Hunter Gather
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Hunter-gatherers relied on hunting animals and collecting wild plants for food and had to constantly move to find resources, leaving them vulnerable to environmental changes. The agricultural diet consisted of wild plants and game, providing needed vitamins and minerals but making adequate feeding of groups difficult due to limited resources. Farming provided a more reliable food source and allowed the development of permanent settlements.
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Contact us
Niir Project Consultancy Services
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Fax: +91-11-23841561
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
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Aquaculture, Aquaculture and Fisheries Technology, Aquaculture Business Ideas, Aquaculture Business Plan, Aquaculture Farming Technology, Aquaculture Production Technology, Aquaculture Small Business Startup, Aquaculture systems technology, Aquaculture Technology: Fish Farming, Best small and cottage scale industries, Business guidance for Fisheries and aquaculture, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business Planning for Aquaculture, By-Products of Fishing Industry, Cold Water Fisheries of India, Composite Fish Culture, Construction of Fish Farms, Crustacean Fisheries, Culturable Fish and Shellfish, Culture of Fish Food Organisms, Culture of Ornamental Fishes, Culture of Trouts, Economic Importance of Fishes, Economics of Fish Culture, Fermented Fishery Products, Fish Aquarium, Fish business ideas, Fish business plan, Fish Diseases and Their Control, Fish Farming and Aqua farming, Fish Farming in India, Fish farming technology in India, Fish Farming with Agriculture and Livestock, Fish Meal, Fish Processing and Preserving, Fish Products and Fish By-Products, Fisheries and aquaculture Based Profitable Projects, Fisheries and aquaculture Business, Fisheries and aquaculture Industry in India, Fisheries and aquaculture Projects, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Fisheries business plan, Fisheries Technology, Fishing Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Fishing Technology, Hill Stream Fishes, How to start a fish and aqua farming?, How to Start a Fish Culture Business, How to start a successful Fisheries business, How to start farming fish on a small-scale, How to start fish farming, How to Start Fish Farming Business, How to Start Fisheries and aquaculture Industry in India, How to Start Your Own Fish Farming Business, Management of Fish Farms, Modern aquaculture Technology, Modern technology fish farming, Molluscan Fisheries, Most profitable fish to farm, Most Profitable Fisheries and aquaculture Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Fish farming industry
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See more
https://goo.gl/k1q3Mt
https://goo.gl/dcx0IR
https://goo.gl/DUAQ1a
Contact us
Niir Project Consultancy Services
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Fax: +91-11-23841561
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
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In a work of painstaking and wide-ranging scholarship, backed up by fieldwork among the Kalahari hunter-gatherers, Louis Liebenberg explains how the art of tracking represents a crucial step in human evolution. Liebenberg examines the principles of tracking, and the classification and interpretation of spoor under difficult conditions. He also shows how the original speculative hypotheses of early hunter-gatherers have a direct line to the propositions of modern physicists who 'track' sub-atomic particles. In the book, the author argues that the art of tracking involves the same intellectual and creative abilities as physics and mathematics, and may therefore represent the origin of science itself. The book has been hailed as a real contribution to our understanding of the complexity involved in the process by which indigenous peoples track and hunt animals. It is insightful, detailed and well articulated.
Types Of Societies
This document discusses different types of societies based on their mode of subsistence and level of technological development. It describes hunting and gathering societies, pastoral/herding societies, horticultural societies, and agricultural societies. Hunting and gathering societies are small, nomadic, and lack wealth, political institutions, or division of labor. Pastoral societies rely on herding domesticated animals, are larger and can accumulate wealth, leading to inequality. Horticultural societies practice slash-and-burn agriculture and have more complex divisions of labor and emergence of political institutions like chieftainships. Agricultural societies are the largest, use plow technology, develop cities, social classes, political and economic institutions, specialized religion, and engage in warfare and empire building.
Hunter gatherers and their neighbors from prehistory to the present by headla...
This paper challenges the assumption that hunter-gatherer societies lived in isolation until recently. It argues that from the middle to late Holocene period, hunter-gatherer groups were heavily dependent on both trade with food-producing populations and part-time cultivation. The paper brings together data suggesting hunter-gatherers engaged in these economic activities and practiced neither total isolation nor a purely foraging lifestyle. It aims to provide a more complex model of hunter-gatherer economies during this time period.
Inuit
Los inuit son un pueblo indígena que habita las regiones árticas de América del Norte, Groenlandia y Siberia. Su dieta tradicional consistía principalmente en carne de ballenas, morsas, focas y peces. Vivían en iglúes durante el invierno y tiendas durante el verano. Creían en un mundo natural visible y uno sobrenatural invisible, y tenían chamanes que se comunicaban con ambos mundos. Algunos de sus mitos explican el origen de la perdiz blanca y el mosquito.
Klasreels
Uitdrukbare bladsye van klasreels. Verander net die skrif of bewoording om by jou klas te pas.
Hunter Gatherers
Hunter-gatherers have historically been viewed either as savages or as naturalists in tune with their environment. Early thinkers like Hobbes and Lubbock portrayed hunter-gatherers as living in a brutal state of nature, constantly struggling for survival. More recently, scholars like Flannery have taken a more positive view, seeing hunter-gatherers as skilled botanists who used ingenious techniques to thrive in diverse environments. There is also a debate around whether hunting or gathering provided more to survival and about the gender roles and relationship to nature within hunter-gatherer societies.
Los esquimales
Los esquimales viven en regiones árticas de América del Norte y Asia. Son nómadas que siguen las migraciones de animales que cazan para subsistir. Construyen iglús para vivir e ingeniosos botes como el kayak. Su cultura se caracteriza por la artesanía con materiales locales y su lengua única se basa en unir palabras.
LOS ESQUIMALES O INUITS PARA ED. INFANTIL
Los esquimales o inuit viven en regiones árticas de América del Norte, Groenlandia, Siberia, Alaska y Canadá. Son un pueblo nómada que se dedica principalmente a la caza y pesca para alimentarse y vestirse. Construyen iglús para vivir temporalmente durante la caza y comunican mediante un lenguaje basado en unir partes de frases para formar palabras largas.
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Subsistence strategies
A brief introduction to subsistence strategies around the world. This lesson is geared towards intermediate-advanced EFL students.
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Livestock Grazing & effects on World.
The slides depicts the real face of the grazing when the level of integrity increases to max. How people in different parts of the world are getting affected also how hazardous it is to environment. Several Human wildlife conflicts are ruining the flow of the ecosystem so how to mitigate them, how to spread awareness all are portrayed in the given slide.
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Wildlife refers to organisms that live and grow in nature without human intervention. Wildlife is found in all ecosystems and provides many important benefits. It is an integral part of ecosystems, as plants and animals rely on wildlife for pollination, seed dispersal, and nutrient recycling. Wildlife is also economically and scientifically important. It contributes to industries like tourism, medicine, and wood products. Wildlife is also used for agricultural research, as experimental animals, and to study disease. Maintaining biodiversity and wildlife is crucial for balanced natural systems and human well-being.
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This document provides an overview of human adaptation strategies for obtaining food, including foraging, domestication, cultivation, horticulture, intensive agriculture, and pastoralism. It discusses how foragers obtain food directly from nature by adapting to different biomes. Domestication of plants and animals allowed for more control over food sources and higher population densities. Cultivation involves growing domesticated plants, with horticulture relying mainly on human labor, intensive agriculture using animal labor, and mechanized agriculture relying on fuel power. Pastoralism focuses on herding domesticated animals and using animal products for subsistence.
Foraging for medicinal plants and food.pdf
Native species that thrive and reproduce naturally in their natural habitat without being cultivated are referred to as wild edible plants (WEPs). Since the beginning of time, people have been gathering WEPs, and they are now a staple of the human diet and conventional food systems. When food crops are few, WEPs continue to be crucial for maintaining food security and sovereignty, as well as having the potential to improve the well-being of disadvantaged households. Efforts to strengthen local market players and close the gap between consumers and producers, which would lessen the need for globally synchronized value chains, might also be centered on WEPs. https://www.digistore24.com/redir/391226/AFFILIATE/CAMPAIGN
Cultural AnthropologyGetting FoodCultural Anthro.docx
Cultural Anthropology
Getting Food
Cultural Anthropology
Food-getting activities take precedence over all other survival needs, including reproduction, social control, defense, and transmission of knowledge to the next generation
Cultural Anthropology
In our society food-getting strategies are simplified – we merely need to go to the supermarket
Video:
"'Freegans' Take Green to Extreme"
Cultural Anthropology
But for some of the world, the level of food-getting takes up more time and is much more labor-intensive. It is called subsistence economics.
Cultural Anthropology
Subsistence economics is a situation where basically all able-bodied adults are engaged in getting food for themselves and their family as their main activity
Cultural Anthropology
Subsistence economics is how humans obtained their food for millions of years by foraging for their subsistence – e.g. gathering plants, nuts, berries, scavenging, hunting and fishing
Cultural Anthropology
Foraging is much less common today
As a subsistence style, it is used today by hunter-gatherers, who make up only about 5 million people on the planet
Cultural Anthropology
Foraging for plant life – gathering plants, berries, seeds, nuts and tubers is more common in areas close to the equator as compared to northern latitudes such as the Arctic, where plant life is scarce
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"Hunter-Gatherers"
Cultural Anthropology
In northern climates, since plants are scarce, hunting is more predominant
See an Inuit (Eskimo) hunter in Northern Canada in the classic anthropological film “ “Nanook of the North” (1922)
Foragers
Foragers actually spend less time obtaining food than most other types of food-getters
!Kung adults of Southern Africa spend just 17 hours a week on average getting food
Characteristics of Foragers
Foragers generally have small communities with no class differences
Getting Food: General Features of Food Collectors
A survey of 180 food-collecting societies indicates that there is a lot of variation with regard to which food-getting activity is most important to the society. Gathering is the most important activity for 30 percent of the surveyed societies, hunting for 25 percent, and fishing for 38 percent.
*
Food Production
Most of the world does not forage for food but produces it in one fashion or another
3 types of food production; horticulture, pastoralism, and intensive agriculture
No food production strategy is perfect, as the videos illustrate
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'Women’s Horticulture Group in Burkina Faso"
Food Production
Horticulturalists have relatively small plots of land
Often use hand tools instead of machines
May also raise small animals; pigs, chickens, sheep, goats
Getting Food: Food Production
Horticulture
Plant cultivation carried out with relatively simple tools and methods; nature is allowed to replace nutrients in the soil, in the absence of permanently cultivated fields
Main Horticultural Method - Shifting cultivation
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Wildlife food,cover,water requirement
Wildlife require adequate nutrition, cover, and water to survive and thrive. Food provides energy, nutrients, and water, affecting population dynamics. Requirements vary among species, sexes, ages, seasons, and locations. Herbivores have strong food preferences and are more prone to nutritional deficiencies if preferred foods are unavailable. Management provides a diversity of food types, known preferred foods, and addresses any deficiencies. Water can limit some populations, so providing additional sources may help if water is truly limiting and does not concentrate animals in risky areas. Overall, habitat management aims to fulfill wildlife's variable needs year-round through natural vegetation and addressing shortfalls.
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Grassland Management : production and conservation Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, Rajasthan -303012
Grass and legumes increase the aggregation of soil particles, improvement soil structure and water holding capacity of the soil. Grasses give quicker protection to eroded lands.To established gully sides, water-ways, gully heads and check dams, grass is perhaps the most effective and economical tool. It can be put to various uses in soil conservation, viz; Strip cropping, rotational cropping or lay farming. Stabilization of bunds and terraces. Stabilization of gullies, diversion or drainage channels. Stabilization of sand dunes. Meadows and pastures on steep slops. Fertility builder for eroded soil. Booklet pages
Vegans avoid consuming or using animal products to help protect animals and the environment. They do not eat meat, dairy or eggs and also avoid using clothing, cosmetics or home products that contain animal ingredients or have been tested on animals. Going vegan helps reduce pollution, land and water use compared to a meat-based diet. It can also provide health benefits like reducing the risk of obesity, heart disease, diabetes and cancer since plant-based diets tend to be lower in saturated fat and higher in fiber and antioxidants. Vegans need to ensure they get enough vitamin B12, which is found in animal products, through supplements or fortified foods.
Vegetarian2
This document provides information on vegetarianism and the benefits of a vegetarian diet. It defines different types of vegetarian diets, such as vegan, ovo-lacto vegetarian, and flexitarian. The summary discusses the health benefits of a vegetarian diet in reducing risks of diseases like hypertension, cancer, and heart disease. Environmental benefits are also highlighted, noting that vegetarians require less land and water resources than meat-eaters. The document concludes by sharing a personal story about health improvements from adopting a vegetarian diet.
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Wild life
The document discusses the history and importance of wildlife conservation in Pakistan. It begins with the founding of the Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves in 1912 in London, which aimed to identify and protect areas for wildlife. It then describes the various ecosystems and species of plants and animals found across Pakistan, from mammals like the snow leopard and markhor, to insects and birds. The document emphasizes the economic, nutritional, recreational, scientific, and ecological benefits of wildlife for humans. However, threats from population growth, agriculture, hunting, and habitat loss have endangered many species and ecosystems in Pakistan. Strong laws and protected areas are needed to promote biodiversity and conserve Pakistan's valuable wildlife.
Nutritional Management of Animals during disaster
1) Nutritional management of animals during disasters is important to prevent injury, pain, hunger, etc. in livestock, working animals, companion animals, and animals in shelters, zoos, laboratories, and veterinary clinics.
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Hunter Gather
- 1. The Agricultural Diet Early hunter-gatherers had no other options
- 2. The Hunter-Gatherer Lifestyle • Hunter gatherers where typically nomads who hunted animals and collected plants from forests for food instead of farming. Hunter gatherers had to strongly rely on their surrounding environment to survive. A major storm could completely wipe- out a large hunter gatherer community.
- 3. The Agricultural Diet • The Agricultural diet consists mainly of plants that grow wild in forests and wild game. This diet can provide all the vitamins and minerals you would need to stay alive, but it would be very difficult and when you have to share what you find with a whole group of other people, staying adequately fed could become a challenge.