL&quot;>Klang</a> is licensed under a <a rel=&quot;license&quot; href=&quot;http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/se/&quot;>Creative Commons Erkännande-Ickekommersiell-Dela Lika 2.5 Sverige License</a>.

84. Sök Google - advanced Yahoo - advanced

85. BILDER 17/11 36 668 176 images ( 23 000 per day) 76 991 Student & 9 400 Göteborg = 10 Student Göteborg Students in Poseidon by appel

86. open content by appel & klang cc by nc sa

87. Criticism Political - CC does not ensure ideological control Common Sense – its too complicated Pro-copyright position - CC not viable and undermines copyright by fooling users Anti-copyright – its broken! Don’t fix it. Confusion – do we need another license??? Community – licenses do not create community (or lawyers are bad people)

88. http://flickr.com/photos/barackobamadotcom/sets/72157608716313371/ by Barack Obama http://flickr.com/photos/barackobamadotcom/3008255125/in/set-72157608716313371/ Election Night Photos:

90. Alison Chiang

91. Dump your penfriend

92. Growth

93. Thank you!