Effects of green tea (camellia sinensis) on serum cholesterolAlexander Decker
This academic article examines the effects of green tea (Camellia sinensis) on serum cholesterol levels. It discusses how green tea contains antioxidants like catechins that are involved in lowering serum cholesterol. The study involved administering green tea to mice fed a high-cholesterol diet. The results showed that mice given green tea had lower serum cholesterol levels than the control group, though the difference was not statistically significant. Overall, the study suggests that green tea catechins may have a modest hypocholesterolemic or cholesterol-lowering effect.
This document describes a study that investigated the cardiovascular effects of caffeine ingestion at rest in habitual high caffeine drinkers versus low drinkers. Seven participants were categorized as either habitual low (0-1 cup per day) or high (2-3+ cups per day) based on their coffee or tea consumption. Participants underwent two testing sessions where they consumed either a caffeinated or decaffeinated beverage, and blood pressure, blood glucose, and blood flow measurements were taken at various intervals afterwards. No significant differences were found between the treatment groups, habitual usage history, or their interaction, possibly due to small sample sizes or methodological issues.
1) The study examined whether serum carbon isotope values (d13C), which reflect consumption of corn- and cane-based foods like sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), change in response to changes in SSB intake over an 18-month behavioral intervention trial.
2) At baseline, average SSB intake was 13.8 ounces per day and average serum d13C value was -19.3 per mil. A reduction of 12 ounces per day in SSB intake was associated with a 0.17 per mil reduction in serum d13C.
3) After adjusting for potential confounders, a reduction of 12 ounces per day in SSB intake over 18 months was associated with a
Journal dr abdulfarey 2017 paediatric fluid resuscitationZahra Khan
1) The study evaluated the effects of fluid bolus resuscitation in African children with severe febrile illness and impaired perfusion. It found that saline or albumin boluses increased 48-hour mortality compared to maintenance fluids alone.
2) Mortality rates at 48 hours were 10.6% and 10.5% for the albumin and saline bolus groups respectively, and 7.3% for the maintenance fluid group. Most deaths occurred within 24 hours.
3) The study demonstrates that fluid bolus resuscitation may do more harm than good for severely ill children in African hospitals and raises questions about its use in other settings as well.
This document discusses the benefits of swimming for seniors. It states that swimming is a low-impact activity that places less stress on joints than other exercises. It can provide an aerobic workout while being easy on the body. Swimming can burn 300-400 calories in 30 minutes and offers similar calorie burning to other activities like running or cycling. Regular swimming can help reduce risks of falls, lower blood pressure, and reduce risk of stroke. It can also promote social activity through swimming clubs or teams.
This document provides an overview of sepsis for medical professionals. It begins by defining sepsis and identifying signs and symptoms. It then notes that sepsis is the 6th most common hospital diagnosis and most expensive condition to treat. Newer definitions of sepsis from Sepsis-III are introduced, focusing on organ dysfunction assessed by SOFA score and suspicion of infection. The document reviews landmark sepsis studies including Early Goal Directed Therapy and the subsequent "Sepsis Trilogy" that could not replicate EGDT's results. Current sepsis management emphasizes early antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, and vasopressors if needed rather than a strict protocol.
The document examines the role of Terlipressin in treating refractory septic shock. It discusses how Terlipressin, a vasopressin analogue, has been used to treat conditions like variceal bleeding and hepatorenal syndrome. Some studies have found Terlipressin effective for septic shock resistant to norepinephrine. However, the evidence is limited and more large randomized controlled trials are needed before recommending regular use of Terlipressin for septic shock.
Effects of green tea (camellia sinensis) on serum cholesterolAlexander Decker
This academic article examines the effects of green tea (Camellia sinensis) on serum cholesterol levels. It discusses how green tea contains antioxidants like catechins that are involved in lowering serum cholesterol. The study involved administering green tea to mice fed a high-cholesterol diet. The results showed that mice given green tea had lower serum cholesterol levels than the control group, though the difference was not statistically significant. Overall, the study suggests that green tea catechins may have a modest hypocholesterolemic or cholesterol-lowering effect.
This document describes a study that investigated the cardiovascular effects of caffeine ingestion at rest in habitual high caffeine drinkers versus low drinkers. Seven participants were categorized as either habitual low (0-1 cup per day) or high (2-3+ cups per day) based on their coffee or tea consumption. Participants underwent two testing sessions where they consumed either a caffeinated or decaffeinated beverage, and blood pressure, blood glucose, and blood flow measurements were taken at various intervals afterwards. No significant differences were found between the treatment groups, habitual usage history, or their interaction, possibly due to small sample sizes or methodological issues.
1) The study examined whether serum carbon isotope values (d13C), which reflect consumption of corn- and cane-based foods like sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), change in response to changes in SSB intake over an 18-month behavioral intervention trial.
2) At baseline, average SSB intake was 13.8 ounces per day and average serum d13C value was -19.3 per mil. A reduction of 12 ounces per day in SSB intake was associated with a 0.17 per mil reduction in serum d13C.
3) After adjusting for potential confounders, a reduction of 12 ounces per day in SSB intake over 18 months was associated with a
Journal dr abdulfarey 2017 paediatric fluid resuscitationZahra Khan
1) The study evaluated the effects of fluid bolus resuscitation in African children with severe febrile illness and impaired perfusion. It found that saline or albumin boluses increased 48-hour mortality compared to maintenance fluids alone.
2) Mortality rates at 48 hours were 10.6% and 10.5% for the albumin and saline bolus groups respectively, and 7.3% for the maintenance fluid group. Most deaths occurred within 24 hours.
3) The study demonstrates that fluid bolus resuscitation may do more harm than good for severely ill children in African hospitals and raises questions about its use in other settings as well.
This document discusses the benefits of swimming for seniors. It states that swimming is a low-impact activity that places less stress on joints than other exercises. It can provide an aerobic workout while being easy on the body. Swimming can burn 300-400 calories in 30 minutes and offers similar calorie burning to other activities like running or cycling. Regular swimming can help reduce risks of falls, lower blood pressure, and reduce risk of stroke. It can also promote social activity through swimming clubs or teams.
This document provides an overview of sepsis for medical professionals. It begins by defining sepsis and identifying signs and symptoms. It then notes that sepsis is the 6th most common hospital diagnosis and most expensive condition to treat. Newer definitions of sepsis from Sepsis-III are introduced, focusing on organ dysfunction assessed by SOFA score and suspicion of infection. The document reviews landmark sepsis studies including Early Goal Directed Therapy and the subsequent "Sepsis Trilogy" that could not replicate EGDT's results. Current sepsis management emphasizes early antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, and vasopressors if needed rather than a strict protocol.
The document examines the role of Terlipressin in treating refractory septic shock. It discusses how Terlipressin, a vasopressin analogue, has been used to treat conditions like variceal bleeding and hepatorenal syndrome. Some studies have found Terlipressin effective for septic shock resistant to norepinephrine. However, the evidence is limited and more large randomized controlled trials are needed before recommending regular use of Terlipressin for septic shock.
Este documento resume cuatro tipos principales de textos: narrativo, descriptivo, expositivo y argumentativo. Describe las características y estructuras de cada tipo de texto. El narrativo se enfoca en relatar hechos de manera secuencial. El descriptivo se enfoca en describir objetos, personas y situaciones. El expositivo busca informar sobre un tema de manera objetiva. Y el argumentativo intenta persuadir al lector sobre un punto de vista a través de razones y refutaciones.
Introduction to the european hydration instituteEHIfoundation
The European Hydration Institute is a foundation established to advance knowledge about hydration and its effects on health, wellness, and performance. It works with independent scientists on its Science Advisory Board to compile scientific evidence, offer research grants, undertake research, and share knowledge with healthcare professionals and the public. The EHI partners with organizations that share its goal of improving hydration education and is supported by founding partners including nutrition organizations and companies.
IMovie is a video editing application for Apple computers that allows basic editing effects like cutaways, color adjustments, and green/blue screening. It enables simple edits like adjusting exposure, brightness, contrast and saturation. Effects like tints and cutaways allow adding vibrant colors and splicing clips together. Text can also be added and synced to music. While some techniques are complicated, IMovie provides tools to experiment with different video ideas and create professional-looking videos for genres like hip-hop through color, lighting, and text adjustments.
This document provides key tips on hydration for different activities including studying, physical activity, traveling, sports, and the workplace. It emphasizes that adequate hydration is important for cognitive function and physical performance. When exercising or engaged in physical activity, it is important to drink fluids regularly to replace sweat losses. During travel, one should stay hydrated during flights due to dry air and when driving long distances in hot conditions. Sports guidelines recommend developing a personalized hydration plan based on sweat rate and opportunities to drink during training and competition. Workplace hydration is also important as working in warm conditions can result in significant sweat losses.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
1) A study examined how hydration status affects quality of life in elderly residents of care facilities. It found that poorer scores on indicators of hydration, falls, and depression were most strongly associated with lower quality of life, suggesting these are key areas for clinical management.
2) A review of data from a 2003 European heat wave found it resulted in over 15,000 excess deaths, with mortality highest in the elderly, women, and those living alone. Deaths from dehydration and heat-related causes increased significantly. Maintaining hydration may help reduce risks.
3) A French study evaluated the impact of public health initiatives after the 2003 heat wave aimed at encouraging hydration. It found shifts in
Two randomized clinical trials have found that increased water intake can help reduce headache symptoms. The trials conducted by researchers at Maastricht University found that drinking an additional 1.5 liters of water per day resulted in statistically significant improvements in migraine-specific quality of life and subjective reports of headache improvement. However, increased water intake did not significantly reduce the number of days with moderate headaches. Most marathon runners are dehydrated at the end of races but some drink too much and can develop hyponatremia. A study of London marathon runners found many had poor understanding of appropriate fluid intake amounts and types.
The document evaluates the effectiveness of combining a music product and ancillary tasks. It finds that:
1) The music video fulfilled its purpose of appealing to its target audience of 14-22 year olds through its bright colors, hip-hop genre, and inclusion of club scenes.
2) Feedback on social media showed the video was suitable for its intended young audience.
3) The prints and video connected through their use of the same black, white, and blue colors as well as the same font style for text.
There are several techniques to measure hydration status, including urine indicators like volume, color, and specific gravity. Body weight changes over short periods can also indicate dehydration levels. Chronic mild dehydration may be associated with increased risk of health issues like urinary tract infections, constipation, and hypertension. Maintaining good hydration through regular fluid intake can help reduce risks of chronic diseases.
Quantitative methods applied to taxes forecastingSophie Michelot
This document provides an overview of a term project completed by Team 5 for their QMB6603 Quantitative Methods in Business course. The project involved forecasting property tax expenses and conducting a decision analysis for Barron Collier Company's property portfolio. The team analyzed residential and commercial property data from Collier County to forecast taxes using moving averages, exponential smoothing, and linear trend methods. They then used the forecasts and additional research to build a decision tree to provide recommendations on future property investments. The document outlines the methods, calculations, and results of both the forecasting and decision analysis portions of the project.
This document is the transcript from a presentation titled "Introduction to Solar Financing". It was presented by Andy Black of Solar Financial Analyst on April 20, 2008 in Los Angeles, CA. The presentation provided an overview of basic solar financing principles for residential projects, including conventional financing. It also discussed PACE and state incentive programs to promote solar energy. The transcript outlines the agenda and contact information for the hosting organization, the Solar Living Institute.
This document discusses hydration requirements in the elderly. It notes that age is a major risk factor for dehydration, and those over 85 are 6 times more likely than young people to be hospitalized for dehydration. Chronic dehydration poses serious health risks for the elderly. The elderly have a reduced ability to detect thirst and may drink insufficient liquids due to illness, medications, or reduced mobility. While daily hydration needs do not change with age, intake should be increased in hot environments. Symptoms of dehydration in the elderly can be nonspecific and delayed. Ensuring adequate hydration in the elderly requires a comprehensive approach.
This chapter discusses the importance of project cost management in IT projects. It covers cost estimating, budgeting, and control processes. Key topics include types of cost estimates, earned value management to track project performance, and project portfolio management to prioritize projects and allocate resources. The chapter emphasizes controlling costs through accurate estimates, monitoring performance, and making timely adjustments.
This document analyzes Salesforce.com's strategy in the cloud CRM industry. It finds that the industry is in the growth stage, and that Salesforce.com's main goals are to maintain high revenue growth through increasing market share, new product launches, and building its brand. The main challenges are reaching new customers, generating more revenue from existing customers, expanding offerings and operations abroad, and eliminating competition from startups. The analysis recommends intensifying Salesforce.com's differentiation strategy through new applications, subsidiaries, partnerships, and customer support.
The document contrasts the conventional (mass production) and lean approaches used by Joe and Ralph for assembly design and production.
Joe uses a conventional push system with make-to-assembly, large batches, slow pace due to problems and errors, large inventory, wasted resources from errors and defects, necessary rework, low productivity from waiting times and inactive workers, an authoritarian leadership style, and poor worker motivation and individualistic behavior.
Ralph uses a lean pull system with make-to-order, small lots for constant adaptability, smooth pace with no waiting times or inactive operators, no inventory, no waste from an efficient assembly line, continual improvement to address potential errors, high productivity from collaboration and no wasted time
Lululemon vs under armour business strategy analysisSophie Michelot
This document provides an analysis of Under Armour and lululemon athletica, two companies in the performance apparel industry. It discusses the industry information, key issues, trends, companies' goals, challenges, performance, business strategies, differences in business models, and competitive advantages. Recommendations are made for each company, including intensifying geographic expansion for lululemon and boosting sales/gaining market share through innovative products for Under Armour. Financial data and exhibits are provided in the appendices.
http://www.unileverhealth.co.za/ | Find out about proper, adequate hydration. We discuss the effects of hydration on the body, common ailments caused by dehydration and the contribution of tea to fluid intake.
The Effect of Homemade Drink on Exercise Endrance Time in Young Adult Femalesijtsrd
When exercising for a very long period of time, sweating will occur and other physiological responses such as dehydration, decrease blood glucose, increase in heart rate, loss of electrolytes, fatigue etc which will lead to a decrease in exercise performance. Hence, there is an important function of rehydrating the body with fluids (sport drinks) containing electrolytes and carbohydrates to improve exercise endurance and performance. In this study examined the effects of effect of home made fruit drink (coconut and pineapple) on exercise endurance time of young adult females, (age: 17-26 years) of their height ranges (1.53-1.74 meters), weight ranges (42-98kg) and their BMI ranges (16.41-35.25 kg/m2) jogged at designated points for 45 minutes. After the 45 minutes exercise, they rested for 10 minutes and were administered the different drinks (control 1(water), control 2 (lucozade sport drink) and test sample (home-made coconut-pineapple fruit drink)). After administering the drinks, their heart rates and blood pressures were taken and measured then they rested for 5 minutes. After a period of rest for 15 minutes in total, they continued the exercise till they were exhausted. The result indicated that the home made coconut-pineapple fruit drink observed to have an effect on the endurance time as well as the lucozade sport isotonic drink, while water was observed not to improve the endurance time. Okonkwo, C. O. J | Oguaka V.N. | Mbachu, P"The Effect of Homemade Drink on Exercise Endrance Time in Young Adult Females" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10757.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/physiology/10757/the-effect-of-homemade-drink-on-exercise-endrance-time-in-young-adult-females/okonkwo-c-o-j
This document discusses caffeine, including its history, sources, mechanism of action, metabolism, extraction processes, health benefits, risks, and decaffeination. Caffeine is a natural stimulant found in coffee, tea, soft drinks and energy drinks. It acts as an antagonist to adenosine receptors in the brain, increasing neuronal activity. While caffeine has potential benefits like reducing Alzheimer's risk, it can also increase heart rate and blood pressure. The document examines studies on both the positive and negative health effects of caffeine consumption.
Este documento resume cuatro tipos principales de textos: narrativo, descriptivo, expositivo y argumentativo. Describe las características y estructuras de cada tipo de texto. El narrativo se enfoca en relatar hechos de manera secuencial. El descriptivo se enfoca en describir objetos, personas y situaciones. El expositivo busca informar sobre un tema de manera objetiva. Y el argumentativo intenta persuadir al lector sobre un punto de vista a través de razones y refutaciones.
Introduction to the european hydration instituteEHIfoundation
The European Hydration Institute is a foundation established to advance knowledge about hydration and its effects on health, wellness, and performance. It works with independent scientists on its Science Advisory Board to compile scientific evidence, offer research grants, undertake research, and share knowledge with healthcare professionals and the public. The EHI partners with organizations that share its goal of improving hydration education and is supported by founding partners including nutrition organizations and companies.
IMovie is a video editing application for Apple computers that allows basic editing effects like cutaways, color adjustments, and green/blue screening. It enables simple edits like adjusting exposure, brightness, contrast and saturation. Effects like tints and cutaways allow adding vibrant colors and splicing clips together. Text can also be added and synced to music. While some techniques are complicated, IMovie provides tools to experiment with different video ideas and create professional-looking videos for genres like hip-hop through color, lighting, and text adjustments.
This document provides key tips on hydration for different activities including studying, physical activity, traveling, sports, and the workplace. It emphasizes that adequate hydration is important for cognitive function and physical performance. When exercising or engaged in physical activity, it is important to drink fluids regularly to replace sweat losses. During travel, one should stay hydrated during flights due to dry air and when driving long distances in hot conditions. Sports guidelines recommend developing a personalized hydration plan based on sweat rate and opportunities to drink during training and competition. Workplace hydration is also important as working in warm conditions can result in significant sweat losses.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
1) A study examined how hydration status affects quality of life in elderly residents of care facilities. It found that poorer scores on indicators of hydration, falls, and depression were most strongly associated with lower quality of life, suggesting these are key areas for clinical management.
2) A review of data from a 2003 European heat wave found it resulted in over 15,000 excess deaths, with mortality highest in the elderly, women, and those living alone. Deaths from dehydration and heat-related causes increased significantly. Maintaining hydration may help reduce risks.
3) A French study evaluated the impact of public health initiatives after the 2003 heat wave aimed at encouraging hydration. It found shifts in
Two randomized clinical trials have found that increased water intake can help reduce headache symptoms. The trials conducted by researchers at Maastricht University found that drinking an additional 1.5 liters of water per day resulted in statistically significant improvements in migraine-specific quality of life and subjective reports of headache improvement. However, increased water intake did not significantly reduce the number of days with moderate headaches. Most marathon runners are dehydrated at the end of races but some drink too much and can develop hyponatremia. A study of London marathon runners found many had poor understanding of appropriate fluid intake amounts and types.
The document evaluates the effectiveness of combining a music product and ancillary tasks. It finds that:
1) The music video fulfilled its purpose of appealing to its target audience of 14-22 year olds through its bright colors, hip-hop genre, and inclusion of club scenes.
2) Feedback on social media showed the video was suitable for its intended young audience.
3) The prints and video connected through their use of the same black, white, and blue colors as well as the same font style for text.
There are several techniques to measure hydration status, including urine indicators like volume, color, and specific gravity. Body weight changes over short periods can also indicate dehydration levels. Chronic mild dehydration may be associated with increased risk of health issues like urinary tract infections, constipation, and hypertension. Maintaining good hydration through regular fluid intake can help reduce risks of chronic diseases.
Quantitative methods applied to taxes forecastingSophie Michelot
This document provides an overview of a term project completed by Team 5 for their QMB6603 Quantitative Methods in Business course. The project involved forecasting property tax expenses and conducting a decision analysis for Barron Collier Company's property portfolio. The team analyzed residential and commercial property data from Collier County to forecast taxes using moving averages, exponential smoothing, and linear trend methods. They then used the forecasts and additional research to build a decision tree to provide recommendations on future property investments. The document outlines the methods, calculations, and results of both the forecasting and decision analysis portions of the project.
This document is the transcript from a presentation titled "Introduction to Solar Financing". It was presented by Andy Black of Solar Financial Analyst on April 20, 2008 in Los Angeles, CA. The presentation provided an overview of basic solar financing principles for residential projects, including conventional financing. It also discussed PACE and state incentive programs to promote solar energy. The transcript outlines the agenda and contact information for the hosting organization, the Solar Living Institute.
This document discusses hydration requirements in the elderly. It notes that age is a major risk factor for dehydration, and those over 85 are 6 times more likely than young people to be hospitalized for dehydration. Chronic dehydration poses serious health risks for the elderly. The elderly have a reduced ability to detect thirst and may drink insufficient liquids due to illness, medications, or reduced mobility. While daily hydration needs do not change with age, intake should be increased in hot environments. Symptoms of dehydration in the elderly can be nonspecific and delayed. Ensuring adequate hydration in the elderly requires a comprehensive approach.
This chapter discusses the importance of project cost management in IT projects. It covers cost estimating, budgeting, and control processes. Key topics include types of cost estimates, earned value management to track project performance, and project portfolio management to prioritize projects and allocate resources. The chapter emphasizes controlling costs through accurate estimates, monitoring performance, and making timely adjustments.
This document analyzes Salesforce.com's strategy in the cloud CRM industry. It finds that the industry is in the growth stage, and that Salesforce.com's main goals are to maintain high revenue growth through increasing market share, new product launches, and building its brand. The main challenges are reaching new customers, generating more revenue from existing customers, expanding offerings and operations abroad, and eliminating competition from startups. The analysis recommends intensifying Salesforce.com's differentiation strategy through new applications, subsidiaries, partnerships, and customer support.
The document contrasts the conventional (mass production) and lean approaches used by Joe and Ralph for assembly design and production.
Joe uses a conventional push system with make-to-assembly, large batches, slow pace due to problems and errors, large inventory, wasted resources from errors and defects, necessary rework, low productivity from waiting times and inactive workers, an authoritarian leadership style, and poor worker motivation and individualistic behavior.
Ralph uses a lean pull system with make-to-order, small lots for constant adaptability, smooth pace with no waiting times or inactive operators, no inventory, no waste from an efficient assembly line, continual improvement to address potential errors, high productivity from collaboration and no wasted time
Lululemon vs under armour business strategy analysisSophie Michelot
This document provides an analysis of Under Armour and lululemon athletica, two companies in the performance apparel industry. It discusses the industry information, key issues, trends, companies' goals, challenges, performance, business strategies, differences in business models, and competitive advantages. Recommendations are made for each company, including intensifying geographic expansion for lululemon and boosting sales/gaining market share through innovative products for Under Armour. Financial data and exhibits are provided in the appendices.
http://www.unileverhealth.co.za/ | Find out about proper, adequate hydration. We discuss the effects of hydration on the body, common ailments caused by dehydration and the contribution of tea to fluid intake.
The Effect of Homemade Drink on Exercise Endrance Time in Young Adult Femalesijtsrd
When exercising for a very long period of time, sweating will occur and other physiological responses such as dehydration, decrease blood glucose, increase in heart rate, loss of electrolytes, fatigue etc which will lead to a decrease in exercise performance. Hence, there is an important function of rehydrating the body with fluids (sport drinks) containing electrolytes and carbohydrates to improve exercise endurance and performance. In this study examined the effects of effect of home made fruit drink (coconut and pineapple) on exercise endurance time of young adult females, (age: 17-26 years) of their height ranges (1.53-1.74 meters), weight ranges (42-98kg) and their BMI ranges (16.41-35.25 kg/m2) jogged at designated points for 45 minutes. After the 45 minutes exercise, they rested for 10 minutes and were administered the different drinks (control 1(water), control 2 (lucozade sport drink) and test sample (home-made coconut-pineapple fruit drink)). After administering the drinks, their heart rates and blood pressures were taken and measured then they rested for 5 minutes. After a period of rest for 15 minutes in total, they continued the exercise till they were exhausted. The result indicated that the home made coconut-pineapple fruit drink observed to have an effect on the endurance time as well as the lucozade sport isotonic drink, while water was observed not to improve the endurance time. Okonkwo, C. O. J | Oguaka V.N. | Mbachu, P"The Effect of Homemade Drink on Exercise Endrance Time in Young Adult Females" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10757.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/physiology/10757/the-effect-of-homemade-drink-on-exercise-endrance-time-in-young-adult-females/okonkwo-c-o-j
This document discusses caffeine, including its history, sources, mechanism of action, metabolism, extraction processes, health benefits, risks, and decaffeination. Caffeine is a natural stimulant found in coffee, tea, soft drinks and energy drinks. It acts as an antagonist to adenosine receptors in the brain, increasing neuronal activity. While caffeine has potential benefits like reducing Alzheimer's risk, it can also increase heart rate and blood pressure. The document examines studies on both the positive and negative health effects of caffeine consumption.
This document discusses caffeine, including its history, sources, mechanism of action, metabolism, extraction processes, health benefits, negative side effects, and effects on heart disease. Some key points include:
- Caffeine acts as an antagonist of adenosine receptors in the brain, blocking the effects of adenosine and increasing neuronal activity.
- It is metabolized in the liver into compounds like paraxanthine and theobromine that also have physiological effects.
- Moderate caffeine intake from sources like coffee has potential health benefits but high intake is linked to increased risk of heart disease and other negative side effects.
- Decaffeination processes are used commercially to remove caffeine from coffee while retaining
This document describes a study that investigated the effects of caffeine, sugar, aspartame, and combinations of these substances on simple reaction time. It was hypothesized that caffeine, sugar, and their combination would decrease reaction times, while aspartame would not significantly affect reaction times. The study involved subjects consuming various drinks containing these substances and then measuring their reaction times before and after consumption. Some limitations of the study were potential variations in caffeine content across coffee drinks and uncertainty around equivalence of amounts of sugar and aspartame. The results showed decreases in reaction times after consumption of caffeine, sugar, and their combination, but not aspartame.
This document discusses hydration science and knowledge. It summarizes topics related to water requirements, measuring hydration status, factors that impact hydration like age and activity level. It also discusses the contribution of different foods and beverages to hydration and the relationship between hydration and health. Key points include that adequate hydration is important for health, performance and safety, and that foods, caffeinated and non-caffeinated beverages all contribute to meeting daily water needs.
Au-delà des nombreux bienfaits de la consommation à dose faible ou modérée, les conclusions de l'étude précisent que les effets indésirables pour les adultes (anxiété, agitation, insomnie, rythme cardiaque, etc.), qui n'ont pas de complexités de santé, pourraient intervenir à partir d'une consommation de 400 mg de caféine par jour. Cette dose étant réduite à 200 mg pour les femmes enceintes ou allaitantes.
L'étude n'aborde pas le sujet de l’acrylamide, substance chimique qui a poussé en 2018 l'Etat de Californie à adopter une législation stipulant que le café devait porter une étiquette d'avertissement sur le cancer.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of drinking Moringa oleifera tea on blood sugar levels. The study tested 43 individuals, 30 with normal blood sugar and 13 with hyperglycemia. For those with normal blood sugar, their levels did not significantly change after drinking the tea. However, for those with hyperglycemia, their blood sugar levels significantly dropped an average of 28 mg/dl after drinking the tea. The results suggest Moringa oleifera tea may benefit those managing hyperglycemia.
Assessment of Effects of Traditional Exercise on Galvanic Skin Response, Puls...BRNSS Publication Hub
This study assessed the effects of traditional pranayama exercise on galvanic skin response (GSR), pulse rate, and blood pressure in 15 prehypertensive patients over 30 days. No significant changes in GSR were seen after 15 days, but significant improvements were seen after 30 days. Pulse rate and blood pressure also significantly improved after 15 and 30 days. The study concluded that regular pranayama practice increases parasympathetic tone, reduces sympathetic tone, and has beneficial effects on GSR, pulse rate, and blood pressure.
This document summarizes the key points about coffee, caffeine, and health. It discusses how caffeine is absorbed and metabolized in the body. Moderate caffeine intake can improve mental performance and alertness, and augment pain relief when added to analgesics. However, high or late-day intake can interfere with sleep and cause anxiety in susceptible individuals. Toxic effects are rare from typical dietary sources but have been reported with very high doses (>10 grams) from supplements or energy products, especially when combined with alcohol.
Utilization of Lakadbulan into Juice added with Different FlavorsInnah Fajardo
This document provides an overview of a research study on developing a lakadbulan juice with different flavors. The introduction discusses the health benefits of lakadbulan and why adding flavors would make the juice more appealing. The objectives, hypotheses, and significance of the study are outlined. A literature review is provided on the main ingredients - lakadbulan, apple, calamansi, dark chocolate, and melon. The review discusses the nutritional and health benefits of each ingredient. The scope, limitations, and conceptual framework are also summarized.
This study evaluated the effects of drinking Moringa oleifera tea on blood sugar levels in 43 individuals with normal or hyperglycemic blood sugar levels. For those with normal blood sugar levels, their levels did not significantly change after drinking the tea. However, for those with hyperglycemic levels, their blood sugar levels significantly dropped an average of 28 mg/dl after drinking the tea. The results suggest Moringa oleifera tea may be beneficial for managing hyperglycemia.
This document summarizes 4 studies that examined the effects of caffeine consumption on hydration status. The studies involved randomized controlled trials with participants consuming moderate amounts of caffeine from sources like coffee or caffeinated beverages. The studies found no significant effects of caffeine intake on hydration as assessed by measures of total body water, body weight changes, and biochemical markers. The document concludes that caffeine consumption does not appear to have adverse effects on hydration status.
1) The study examined the association between cardiorespiratory fitness levels in adolescents and their cardiovascular health measures like blood pressure two years later.
2) It found that higher cardiorespiratory fitness at baseline was associated with lower systolic blood pressure and rate pressure product two years later, even after accounting for other factors.
3) It also found that improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness over the two year period were linked to more favorable cardiovascular measures at the two year follow up, suggesting maintaining or improving fitness in adolescence may be important for long term cardiovascular health.
Aim: The aim of the present study was to perform the set of standard autonomic function
tests in children with a family history of hypertension and compare the results with
children of normotensive parents.
Background: Hypertension is considered one of the highest causes of morbidity
worldwide and it becomes one of the leading causes of death due to cardiovascular and
renal failure. Hypertension can be especially hard to manage when combined with other
disorders, such as diabetes or obesity. Most of the children with a family history of
hypertension forms the risk factor for being hypertensive in future life.
Results: The study included 60 young and healthy children. Out of them, 30 children were
selected based on their family history of hypertension while the remaining were the
children of normotensive parents. Thesubjects were selected based on exclusion-inclusion
criteria. All the children underwent for a set of autonomic function tests which are noninvasive, simple and comfortable. Results showed that children with a family history of
hypertension have abnormal values on autonomicfunction testing, when compared with
children of normotensive parents. The results were obtained using ANOVA and student‘t’
–test, to study the significance of autonomic parameters.
Conclusion: This study stated that the children with family history of hypertension
experienced mild to moderate autonomic fluctuations in early age which may make them
more susceptible to hypertension in their future life
HEMATOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF A YOGA TRAINING PROGR...Yogacharya AB Bhavanani
Background: We were granted the opportunity to impart a 6 month comprehensive course of yoga training for nursing students. The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of the training on the participants´ health and quality of life (QoL) Materials and Methods: 60 healthy nursing students (12 M, 48 F) aged 18.60 ± 0.67 (SD) y were recruited, and 60 min of yoga training was given twice weekly, for 6 months. Selected biochemical and hematological parameters were recorded along with Ferrans and Powers QoL index before and after the training period. QoL was also tested at mid term. Because we were not able to establish a separate control group, we correlated changes with the subjects´ frequency of attendance. Results: Post intervention statistical analysis (repeated measures of ANOVA) revealed highly significant and beneficial changes in most hematological and biochemical parameters. Major findings are enhanced bone marrow function, reduced allergic tendency, alkalization of urine, metabolic reconditioning (with special emphasis on liver function) and improvement in all QoL indices. These changes correlated positively with the subjects´ frequency of attendance, as evidenced by Pearson‟s linear correlation testing. There were also significant improvements in QoL index and its subscales, both at mid training and post training. These improvements also correlated positively with attendance. Conclusion: The present study provides evidence of the beneficial psychological and physical effects of yoga training amongst graduate nursing course students . We suggest that yoga be made an integral part of medical and paramedical collegiate education.
This paper was published in the International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Applied Sciences 2013; 3(6): 17-23.
The objective of this study was to correlate body weight and urine pH. The classification of urine as it is dilute acidic or basic solution known as urine pH. Neutral pH of urine is seven. If the solution pH is less than seven, then it is acidic. If the pH of the solution is greater than seven, then it is basic. When the concentration of sodium ions is more, greater the acidity of the urine solution. Alkaline urine contains bicarbonates-carbonic acid buffer. Acidosis, diarrhea, dehydration and starvation is faced when the pH is acidic. Normal body weight is necessary for a proper heath. If there is a high level of cholesterol leads to many disease, like cardiac diseases and many more. Subjects took urine sample in a container and then dipstick test was performed. We dipped the stick for 2-3 seconds and then allow to change the color of the stick. After that, we compared the color variation with the standard and then noted the values for the urine pH. We took the urine sample of the patients and meanwhile we measured the weight of the patients. We analyzed the results by estimating the percentages. In this project, it was a questionnaire based study in which we asked the patients about their pH in urine. of the samples. There were four different categories of body weights and also noted the readings accordingly. It was concluded that human body weight and urine pH had a significant relationship.
The study examined the effects of drinking an alkaline, mineral-rich bottled water on acid-base balance and hydration in young adults. Subjects were split into a control group that drank regular bottled water and an experimental group that drank the alkaline water for two weeks. The experimental group showed significant increases in blood and urine pH levels and decreases in urine output, indicating improved acid-base balance and hydration. In contrast, the control group showed no changes. The results suggest that regularly drinking alkaline water may benefit acid-base balance and hydration.
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Hydration scientific library volume 2
1.
Hydration Scientific Library (Volume 2)
Index
• Water turnover in children and young adults
• Type of drink, ischaemic heart disease and stroke
• Beverages containing glucose and caffeine help to maintain
mental performance and improve mood under stressful conditions
• Are caffeinated beverages less hydrating than pure water?
2. The recent scientific opinion on
water from the European Food Safety
Authority (EFSA) concluded “that
adequate intakes of water for children
can be derived from observed intakes,
corrected for a desirable water-
energy relationship and corrected for
inter-individual variation, particularly
from those studies in which the water
contribution by food has been or
can be assessed” (http://www.efsa.
europa.eu/en/scdocs/doc/1827.pdf).
Their suggested adequate intakes
were 1,600 mL/day for boys and girls
4 to 8 years of age; 2,100 mL/day for
boys 9 to 13 years of age; 1,900 mL for
girls 9 to 13 years of age. Adolescents
of 14 years and older were considered
as adults with respect to adequate
water intake and the adult values
apply. Adequate total water intakes
for females were identified to be 2.0
L/day and for males 2.5 L/day. These
reference values for total water intake
included water from drinking water,
beverages of all kind, and from food
moisture, but it must be recognised
that observational data based on
assessments of water intake and
loss are prone to large errors due to
difficulties in assessing all sources of
intake and loss.
The use of isotopically labelled water,
however, can provide objective data on
water turnover: if total body water is
stable over the measurement period,
intake must equal the measured loss.
Rush et al measured water turnover
using deuterated water in 91 healthy
children (40 boys, 51 girls; age 5-14
years) and 109 healthy young adults
(80 women, 29 men; age 18-27 years)
with a wide range of body mass index
(13.3-51.8 kg/m2) and percent body
fat (6-59%). All lived in a temperate
climate (Auckland, New Zealand).
Total energy expenditure (TEE) and
resting metabolic rate were measured
by the doubly labelled water technique
and indirect calorimetry, respectively.
Mean (SD) water turnover was
1.77±0.57, 1.79±0.44, 2.85±0.82, and
3.90 ±0.81 L/day in girls, boys, women
and men, respectively. Water turnover
indexed to body surface area did not
differ significantly between girls and
women but was higher in men than
boys. Water turnover indexed to TEE
was 0.8 mL/kcal in girls and boys
and 1.0 mL/kcal in women and men.
This study provides objective data on
water turnover for children and young
adults shows that anthropometric
parameters can account for the
variation between girls, boys and
women but not between these groups
and the more active men. Comparison
of group mean intakes with the EFSA
adequate intakes may not be helpful
with accounting for variables such
as body size, body composition and
activity level.
Rush EC, Chhichhia P, Kilding AE, Plank LD.
Water turnover in children and young adults.
Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 110(6): 1209-14
Water turnover in children
and young adults
A review by Ronald J. Maughan - Chairman of the Science Advisory Board
www.europeanhydrationinstitute.org
HYDRATION SCIENTIFIC LIBRARY
3. EHI Update: March 2011
3. A recent study has investigated
relationships between the types and
volumesofdifferentdrinksconsumed
and mortality due to ischaemic
heart disease (IHD) and stroke.
The study was undertaken because
chronic mild dehydration has been
associated with fatal IHD and stroke
and it has been suggested that total
fluid intake is inversely associated
with IHD or stroke mortality. The
relationships were investigated from
data initially collected from 120,852
subjects aged 55-69 years in 1986.
Mortality data were then collected
over a 10-year follow-up period. A
total of 1789 IHD mortality cases and
708 stroke mortality cases occurred
during the follow-up.
The mean daily total fluid
consumption from beverages was
1462 ml/d in the males and 1341 ml/d
in the females. The major beverages
consumed by the males and females
were coffee (mean 581 and 498 ml/d,
respectively), tea (mean 319 and 384
ml/d, respectively) and milk (mean
187 and 181 ml/d, respectively).
Only a very little amount of the daily
total fluid intake was in the form of
water consumption (mean 82 ml/d
in men and 109 ml/d in women). The
results shows that a higher total fluid
consumption was not associated
with either IHD mortality or stroke
mortality in men or women. But
when analysing specific beverages,
a positive association between coffee
consumption and IHD mortality was
observed in men (hazard ratio (HR)
1.09, 95% CI 1.00, 1.18), while an
inverse relationship was observed in
women (HR: 0.88, 95% CI 0.78, 1.00).
For tea consumption, an inverse
relationship with IHD mortality was
observed in men (HR: 0.91, 95% CI
0.83, 1.00). No association with water
intake was observed.
The authors concluded that total
fluid intake was not associated with
IHD or stroke mortality in either
men or women. Coffee consumption
was inversely associated with IHD
mortality in women only, while a
higher tea intake was associated
with lower IHD mortality in men only.
Refererences:
Leurs LJ, Schouten LJ, Goldbohm RA, van
den Branft PA. (2010) Total fluid and specific
beverage intake and mortality due to IHD and
stroke in the Netherlands Cohort Study. British
Journal of Nutrition, 104(8), 1212-1221.
Dr. Susan Shirreffs completed her first degree
in Physiology at Aberdeen University in 1993,
followed by a PhD in Exercise Physiology in
the area of Post-exercise re-hydration. After
completing a post-doc and lecturing for 5
years at Aberdeen University - during which
time she also spent some time working at
the Copenhagen Muscle Research Institute
– Dr. Shirreffs moved to the School of Sport,
Exercise and Health Sciences at Loughborough
University, England, where she now holds the
position of Reader.
The results show
that a higher total fluid
consumption was not
associated with either
IHD mortality or stroke
mortality in men
or women.
TYPE OF DRINK, ISCHAEMIC HEART
DISEASE AND STROKE
Dr. Susan Shirreffs
www.europeanhydrationinstitute.org
HYDRATION SCIENTIFIC LIBRARY
3. EHI Update: June 2011
4. Acute stress has been linked to changes in cognitive
performance and mood, and these have in some way
been associated to an increased release of cortisol due to
stress. Both glucose and caffeine consumed in isolation
have been shown to regulate cortisol response and affect
cognitive performance and affect mood. Nonetheless,
there has been very little research regarding their
behavioural and physiological effects when taken
together. The aim of this review was to assess the effect
of the two substances in combination under stressful and
physically demanding conditions (such as fire-fighting
training) on cognition, mood and cortisol release and to
investigate the neural basis of these effects.
Sünram-Lea et al (1) using a double-blind design,
administered a 330-ml drink to 81 participants. Drinks
contained either (a) 50 g glucose and 40 mg caffeine,
(b) 10.25 g of fructose/ glucose and 80 mg caffeine or
a placebo drink, and were tested across a range of
cognitive tasks, mood and physiological measures. The
results demonstrated an increase in grip strength and
improved memory performance after consuming the
drink containing 50 g glucose and 40 mg caffeine, and
both active drinks resulted in improved outcomes on the
information processing task compared to the placebo. In
regards to the effect on mood, the drink containing 50 g
glucose and 40 mg caffeine reduced anxiety levels and
significantly decreased self-reported levels of stress
following the fire-fighter training. Serra-Grabulosa
et al (2) previously evaluated the effects of caffeine
and glucose on sustained attention, using functional
magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in a double-blind,
randomized trial with 40 young right-handed healthy,
low caffeine-consuming subjects. Participants who
received combined caffeine and glucose showed similar
performance to the others but had enhanced activation
in the bilateral parietal and left prefrontal cortex, both
areas being related to processes affecting sustained
attention and working memory.
Based on the results of both studies, in situations
where stress is combined with physical performance,
consumption of a drink containing glucose and caffeine
may provide an easy to implement and cost effective
option for maintaining mental performance levels,
especially sustained attention and working memory
processes, as well as ameliorating the negative effects
of stress on mood.
Refererences:
1. Sünram-Lea SI, Owen-Lynch J, Robinson SJ, Jones E, Hu H. The effect
of energy drinks on cortisol levels, cognition and mood during a fire-
fighting exercise. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2011 Jun 28. [Epub ahead
of print] PubMed PMID: 21710168.
2. Serra-Grabulosa JM, Adan A, Falcón C, Bargalló N. Glucose and
caffeine effects on sustained attention: an exploratory fMRI study. Hum
Psychopharmacol. 2010 Nov;25(7-8):543-52.
Beverages containing glucose and
caffeine help to maintain mental
performance and improve mood
under stressful conditions
A review by Professor Lluís Serra-Majem
www.europeanhydrationinstitute.org
HYDRATION SCIENTIFIC LIBRARY
3. EHI Update: September 2011
Both glucose and caffeine
consumed in isolation have
been shown to regulate cortisol
response and affect cognitive
performance and mood.
Nonetheless, there has been very
little research regarding their
behavioural and physiological
effects when taken together”
5. Some authors believe that caffeinated beverages might
have lower hydrating effects compared to water. This
difference might be due to the direct diuretic effect of
caffeine, which would negatively compensate for the
hydrating action of the water medium in which it is
dissolved.
In truth, the diuretic effect of caffeine only takes place at
high (400-600 mg/d) doses and is modest in magnitude.
However, based on this contention, the hydrating effects
of caffeinated beverages such as tea, coffee, and cola-
based products have been questioned.
To shed light on this issue, a recent controlled study from
the UK has investigated, in a cross-over protocol, whether
identical volumes of water or black tea exert identical or
different hydrating effects in healthy volunteers.
The authors enrolled 21 healthy male adults, 19 of whom
completed the protocol. Subjects were given either 4 or 6
cups of tea (prepared in a standard way and containing 40
mg of caffeine/cup) or hot water (again, 4 or 6 cups) over
a 12-hour period. Food consumption was standardized
and physical activity reduced to a minimum. The total
amount of caffeine consumed by the volunteers was 160
mg per day in the 4-cups intervention and 240 mg per day
during the 6-cups phase.
At regular intervals, blood was drawn and a white cell
count, osmolality, electrolytes, creatinine, and other
metabolites were determined. In addition, the total 24-
hour urine volume and urinary osmolality were assessed.
This study did not report any difference among the
measured parameters after the consumption of either
water of black tea. In particular, 24-h urinary volumes
were very similar after the consumption of 4 cups of
tea or water (1,117 vs 1,228 mL, respectively) or after 6
cups of tea or water (1,498 vs 1,458 mL, respectively).
Creatininuria and renal excretion of Na+
and K+
were also
very similar in the two groups.
The conclusion of this study is that caffeine – at the
tested doses (higher than those habitually ingested in
Great Britain) - does not exert any significant effects
on the studied parameters. Therefore, the contribution
to hydration of the caffeinated beverages studied is
comparable to that of water. This piece of information is
useful to those who use caffeinated beverages as thirst-
quenchers.
Refererence:
Carrie H. Ruxton and Valerie A. Hart: Black tea is not significantly
different from water in the maintenance of normal hydration in human
subjects: results from a randomised controlled trial
British Journal of Nutrition (2011), 106, 588–595.
Are caffeinated beverages less
hydrating than pure water?
A review by Prof. Andrea Poli
www.europeanhydrationinstitute.org
HYDRATION SCIENTIFIC LIBRARY
3. EHI Update: December 2011
In truth, the diuretic effect of caffeine
only takes place at high (400-600 mg/d)
doses and is modest in magnitude.