Power Plants

1. Q.2 DRAW THE DETAIL DIAGRAM OF POWER
GENERATION BY VARIOUS TYPES OF POWER PLANTS
AND EXPLAIN IN BRIEF.
PRESENTED BY- SWAPNIL P DHAGE
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2. 1)HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATION
(NON CONVENTIONAL)
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3.  A power plants that produce the electricity by using water to rotate the
turbine which drives generator, is called as the hydroelectric power plants.
 Electricity is produce by the energy of falling water is called as the
hydroelectricity.
 Different Parts are used in this power plants-
1) Dam and Reservoir
2) Control Gate
3) Penstock:
4) Water Turbine
5) Generator
6) Surge Tank:-
7) Transformer-
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4. 1.Dam and Reservoir:
The dam is constructed on a large river in hilly areas to ensure sufficient water storage at height.
The dam forms a large reservoir behind it.
The height of water level (called as water head) in the reservoir determines how much of potential energy
is stored in it.
2.Control Gate:
Water from the reservoir is allowed to flow through the penstock to the turbine.
The amount of water which is to be released in the penstock can be controlled by a control gate.
When the control gate is fully opened, maximum amount of water is released through the penstock.
3.Penstock:
A penstock is a huge steel pipe which carries water from the reservoir to the turbine.
Potential energy of the water is converted into kinetic energy as it flows down through the penstock due
to gravity.
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5. 4.Water Turbine:
Water from the penstock is taken into the water turbine.
The turbine is mechanically coupled to an electric generator. Kinetic energy of the water drives the
turbine and consequently the generator gets driven.
There are two main types of water turbine-
(i) Impulse turbine and (ii) Reaction turbine.
Impulse turbines are used for large heads and reaction turbines are used for low and medium heads.
5.Generator:-
A generator is mounted in the power house and it is mechanically coupled to the turbine shaft.
When the turbine blades are rotated, it drives the generator and electricity is generated which is then
stepped up with the help of a transformer for the transmission purpose.
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6. 6.Surge Tank:
Surge tanks are usually provided in high or medium head power plants when considerably long
penstock is required.
A surge tank is a small reservoir or tank which is open at the top.
It is fitted between the reservoir and the power house.
The water level in the surge tank rises or falls to reduce the pressure swings in the penstock.
When there is sudden reduction in load on the turbine, the governor closes the gates of the turbine to
reduce the water flow.
This causes pressure to increase abnormally in the penstock. This is prevented by using a surge
tank, in which the water level rises to reduce the pressure.
On the other hand, the surge tank provides excess water needed when the gates are suddenly
opened to meet the increased load demand.
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7. 7.Transformer-
The electricity generated inside the generator is not of sufficient voltage.
The transformer converts the alternating current produced from within the generator
to the high voltage current.
The transformer comprises of two coils:
1) the supply coil and
2) the outlet coil.
Current is supplied to the supply coil, from where it passes to the outlet coil.
The number of turns in the outlet coil decides the voltage of output electricity from the
transformer.
If the numbers of turns in outlet coil are double of supply coil, the voltage produced is
also double.
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8. 2)THERMAL POWER PLANTS(CONVENTIONAL)
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10. Basic Principle-
The burning of fuels such as oil, coal and LNG (liquefied natural gas) fires a boiler to generate high-
temperature, high-pressure steam.
This steam is used to drive a steam turbine. A generator attached to the steam turbine generates electricity.
Parts used in this plants-
1) Boiler
2) Economizer
3) Air Pre-heater:
4) Steam Turbine
5) Condenser
6) Alternator
7) Feed Water Pump
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11. 1.Boiler:
The mixture of pulverized coal and air (usually preheated air) is taken into boiler and then burnt in the
combustion zone.
On ignition of fuel a large fireball is formed at the center of the boiler and large amount of heat energy
is radiated from it.
the heat energy is utilized to convert the water into steam at high temperature and pressure.
Steel tubes run along the boiler walls in which water is converted in steam.
The flue gases from the boiler make their way through superheater, economizer, air preheater and
finally get exhausted to the atmosphere from the chimney.
2.Economizer:
An economizer is essentially a feed water heater which heats the water before supplying to the boiler.
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12. 3.Air pre-heater:-
The primary air fan takes air from the atmosphere and it is then warmed in the air pre-heater.
Pre-heated air is injected with coal in the boiler.
The advantage of pre-heating the air is that it improves the coal combustion.
4.Steam turbine:-
High pressure super heated steam is fed to the steam turbine which causes turbine blades to rotate.
Energy in the steam is converted into mechanical energy in the steam turbine which acts as the prime mover.
The pressure and temperature of the steam falls to a lower value and it expands in volume as it passes through
the turbine.
The expanded low pressure steam is exhausted in the condenser.
5.Condenser:
The exhausted steam is condensed in the condenser by means of cold water circulation.
Here, the steam loses it's pressure as well as temperature and it is converted back into water.
Condensing is essential because, compressing a fluid which is in gaseous state requires a huge amount of
energy with respect to the energy required in compressing liquid.
Thus, condensing increases efficiency of the cycle
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13. 6.Alternator-
The steam turbine is coupled to an alternator.
When the turbine rotates the alternator, electrical energy is generated.
This generated electrical voltage is then stepped up with the help of a transformer and then
transmitted where it is to be utilized.
7.Feed water pump:
The condensed water is again fed to the boiler by a feed water pump. Some water may be lost
during the cycle, which is suitably supplied from an external water source.
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14. 3)WIND ENERGY(NON-CONVENTIONAL)
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15. -A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind into electricity.
The blades of a wind turbine turn between 13 and 20 revolutions per minute, depending on their technology, at
a constant or variable velocity, where the velocity of the rotor varies in relation to the velocity of the wind in
order to reach a greater efficiency.
Part of wind power-
1) The rotor, consisting of the blades and the supporting hub.
2) The drive train, which includes the rotating parts of the wind turbine (exclusive of the rotor) it usually consists of shafts,
gearbox, coupling, a mechanical brake, and the generator.
3) The nacelle and main frame, including wind turbine housing, bedplate, and the yaw system.
4) The tower and the foundation.
5) The machine controls.
6) The balance of the electrical system, including cables, switchgear, transformers, and
possibly electronic power converters.
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16. 1.Rotor:-
-It is the rotating part of the wind turbine. It transfers the energy in the wind to the shaft.
The rotor hub holds the wind turbine blades while connected to the gearbox via the low-speed shaft.
2.Drive train:-
-The drivetrain of a wind turbine is composed of the gearbox and the generator, the necessary components that a turbine needs to
produce electricity.
The gearbox is responsible for connecting the low-speed shaft attached to the turbine blades to the high-speed shaft attached to the
generator.
3.Generator-
The wind turbine generator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy.
On large wind turbines (above 100-150 kW) the voltage (tension) generated by the turbine is usually 690 V three-phase alternating
current (AC).
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17. 4.Nacelle-
-It is the part of the turbine that houses the components that transform the wind's kinetic energy into mechanical
energy to turn a generator that produces electricity.
Most nacelles have common components, such as a hub, rotor, gearbox, generator, inverters, hydraulics, and bearings.
5.Tower-
-The tower of the wind turbine carries the nacelle and the rotor.
Towers for large wind turbines may be either tubular steel towers, lattice towers, or concrete towers. Guyed tubular
towers are only used for small wind turbines (battery chargers etc.)
6.Controls-
The control system for a wind turbine is important with respect to both machine operation and
power production.
A wind turbine control system includes the following components:
a) sensors – speed, position, flow, temperature, current, voltage, etc.;
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b) controllers – mechanical mechanisms, electrical circuits;
c) power amplifiers – switches, electrical amplifiers, hydraulic
d) pumps, and valves;
e) actuators – motors, pistons, magnets, and solenoids;
f) intelligence – computers, microprocessors

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4)Solar power plants-

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The main part of a solar electric system is the solar panel.
There are various types of solar panel available in the market. Solar panels are also known as photovoltaic solar
panels.
Solar Photovoltaic (or PV) is a technology that converts sunlight into direct current electricity by using
semiconductors.
In contrast, Solar Thermal is a technology that utilizes the heat energy from the sun for heating or electricity
production.
The panels themselves come in various forms:-
1. Crystalline solar panels-
2. Thin-film solar panels-

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1)Crystalline solar panels –
As the name suggests these types of panels are made from crystalline silicon. They can be either monocrystalline or
poly- or multi-crystalline. As a rule of thumb monocrystalline versions are more efficient (about 15-20%) but more
expensive than their alternatives (tend to be 13-16% efficient) but advancements are closing the gap between them
over time.
2)Thin-film solar panels –
These types of panels consist of a series of films that absorb light in different parts of the EM spectrum. They tend to
be made from amorphous silicon (aSi), cadmium telluride (CdTe), cadmium sulfide (CdS), and copper indium (gallium)
diselenide. This type of panel is ideal for applications as flexible films over existing surfaces or for integration within
building materials like roofing tiles.

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These kinds of power plant tend to have the following basic components:-
- Solar panels that convert sunlight into useful electricity. They tend to generate DC current with voltages
up to 1500 v;
- These plants need investors to transform the DC into AC
- They usually have some form of a monitoring system to control and manage the plant and;
- They are directly connected to an external power grid of some kind.
- If the plant generates in excess of 500 kW they will usually also employ step-up transformers.