This document provides an overview and outline of topics related to open source licensing. It begins with basic intellectual property law concepts including copyright, patent, and trademark law. It then discusses software basics like source code and object code. The document outlines the history and philosophy of open source software and the Open Source Definition. It analyzes general types of open source licenses and risks/benefits of open source. The document concludes with examining the open source idea in other contexts.
The document provides an overview of open source licensing. It defines open source software as software with an open source license that gives users the rights to use, modify, and distribute the software as well as access its source code. Prominent open source programs and vendors are listed. The history and roles of the Open Source Initiative (OSI) and Open Source Definition (OSD) are described. Common open source licenses like the GPL, BSD, and Mozilla licenses are outlined and compared. The risks and benefits of open source software are briefly discussed.
This slidedeck is the first presentation in a series of presentations on legal issues on open source licensing by Karen Copenhaver of Choate Hall and Mark Radcliffe of DLA Piper. To view the webinars, please go to http://www.blackducksoftware.com/files/legal-webinar-series.html. You may also want to visit my blog which frequently deals with open source legal issues http://lawandlifesiliconvalley.com/blog/
Copyright in Software and Open Source licensingRowan Wilson
The document provides an overview of copyright in software and open source licensing. It discusses what copyright is and how it applies to software. It then describes several common open source licenses like the GPL, LGPL, BSD, Apache, and MPL licenses. For each license, it highlights significant features and notes. Finally, it briefly discusses some exploitation strategies for software licensed under open source licenses, such as trademarking, support services, and dual licensing.
Open source licensing can be complicated for laypeople to understand. The document discusses some key concepts around open source licensing including:
- Open source licenses like the GPL require sharing source code modifications, while permissive licenses like MIT do not.
- Choosing an open source license has legal implications for how software can be used and modified. Strong copyleft licenses like GPL require any changes be shared.
- Understanding license compatibility and how licenses apply to derivatives is important, as mixing licenses could require releasing entire works under more restrictive terms.
The copyright act protects creative works and gives owners exclusive rights over copying, public performance, and adaptations of their work. It also provides copyright protection for 70 years after the author's death. The act is good for software owners by prohibiting copying and sharing of software without permission. It also allows for lawful users to study and test computer programs without infringement as long as they are not copying or distributing the software.
The copyright act protects creative works and gives owners exclusive rights over copying, public performance, and adaptations of their work. It also provides copyright protection for 70 years after the author's death. The act is good for software owners by prohibiting copying and sharing of software without permission. It also allows for lawful users to study and test computer programs without infringement as long as they are not copying or distributing the software.
Open Source and the Law of Interfaces -- Oracle v Google after Fed Cir-1Paul Arne
This document discusses the implications of the Oracle v. Google court decisions on open source software licenses. It summarizes that the Federal Circuit decision suggests there is an inverse relationship between a programmer's right to use interfaces in another software program without infringing intellectual property, and the scope of "copyleft" open source licenses. Specifically, if interface information is considered expressive and protected by copyright, then use of that interface would require licensing the code under the open source license. However, if an interface is considered an unprotected idea, the code would not be subject to the open source license terms. The document explores these concepts in the context of how software is built from libraries and interfaces, applicable copyright law, and how open source licenses operate
This document provides information about open source software including definitions, features, advantages, disadvantages, popular open source software, licensing, and legitimacy of open source software. It defines open source software as software with source code available and licensed to allow users to study, change, and distribute the software for any purpose. Popular advantages listed include free distribution, lower hardware costs, and abundant support from online communities. Disadvantages include costs of maintenance and support as well as difficulty of installation and use for some end users. The document also discusses open source licensing and laws related to intellectual property and copyright.
The document provides an overview of open source licensing. It defines open source software as software with an open source license that gives users the rights to use, modify, and distribute the software as well as access its source code. Prominent open source programs and vendors are listed. The history and roles of the Open Source Initiative (OSI) and Open Source Definition (OSD) are described. Common open source licenses like the GPL, BSD, and Mozilla licenses are outlined and compared. The risks and benefits of open source software are briefly discussed.
This slidedeck is the first presentation in a series of presentations on legal issues on open source licensing by Karen Copenhaver of Choate Hall and Mark Radcliffe of DLA Piper. To view the webinars, please go to http://www.blackducksoftware.com/files/legal-webinar-series.html. You may also want to visit my blog which frequently deals with open source legal issues http://lawandlifesiliconvalley.com/blog/
Copyright in Software and Open Source licensingRowan Wilson
The document provides an overview of copyright in software and open source licensing. It discusses what copyright is and how it applies to software. It then describes several common open source licenses like the GPL, LGPL, BSD, Apache, and MPL licenses. For each license, it highlights significant features and notes. Finally, it briefly discusses some exploitation strategies for software licensed under open source licenses, such as trademarking, support services, and dual licensing.
Open source licensing can be complicated for laypeople to understand. The document discusses some key concepts around open source licensing including:
- Open source licenses like the GPL require sharing source code modifications, while permissive licenses like MIT do not.
- Choosing an open source license has legal implications for how software can be used and modified. Strong copyleft licenses like GPL require any changes be shared.
- Understanding license compatibility and how licenses apply to derivatives is important, as mixing licenses could require releasing entire works under more restrictive terms.
The copyright act protects creative works and gives owners exclusive rights over copying, public performance, and adaptations of their work. It also provides copyright protection for 70 years after the author's death. The act is good for software owners by prohibiting copying and sharing of software without permission. It also allows for lawful users to study and test computer programs without infringement as long as they are not copying or distributing the software.
The copyright act protects creative works and gives owners exclusive rights over copying, public performance, and adaptations of their work. It also provides copyright protection for 70 years after the author's death. The act is good for software owners by prohibiting copying and sharing of software without permission. It also allows for lawful users to study and test computer programs without infringement as long as they are not copying or distributing the software.
Open Source and the Law of Interfaces -- Oracle v Google after Fed Cir-1Paul Arne
This document discusses the implications of the Oracle v. Google court decisions on open source software licenses. It summarizes that the Federal Circuit decision suggests there is an inverse relationship between a programmer's right to use interfaces in another software program without infringing intellectual property, and the scope of "copyleft" open source licenses. Specifically, if interface information is considered expressive and protected by copyright, then use of that interface would require licensing the code under the open source license. However, if an interface is considered an unprotected idea, the code would not be subject to the open source license terms. The document explores these concepts in the context of how software is built from libraries and interfaces, applicable copyright law, and how open source licenses operate
This document provides information about open source software including definitions, features, advantages, disadvantages, popular open source software, licensing, and legitimacy of open source software. It defines open source software as software with source code available and licensed to allow users to study, change, and distribute the software for any purpose. Popular advantages listed include free distribution, lower hardware costs, and abundant support from online communities. Disadvantages include costs of maintenance and support as well as difficulty of installation and use for some end users. The document also discusses open source licensing and laws related to intellectual property and copyright.
This document discusses copyright and different types of intellectual property licenses for software. It covers copyright, which protects creative works, and patents, which protect inventions. It then discusses how most software is released with a license, despite being subject to copyright. It provides information on the Free Software Foundation and their philosophy of free software focused on user freedom. The GNU GPL is discussed as the legal expression of these principles. The open source definition and its 10 principles are also outlined. The Creative Commons is mentioned as an organization that provides copyright licenses for creative works.
The document discusses copyright and open source licensing. It defines open source software as software released under a license that ensures derivative works will also be available as source code and protects certain rights while prohibiting restrictions on use or users. The purpose of open source licensing is to deny exclusive exploitation of a work while ensuring it reaches a wide audience. Copyright grants owners exclusive rights over a work for a period, while copyleft uses copyright to require the same freedoms in derivative works.
The document discusses open source software and how companies can generate revenue from open source business models without traditional licensing fees. It describes several common business models including support and services, loss leaders to promote other products, customization services, and brand licensing. The document also discusses other motives for companies beyond direct revenue, such as using the free infrastructure of open source development and indirect revenues from related products. It notes that programmers are motivated by technological and learning benefits from the feedback of large, open communities rather than direct economic benefits from companies.
Open source software is released with source code available under an open source license that ensures derivative works will also be available as source code and prohibits restrictions on how the software can be used. Open source licenses are designed to deny anyone exclusive rights over the work and require distribution of the source code and license. The fundamental purpose of open source licensing is to ensure the maximum number of people can access and use the work.
The document discusses open source software licenses. It defines open source and compares it to public domain and freeware licenses. The main open source licenses discussed are the GNU General Public License (GPL) and Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) license. The GPL requires derivatives to also use the GPL while the BSD allows derivatives to use other licenses. Pros of open source development cited include peer review, motivated community contributions, and avoidance of vendor lock-in. Potential cons include projects becoming niche or fragmented.
Computer programs are classified as intellectual property but are difficult to classify under traditional intellectual property categories like copyright and patent due to their unique nature. Copyright protects the specific literal expression of a computer program but not the underlying ideas, while a patent protects novel and non-obvious ideas and functionality but the process to obtain one is lengthy and expensive. There is ongoing debate around what the best approach is to protect computer programs, as neither copyright nor patent law fully address the technical and creative aspects of software.
Open source software is growing, especially in IoT, but there is little understanding of license obligations. This presentation provides best practices for using open source software safely and effectively. It discusses open source licenses including GPL, LGPL, MIT and their terms. It emphasizes the importance of compliance to avoid liability issues seen in court cases. Developers must understand which licenses are acceptable and how to identify and address license requirements for all code used.
This document summarizes an article about open source software. It discusses the history and concepts of open source software, including how Richard Stallman developed the GNU operating system using a copyleft license to ensure code remained open. Open source allows for customization, widespread bug fixing, and ongoing innovation as many programmers can contribute. The decentralized model of open source results in higher quality software. The future implications on software protection are discussed.
Open Source Culture and Transdisciplinary PracticeDMLab
This document discusses open source culture and political economy. It provides context around open source as a collaborative approach not limited to code. Open source is described as an experiment in building a sustainable system of value creation and governance around shared property rights. The document then outlines the 10 criteria that define open source software licensing terms, including allowing free redistribution, access to source code, modifications, and non-discrimination. It examines the impact of open source through the case of Linux, the first truly free Unix-like operating system developed collaboratively.
This document discusses free content and open licensing. It defines free content as content with liberty to adapt and modify without restriction. The Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) license meets the requirements for free content by allowing derivatives as long as they are shared under the same license. Content on WikiEducator uses this CC BY-SA license. For digital works to be truly free, the source files and free file formats are needed in addition to an open license.
The document provides an overview of major types of intellectual property as they relate to free and open source software, including copyrights, patents, and trademarks. [Copyrights] protect original works of authorship like software source code. [Patents] can protect software processes and algorithms that are novel and non-obvious. [Trademarks] identify the source of goods and services to protect consumers and rights holders. Together these forms of intellectual property enable and restrict different uses of free and open source software.
Apache or GPL? MIT or BSD? These are just some of the licenses that attach to open source software. Do you know the important distinctions between them?
Open source licensing is determined by the licence approved by the Open Source Initiative. Approved licences meet the Open Source Definition and include popular licences like GPL, LGPL, MPL and BSD. Intellectual property rights specify who owns software property through agreements and contracts. All software projects must keep detailed records of licensing and ownership of contributions in an IPR registry to properly manage copyrights and the effects of open source licensing.
The document discusses the history and development of open licensing and copyright. It covers early copyright laws from the 1700s, the creation of various open licenses like the GPL and Creative Commons licenses in the late 20th century, and debates around balancing open sharing of content with author rights and commercial interests. Key events discussed include the establishment of copyright, the free software movement launched by Richard Stallman, and the growth of Creative Commons which now has over 100 million works licensed under its schemes.
This document provides an overview of Ortus Solutions, an established software development firm that specializes in mobile and web application design and development. It has created over 250 web development tools and is an open source software publisher. The document discusses open source vs proprietary software and the history of open source adoption. It also covers various open source licenses like MIT, Apache 2.0, GPL, LGPL, MPL and their differences. Finally, it discusses strategies for monetizing open source software through services, subscriptions and commercial versions.
OSS licenses and the Eclipse Public LicensePhilippe Krief
This document provides a summary of open source software licenses and the Eclipse Public License. It begins with introductory information about the presenters and scope of the content. It then discusses key aspects of open source licenses including the open source definition, intellectual property law as it relates to software, characteristics of software licenses such as definitions and grant of rights. Specific licenses are compared including permissive, weak copyleft and strong copyleft models.
This document provides an overview of open source software and open development. It discusses the history of open source software and definitions of key terms. It also presents two case studies of successful open source projects: TexGen, a textile CAD modeler, and Apache Wookie, a widget server. Both projects benefited from collaboration, publicity, and new partnerships by being open source. The document also briefly covers legal aspects of open source like copyright.
This document discusses Rosenbluth International, a global travel agency that implemented two strategies to respond to changes in its industry: withdrawing from leisure travel and implementing web-based travel technology. It developed several innovative web applications and a networked infrastructure to better serve customers globally. The document emphasizes that large investments in web-based IT are important for gaining competitive advantages like superior customer service in a globally competitive environment.
This document outlines the tasks and objectives for a student assignment on developing an education coaching system delivered through kiosk machines. The assignment involves 4 tasks: 1) Surveying existing kiosk types and designs; 2) Proposing an education coaching system with target users and organizational structure; 3) Designing a user interface prototype; and 4) Interviewing potential users about the prototype design. The overall goal is to deliver an information system for education via kiosk machines. Upon completing the tasks, students should be able to conclude how well their proposed system meets the assignment objectives and discuss challenges, lessons learned, and how the knowledge could be applied to future projects.
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This document discusses copyright and different types of intellectual property licenses for software. It covers copyright, which protects creative works, and patents, which protect inventions. It then discusses how most software is released with a license, despite being subject to copyright. It provides information on the Free Software Foundation and their philosophy of free software focused on user freedom. The GNU GPL is discussed as the legal expression of these principles. The open source definition and its 10 principles are also outlined. The Creative Commons is mentioned as an organization that provides copyright licenses for creative works.
The document discusses copyright and open source licensing. It defines open source software as software released under a license that ensures derivative works will also be available as source code and protects certain rights while prohibiting restrictions on use or users. The purpose of open source licensing is to deny exclusive exploitation of a work while ensuring it reaches a wide audience. Copyright grants owners exclusive rights over a work for a period, while copyleft uses copyright to require the same freedoms in derivative works.
The document discusses open source software and how companies can generate revenue from open source business models without traditional licensing fees. It describes several common business models including support and services, loss leaders to promote other products, customization services, and brand licensing. The document also discusses other motives for companies beyond direct revenue, such as using the free infrastructure of open source development and indirect revenues from related products. It notes that programmers are motivated by technological and learning benefits from the feedback of large, open communities rather than direct economic benefits from companies.
Open source software is released with source code available under an open source license that ensures derivative works will also be available as source code and prohibits restrictions on how the software can be used. Open source licenses are designed to deny anyone exclusive rights over the work and require distribution of the source code and license. The fundamental purpose of open source licensing is to ensure the maximum number of people can access and use the work.
The document discusses open source software licenses. It defines open source and compares it to public domain and freeware licenses. The main open source licenses discussed are the GNU General Public License (GPL) and Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) license. The GPL requires derivatives to also use the GPL while the BSD allows derivatives to use other licenses. Pros of open source development cited include peer review, motivated community contributions, and avoidance of vendor lock-in. Potential cons include projects becoming niche or fragmented.
Computer programs are classified as intellectual property but are difficult to classify under traditional intellectual property categories like copyright and patent due to their unique nature. Copyright protects the specific literal expression of a computer program but not the underlying ideas, while a patent protects novel and non-obvious ideas and functionality but the process to obtain one is lengthy and expensive. There is ongoing debate around what the best approach is to protect computer programs, as neither copyright nor patent law fully address the technical and creative aspects of software.
Open source software is growing, especially in IoT, but there is little understanding of license obligations. This presentation provides best practices for using open source software safely and effectively. It discusses open source licenses including GPL, LGPL, MIT and their terms. It emphasizes the importance of compliance to avoid liability issues seen in court cases. Developers must understand which licenses are acceptable and how to identify and address license requirements for all code used.
This document summarizes an article about open source software. It discusses the history and concepts of open source software, including how Richard Stallman developed the GNU operating system using a copyleft license to ensure code remained open. Open source allows for customization, widespread bug fixing, and ongoing innovation as many programmers can contribute. The decentralized model of open source results in higher quality software. The future implications on software protection are discussed.
Open Source Culture and Transdisciplinary PracticeDMLab
This document discusses open source culture and political economy. It provides context around open source as a collaborative approach not limited to code. Open source is described as an experiment in building a sustainable system of value creation and governance around shared property rights. The document then outlines the 10 criteria that define open source software licensing terms, including allowing free redistribution, access to source code, modifications, and non-discrimination. It examines the impact of open source through the case of Linux, the first truly free Unix-like operating system developed collaboratively.
This document discusses free content and open licensing. It defines free content as content with liberty to adapt and modify without restriction. The Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) license meets the requirements for free content by allowing derivatives as long as they are shared under the same license. Content on WikiEducator uses this CC BY-SA license. For digital works to be truly free, the source files and free file formats are needed in addition to an open license.
The document provides an overview of major types of intellectual property as they relate to free and open source software, including copyrights, patents, and trademarks. [Copyrights] protect original works of authorship like software source code. [Patents] can protect software processes and algorithms that are novel and non-obvious. [Trademarks] identify the source of goods and services to protect consumers and rights holders. Together these forms of intellectual property enable and restrict different uses of free and open source software.
Apache or GPL? MIT or BSD? These are just some of the licenses that attach to open source software. Do you know the important distinctions between them?
Open source licensing is determined by the licence approved by the Open Source Initiative. Approved licences meet the Open Source Definition and include popular licences like GPL, LGPL, MPL and BSD. Intellectual property rights specify who owns software property through agreements and contracts. All software projects must keep detailed records of licensing and ownership of contributions in an IPR registry to properly manage copyrights and the effects of open source licensing.
The document discusses the history and development of open licensing and copyright. It covers early copyright laws from the 1700s, the creation of various open licenses like the GPL and Creative Commons licenses in the late 20th century, and debates around balancing open sharing of content with author rights and commercial interests. Key events discussed include the establishment of copyright, the free software movement launched by Richard Stallman, and the growth of Creative Commons which now has over 100 million works licensed under its schemes.
This document provides an overview of Ortus Solutions, an established software development firm that specializes in mobile and web application design and development. It has created over 250 web development tools and is an open source software publisher. The document discusses open source vs proprietary software and the history of open source adoption. It also covers various open source licenses like MIT, Apache 2.0, GPL, LGPL, MPL and their differences. Finally, it discusses strategies for monetizing open source software through services, subscriptions and commercial versions.
OSS licenses and the Eclipse Public LicensePhilippe Krief
This document provides a summary of open source software licenses and the Eclipse Public License. It begins with introductory information about the presenters and scope of the content. It then discusses key aspects of open source licenses including the open source definition, intellectual property law as it relates to software, characteristics of software licenses such as definitions and grant of rights. Specific licenses are compared including permissive, weak copyleft and strong copyleft models.
This document provides an overview of open source software and open development. It discusses the history of open source software and definitions of key terms. It also presents two case studies of successful open source projects: TexGen, a textile CAD modeler, and Apache Wookie, a widget server. Both projects benefited from collaboration, publicity, and new partnerships by being open source. The document also briefly covers legal aspects of open source like copyright.
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This document discusses Rosenbluth International, a global travel agency that implemented two strategies to respond to changes in its industry: withdrawing from leisure travel and implementing web-based travel technology. It developed several innovative web applications and a networked infrastructure to better serve customers globally. The document emphasizes that large investments in web-based IT are important for gaining competitive advantages like superior customer service in a globally competitive environment.
This document outlines the tasks and objectives for a student assignment on developing an education coaching system delivered through kiosk machines. The assignment involves 4 tasks: 1) Surveying existing kiosk types and designs; 2) Proposing an education coaching system with target users and organizational structure; 3) Designing a user interface prototype; and 4) Interviewing potential users about the prototype design. The overall goal is to deliver an information system for education via kiosk machines. Upon completing the tasks, students should be able to conclude how well their proposed system meets the assignment objectives and discuss challenges, lessons learned, and how the knowledge could be applied to future projects.
Here are some potential MIS solutions for the scenarios provided:
For the late orders issue, develop a tracking system to monitor order fulfillment from receipt to delivery. Set targets and alerts to address delays.
For the overwhelmed customer service team, implement an AI chatbot to handle common inquiries and complaints automatically via email/website. Route only complex issues to human agents to improve efficiency.
For long phone wait times, deploy an interactive voice response system with a virtual assistant to answer basic questions without needing an agent. Collect customer data to identify service gaps.
For budget planning, create a forecasting model to analyze past income trends and external factors to generate predictive revenue estimates for the coming year. Incorporate sensitivity analysis to plan for various
The document discusses Malaysia's experience with universal service provision (USP) in communications. It provides an overview of Malaysia's transition to a converged regulatory framework under the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission. This included replacing sector-specific regulators and laws with a single convergence regulator and law. The framework aims to promote universal access through a USP Fund financed by licensee contributions and used to compensate providers for net USP costs. Licensed facilities, network, applications and content providers operate under a service-neutral licensing system promoting infrastructure sharing.
The document provides an overview of intellectual property and MyIPO's outreach and support activities for small and medium enterprises in Malaysia. It discusses [1] the IP chain of activities including creation, innovation, commercialization, protection and enforcement; [2] the different types of intellectual property including copyright, trademarks, patents, industrial designs, and geographical indications; and [3] MyIPO's programs to raise IP awareness and support SMEs through seminars, outreach activities, and curriculum development in universities.
The document discusses developing a conceptual framework for cyber terrorism using a mixed methods research approach. It proposes combining qualitative and quantitative methodologies to discover a theory for cyber terrorism and verify the framework. Specifically, it recommends using a grounded theory method involving constant data collection, comparison, and analysis to generate the framework, followed by quantitative testing and validation. The document provides details on the knowledge management architecture and multi-step research methodology involving initiation, data selection, collection, analysis, and conclusion to systematically develop and conclude the cyber terrorism theory.
The document discusses various construction project delivery methods. It begins with an introduction and overview of common issues in construction projects. It then examines the Design-Bid-Build, Design-Build, Public-Private Partnerships, and Integrated Project Delivery methods. For each method, it outlines the parties involved, allocation of responsibilities and risks, impacts to schedule and cost, and potential causes of conflict. It concludes by stating that the best delivery method depends on the project needs and risks the owner is willing to undertake.
Rosenbluth International responded to challenges in the travel agency industry with two strategies: withdrawing from leisure travel and implementing web-based travel technology solutions like DACODA and customer-focused systems. These systems provided competitive advantages like reduced costs and improved customer service globally. Successfully implementing strategic information systems requires justifying benefits, managing risks, identifying appropriate systems, and sustaining competitive advantages over time despite increased competition.
This document provides an overview of hacking and hacktivism in Malaysia. It discusses the history of hacking, purposes of hacking, effects of hacking, examples of political hacking in Malaysia, cyber laws implemented in Malaysia to address hacking, and concludes with thanking the audience.
This document provides an overview and status update on data protection legislation in India. It discusses the existing legal framework, the growth of investment in India's IT sector which handles personal data, and the need for data protection laws. Several attempts have been made to pass such legislation, including drafting a separate law or amending the existing Information Technology Act. The most recent recommendations proposed amendments to the IT Act by an expert committee, but no legislation has been enacted yet. The document concludes that comprehensive data protection legislation is still needed in India to provide adequate protection for personal data.
Project cost management includes planning, estimating, budgeting, and controlling costs to complete a project within budget. Cost estimating develops cost approximations for project activities using techniques like analogous, bottom-up, and parametric estimating. Cost budgeting aggregates activity cost estimates and establishes a cost baseline. Cost control influences factors creating cost variances and controls changes to the budget.
Project cost management includes planning, estimating, budgeting, and controlling costs to complete a project within budget. Cost estimating develops cost approximations for project activities using techniques like analogous, bottom-up, and parametric estimating. Cost budgeting aggregates activity cost estimates and establishes a cost baseline. Cost control influences factors creating cost variances and controls changes to the budget.
Chapter 2 Types of Law applicable in Malaysia.pptxsheryl90
The document discusses several types of laws applicable in Malaysia, including cyber laws. The key sources of law are the Federal Constitution, State Constitutions, English law, and Islamic law. Written laws include legislation and subsidiary legislation. Cyber laws regulate areas like intellectual property, privacy, and copyright in the digital environment. Specific laws mentioned are the Communication and Multimedia Act 1998, Computer Crime Act 1997, Copyright Act 1987, Digital Signature Act 1997, and Telemedicine Act 1997. These laws govern issues like cybercrimes, digital signatures, telemedicine practice, and copyright in the online context.
The document provides an overview of intellectual property and MyIPO's outreach and support activities for small and medium enterprises in Malaysia. It discusses [1] the IP chain of activities including creation, innovation, commercialization, protection and enforcement; [2] the different types of intellectual property including copyright, trademarks, patents, industrial designs, and geographical indications; and [3] MyIPO's programs to raise IP awareness and support SMEs through seminars, outreach activities, and curriculum development in universities.
This document is an introduction to a course on computing systems. The course will cover how computers work from the most basic level of bits and logic gates up through programming languages like C. It will discuss how computers are organized internally and designed, how design affects programming and applications, and the relationships between hardware and software. The course will examine the different levels of abstraction that computers operate on, from electronic devices to machine architecture to high-level programming. It will look at representation of information, basic logic gates, the von Neumann model of computation, assembly language programming, and the C programming language.
This document defines and describes various types of information systems:
- Transaction processing systems process routine business transactions like orders and payments.
- Management information systems provide reports to help managers monitor performance and make decisions.
- Decision support systems analyze large amounts of data to help with non-routine decisions.
- Executive support systems tailor information and analysis for senior executives to address strategic issues.
An information system is a set of components that collect, store, manipulate, and disseminate data to provide information and feedback. It includes people, hardware, software, networks, and data. Data are raw facts while information is organized data that has additional meaning. Information systems process data into information through tasks like calculating, sorting, and summarizing. They output information to users through displays, paper, or audio and store data in organized files and databases. The value of information depends on how it helps decision makers achieve organizational goals. Information systems support different management levels and functions through transaction processing systems, management information systems, and decision support systems.
This chapter discusses how information systems impact organizations and how they can provide competitive advantage. It covers key topics such as how IT influences transaction costs and agency costs, allowing organizations to contract or grow. Porter's competitive forces model and the value chain model are presented as ways for businesses to use IS for competitive advantage through strategies like low-cost leadership and customer intimacy. Organizational features like culture, politics, and resistance to change are also discussed as factors that mediate the relationship between organizations and information systems.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to information systems. It defines data, information, and knowledge, explaining how data is transformed into information and knowledge. It also defines what a system is and its typical components. Different types of information systems are described, including transaction processing systems, e-commerce systems, ERP systems, and decision support systems. The role of information systems in achieving competitive advantage is discussed. Different organizational structures and their impact on information systems are covered. The document also discusses topics like reengineering, outsourcing, downsizing, and performance-based information systems.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
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2. Presentation outline:
Basic intellectual property law
(Very) basic software
History and philosophy of open source
General outline of types of open source licenses
Analysis of individual licenses
Risks and benefits of open source
The open source idea in other contexts
Conclusion
4. What is intellectual property?
“Intellectual property refers to creations of the
mind: inventions, literary and artistic works, and
symbols, names, images, and designs used in
commerce.” What is Intellectual Property?, World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO),
http://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/
5. There are three types of
intellectual property
1. Expressions
2. Ideas
3.Unique commercial identifiers
7. What is the Legal Basis of
Copyright Law?
U.S. Const. Art. 1 § 8 Cl. 8.
The Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. §§ 101 et
seq.
The Berne Convention for the Protection
of Literary and Artistic Works
8. What is copyrightable?
“[O]riginal works of authorship fixed in any
tangible medium of expression, now known or
later developed, from which they can be
perceived, reproduced, or otherwise
communicated, either directly or with the aid of
a machine or device.” 17 U.S.C. § 102.
9. How does a work become
copyrighted?
As soon as a work is fixed in a
tangible medium, copyright
subsists.
10. What protections does copyright
law provide? 17 USC § 106
A copyright holder has the exclusive right:
To make copies of the work
To prepare derivative works
To distribute copies of the original work or
derivative works
For certain types of works, to perform the work
For certain types of works, to perform the work
11. Copies
The original is the first copy
Any duplicate is a copy
All instances of a software program are
copies
All open source licenses grant the right to
make copies
There is no limitation on the means made
to make a copy
12. Derivative Works
“[A] work based upon one or more
preexisting works, such as a translation . .
. or any other form in which a work may be
recast, transformed, or adapted.” 17
U.S.C. § 101.
13. Collective Works
“A work . . . in which a number of
contributions, constituting separate and
independent works in themselves, are
assembled into a collective whole.” 17
U.S.C. § 101.
14. Joint Works
“A ‘joint work’ is a work prepared by two or
more authors with the intention that their
contributions be merged into inseparable
or interdependent parts of a unitary
whole.” 17 U.S.C. § 101.
15. Copyright Chain of Title
“The copyright in a compilation or derivative
work extends only to the material contributed by
the author of such work, and does not imply any
exclusive right in the preexisting material. The
copyright in such work is independent of, and
does not affect or enlarge the scope, duration,
ownership, or subsistence of, any copyright
protection in the existing material. 17 U.S.C. §
103.
16. Copyright Exceptions for Software
The owner of a copy has a right to make a
copy; would otherwise be useless
The owner of a copy has a right to make a
copy for archival purposes.
18. What is the legal basis for patent
law?
U.S. Const. Art. 1 § 8 Cl. 8.
The U.S. Patent Act, 35 U.S.C. §§ 1 et
seq.
19. What is patentable?
“[A]ny new and useful process, machine,
manufacture, composition of matter, or
any new and useful improvement thereof.”
17 U.S.C. § 101
Must be novel, useful, and non obvious
and be patentable subject matter.
20. How does a work become
patented?
Obtaining a patent is difficult and time consuming.
An inventor must file a patent application with the
patent office in every country in which he or she
wishes to have a patent. The patent may be later
overturned by a court if it is insufficient.
21. What protections does patent law
provide?
Gives patent holder right to exclude others from:
Making anything with his or her invention
Using anything embodying his or her invention
Selling or offering to sell anything embodying his
or her invention
Importing anything embodying his or her
invention
22. Copyright Exceptions for Software
Owner of a copy has a right to make a
copy; would otherwise be useless
Owner of a copy has a right to make a
copy for archival purposes. See Rosen at
25-26
23. Patent Chain of Title
Only one patent owner for any work
There is no open source definition for
patent licenses
24. Assigning Ownership
Transferring ownership of a copyright,
patent or trademark itself, not merely
rights associated with it
Not usually helpful for open source; an
open source license generally provides
the same protections that an assignment
of ownership would.
30. What is a license?
Grants permission to use a copyrighted work
Can grant any or all of the rights associated with
copyright
Can impose other restrictions, such as type or
place or usage, or duration of the license
Does not transfer ownership of the copyright
33. Software
“[A] general term used to
describe a collection of
computer programs, procedure
and documentation that perform
some tasks on a computer
system.” Wikipedia.
35. There are two types of code for
software
Object code
Source code
36. Source Code
“Programming statements created by a
programmer.” Kennedy at 2
In human readable form
Easy to modify
Most license agreements do not allow for
access to source code
Programmers use a compiler to turn it into
object code
37. Object Code
Also called executable code
“The instruction sequence for the
computer processor.” Kennedy at 2.
Not human readable
Most software is distributed in object code
form
39. What is open source software?
Open source software is software that is
subject to an open source license.
An open source licensor must give the
licensee certain rights to be considered
open source
Basically, the licensee has the right to use,
modify or distribute the software, and the
right to access the source code.
40. Is it the same as free software?
Generally yes
Free software was the original name
Open source began being used to allay
the concerns of proprietary software
companies that were thinking of utilizing or
developing free software
43. The History of Open Source
Richard Stallman, the GNU operating System,
the Free Software Foundation, and the General
Public License (GPL)
Bill Joy, UNIX and the Berkeley Software
Distribution License (BSD)
Open source comes of age – Linux, Mozilla,
Apache et al., and the corporate licenses
The Open Source Initiative
44. What are the OSI and the OSD?
The Open Source Initiative (OSI) is the de facto
standards body for open source software. It
determines what open source means, and
approves licenses as being open source
The Open Source Definition (OSD) is a set of
criteria that a license must conform to to be
considered open source. The OSI maintains the
definition and changes it from time to time.
45. The Open Source Definition
1. Free Redistribution. “The license
shall not restrict any party from selling or
giving away the software as a component
of an aggregate software distribution
containing programs from several different
sources, The license shall not require
royalty or other fee for such sale.”
46. 2. Source Code. “The program must include source
code, and must allow distribution in source code as well
as compiled form. Where some form of a product is not
distributed with source code, there must be a well
publicized means of obtaining the source code for no
more than a reasonable reproduction cost, preferably,
downloading via the Internet without charge. The source
code must be the preferred form in which a programmer
would modify the program. Deliberately obfuscated
source code is not allowed. Intermediate forms such as
the output of a preprocessor or translator are not
allowed.”
47. 3. Derived Works. “The license must
allow modifications and derived works,
and must allow them to be distributed
under the same terms as the license of the
original software.”
48. 4. Integrity of the Author’s Source Code.
“The license may restrict source-code from
being distributed in modified form only if the
license allows the distribution of ‘patch files’ with
the source code for the purpose of modifying the
program at build time. The license must
explicitly permit distribution of software built from
modified source code. The license may require
derived works to carry a different name or
version number from the original software.”
49. 5. No Discrimination Against Persons or
Groups. “The license must not discriminate
against any person or group of persons.”
6. No Discrimination Against Fields of
Endeavor. “The license must not restrict
anyone from making use of the program in a
specific field of endeavor. For example, it may
not restrict the program from being used in a
business, or from being used in genetic
research”
50. 7. Distribution of License. “The rights
attached to the program must apply to all
to whom the program is redistributed
without the need for execution of an
additional license by those parties.”
51. 8. License Must Not Be Specific to a Product.
“The rights attached to the program must not
depend on the program’s being part of a
particular software distribution. If the program is
extracted from that distribution and used or
distributed within the terms of the program’s
license, all parties to whom the program is
redistributed should have the same rights as
those that are granted in conjunction with the
original software distribution.”
52. 9. License Must Not Contaminate
Other Software. “The license must not
place restrictions on other software that is
distributed along with the licensed
software. For example, the license must
not insist that all other programs
distributed on the same medium must be
open-source software.”
53. 10. License Must Be Technology
Neutral. “No provision of the license may
be predicated on any individual technology
or style of interface.”
55. There are several types of
software licenses:
The GPL, or “copyleft” family of licenses
The BSD/academic family of licenses
The Mozilla/corporate type licenses
Other open source licenses
Traditional proprietary licenses
Shareware/freeware
Public domain (not a license, but a way of
accessing software)
56. The GPL family of licenses
Basic rights under the GPL – access to
source code, right to make derivative
works
“Copyleft”
The Library or Lesser General Public
License
57. The BSD family of licenses
Same basic rights as GPL
No copyleft provisions, i.e. licensees can
take software licensed under the BSD
private
Can re-release software under a different
license
58. Mozilla/corporate licenses
More expertly drafted
Serve as a model for later commercial
licenses
Different provisions on relicensing
No copyleft
59. Other Open Source Licenses
There are over fifty (50) other open source
licenses
The IBM Common Public License, the MIT
X license, and the Artistic License are
examples
The open source community discourages
writing one’s own license in order to
prevent license proliferation
60. Shareware/Freeware
May be free or may not
Licensor does not provide the right to
make derivative works or give access to
source code
61. Public Domain
Author retains no copyright rights if software is in
the public domain
Open source software authors retain copyright
rights
Open source licenses contain restrictions, just
different ones than licensees may be used to
The restrictions in open source licenses are
based on copyright law and depend on it for
their effectiveness.
63. The GNU General Public License
(GPL)
Part license, part manifesto
Reciprocity/Copyleft
Purpose is to increase amount of publicly
available software and ensure
compatibility
Licensees have right to modify, use or
distribute software, and to access the
source code
64. Problems with the GPL
Linking to GPL programs
No explicit patent grant
Does no discuss trademark rights
Does not discuss duration
Silent on sublicensing
Relies exclusively on license law, not
contract
65. The Library or Lesser General
Public License (LGPL)
Written to deal with the linking problem in
the GPL discussed above
Provides that programs that merely link to
a program in a library are not subject to
copyleft
If licensee makes a derivative work of the
library, copyleft applies
67. Other BSD type academic
licenses
MIT
Apache
Artistic License
68. The Mozilla Public License (MPL)
Professionally written
Includes an explicit patent grant, including
a reciprocal grant for contributors
Includes many specific provisions that are
absent in the GPL and BSD but which are
often in licenses.
69. The Common Public License
(CPL)
Developed and owned by IBM
Includes a limited patent license
Contains a reciprocity provision
Contains a patent defense provision
Indemnity provision
70. The Open Source License and
the Academic Free License
Mirror images of each other, except the
AFL does not include reciprocity
provisions and the OSL does
Addresses aspects of copyright left out by
other licenses, such as scope and
duration
Grants a patent license
Retains name and trademark of licensor
71. Multiple Licensing and other
strategies
Microsoft’s Shared Source License
Public Source
Multiple Licensing
Licensing in phases
73. Legal Risks
Intellectual property infringement
No warranties
Copyleft
Copyright attribution and notice requirements
Enforcement
Ambiguous license terms
Consumer protection laws
License management
Licenses have not been construed by an American Court
Licenses may be revocable
Uncertain interpretation
Forking (not a legal risk, but still a risk)
74. Benefits
Increased user base
Longer useful life
Increased stability
Security
Scalability
Innovation
Cost
Adaptability
75. How do licensors make money
with open source software?
Usually by providing other services, such as:
Support
Training
Customization
Integration
Certification
Offering warranties
77. Open Content
“Describes any kind of creative work
published in a format that explicitly allows
copying and modifying of its information by
anyone, not exclusively by a closed
organization, firm, or individual.” From
Wikipedia, the world’s largest open source project.
78. Creative Commons
Creative Commons Licenses
Baseline rights
Various Licenses
Creative Commons International
79. Other Open Content
Organizations
Creative Commons International
http://creativecommons,org/international/
Science Commons (a Creative Commons Project)
http://sceincecommons.org
Open Educational Resources Commons (OER)
http://www.oercommons.org/
Open Content (http://www.opencontent.org/
For more see the Google Directory,
http://www.google.com/Top/Computers/Open_Source/O
pen_Content/ (providing a list of websites dedicated to
open source)
80. Other open content licenses
include:
GNU Free Documentation License
Open Content License
Free Art License
Open Game License
October Open Game License
81. Considerations before licensing with Creative
Commons or other open content license
Make sure you understand what rights you
are retaining and which ones you are
giving up
Make sure you own the copyright
Make sure your work is subject to
copyright law
“Be specific about what you are licensing”
(creative commons FAQs)
83. LAWRENCE ROSEN , OPEN SOURCE LICENSING: SOFTWARE FREEDOM
AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW (Prentice Hall Professional and
Technical Reference 2004), available at
http://www.rosenlaw.com/oslbook.htm. The best book on open source
licensing. Gives an in-depth but not overly detailed overview of issues
regarding open source licensing. Includes the text of some o the more
popular open source licenses and point-by-point analysis of some of the
most important licenses.
http://www.opensource.org - the online home of the Open Source Initiative,
the de facto standards body of the open source movement. Provides a list
of and the text of all OSI approved licenses. Sets out the open source
principles, answers frequently asked questions, and provides helpful links
Dennis M. Kennedy, A Primer on Open Source Licensing Legal Issues:
Copyright, Copyleft and Copyfuture, (2001), available at
http://www.denniskennedy.com/opensourcedmk.pdf.
http://creativecommons.org - the open source idea in non software contexts
84. On the business issues:
Eric S. Raymond, The Magic Cauldron, available
at http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/magic-
cauldron/magic-cauldron.html/, (discussing how
to make money on open source)
David A. Wheeler, “Why Open Source
Software/Free Software (OSS/FS, FLOSS, of
FOSS)? Look at the Numbers!,” available at
http://www.dwheeler.com/oss_fs_why.html#histo
ry (reviewing literature on and discussing the
benefits of open source versus proprietary
software)
85. Lists of open source projects
http://freshmeat.net
http://sourceforge.net
86. On open source software
generally
Eric S. Raymond, The Cathedral and the
Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open
Source by an Accidental Revolutionary
(O’Reilly Media 2001), available at
http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral
-bazaar/
88. Like anything else, open source has
both risks and benefits (for licensors
and licensees)
They are neither an unmitigated good, nor
particularly dangerous. Before using them, either
to license your work or accepting work subject to
them, you should evaluate your own situation and
make an individual determination. General
information cannot take into account your
89. And on a similar note,
remember . . .
This presentation is not legal advice. Legal advice can
only be provided with regards to specific factual
circumstances in the context of an attorney-client
relationship. This presentation does not establish an
attorney-client relationship. If you have any further
questions that you are unable to answer yourself after
reasonable efforts, contact the Department of Legal
Affairs, 304 Holladay Hall, 515-3071