This document summarizes key points from a presentation given by Dr. Mathieu P. Lalonde on the paleo diet from an organic chemist's perspective. The presentation cautions against making invalid inferences when interpreting observational data on ancestral diets. Specifically, it notes that just because ancestral populations consumed certain foods does not necessarily mean emulating those diets will lead to health benefits. A variety of factors need to be considered, including individual variability and our ability to adapt to new foods introduced after the agricultural revolution.
Monkey business social and cultural geography 2010Fábio Coltro
This article examines ongoing human-animal conflicts between residents and long-tailed macaques in Bukit Timah Nature Reserve in Singapore. As residential development encroaches into the macaque habitat, destroying important wildlife corridors, the macaques have been significantly affected as they search for food in residential areas. The article seeks to understand the complex urban-wilderness conflicts between humans and macaques, showing that the divide between tamed and wild animals is ambiguous and shifting. It is especially interested in the role of intermediaries like the National Parks Board and animal activists in making space for macaques in the reserve through discourse and actions.
This document outlines a curriculum for teaching Integrative Biology focused on the balance of nature. It includes standards, essential understandings and questions, topics to be covered, and a three-stage teaching plan. The curriculum aims to demonstrate how understanding balance of nature can contribute to conserving local biodiversity through community involvement. Learners will explore balance of nature concepts, Philippine biodiversity issues and laws, and propose and evaluate plans of action. Assessment involves learner participation in resource management activities and demonstrations of understanding balance of nature's importance for conservation.
The Volume And Composition Of Human Milk In Poorly Nourished Communities A ...Biblioteca Virtual
This document reviews the volume and composition of human milk produced by mothers with poor nutrition. It discusses 3 main topics:
1) Volume of breast milk produced is often adequate for infant nutrition despite maternal malnutrition. Poor mothers can continue lactating through mechanisms like fat loss.
2) Maternal nutritional status can impact lactation through hormonal effects and cumulative impacts of repeated reproductive cycles and prolonged lactation leading to depletion.
3) Environmental and psychosocial stressors like poverty, poor housing, and cultural changes can negatively impact lactation through increased anxiety levels affecting the let-down reflex and hormone secretion.
This document provides information about bed bugs, including their biology, inspection, and treatment. It discusses the bed bug life cycle and habits, how to inspect for bed bugs with a focus on common areas like hotels and shelters, and non-chemical and chemical treatment options. The goal is to educate on bed bug identification, prevention, and management in various settings.
The document discusses how to achieve fitness levels similar to our hunter-gatherer ancestors through high-intensity interval training, strength training, outdoor activities, social exercise, and balancing hard workouts with rest. It notes hunter-gatherers were highly active, averaging 4-10 miles of walking per day, and their daily routine incorporated a variety of physical tasks to meet basic needs while modern humans are largely sedentary.
The art of tracking the origin of science - Louis Liebenberg.pdfpuljo88
In a work of painstaking and wide-ranging scholarship, backed up by fieldwork among the Kalahari hunter-gatherers, Louis Liebenberg explains how the art of tracking represents a crucial step in human evolution. Liebenberg examines the principles of tracking, and the classification and interpretation of spoor under difficult conditions. He also shows how the original speculative hypotheses of early hunter-gatherers have a direct line to the propositions of modern physicists who 'track' sub-atomic particles. In the book, the author argues that the art of tracking involves the same intellectual and creative abilities as physics and mathematics, and may therefore represent the origin of science itself. The book has been hailed as a real contribution to our understanding of the complexity involved in the process by which indigenous peoples track and hunt animals. It is insightful, detailed and well articulated.
South African history has been dominated by conflict between diverse ethnic groups. The indigenous Khoisan people lived there for millennia, while most current populations immigrated later. The Portuguese explored but did not colonize, finding the coast inhospitable, while the Dutch Boers established republics in the interior. As Boers expanded, many adopted a semi-nomadic pastoral lifestyle. In the early 19th century, the rise of the Zulu kingdom led to widespread forced migration and conflict between groups. Today, South Africa is a multi-party parliamentary republic with a president as both head of state and government.
This document discusses different types of societies based on their mode of subsistence and level of technological development. It describes hunting and gathering societies, pastoral/herding societies, horticultural societies, and agricultural societies. Hunting and gathering societies are small, nomadic, and lack wealth, political institutions, or division of labor. Pastoral societies rely on herding domesticated animals, are larger and can accumulate wealth, leading to inequality. Horticultural societies practice slash-and-burn agriculture and have more complex divisions of labor and emergence of political institutions like chieftainships. Agricultural societies are the largest, use plow technology, develop cities, social classes, political and economic institutions, specialized religion, and engage in warfare and empire building.
Monkey business social and cultural geography 2010Fábio Coltro
This article examines ongoing human-animal conflicts between residents and long-tailed macaques in Bukit Timah Nature Reserve in Singapore. As residential development encroaches into the macaque habitat, destroying important wildlife corridors, the macaques have been significantly affected as they search for food in residential areas. The article seeks to understand the complex urban-wilderness conflicts between humans and macaques, showing that the divide between tamed and wild animals is ambiguous and shifting. It is especially interested in the role of intermediaries like the National Parks Board and animal activists in making space for macaques in the reserve through discourse and actions.
This document outlines a curriculum for teaching Integrative Biology focused on the balance of nature. It includes standards, essential understandings and questions, topics to be covered, and a three-stage teaching plan. The curriculum aims to demonstrate how understanding balance of nature can contribute to conserving local biodiversity through community involvement. Learners will explore balance of nature concepts, Philippine biodiversity issues and laws, and propose and evaluate plans of action. Assessment involves learner participation in resource management activities and demonstrations of understanding balance of nature's importance for conservation.
The Volume And Composition Of Human Milk In Poorly Nourished Communities A ...Biblioteca Virtual
This document reviews the volume and composition of human milk produced by mothers with poor nutrition. It discusses 3 main topics:
1) Volume of breast milk produced is often adequate for infant nutrition despite maternal malnutrition. Poor mothers can continue lactating through mechanisms like fat loss.
2) Maternal nutritional status can impact lactation through hormonal effects and cumulative impacts of repeated reproductive cycles and prolonged lactation leading to depletion.
3) Environmental and psychosocial stressors like poverty, poor housing, and cultural changes can negatively impact lactation through increased anxiety levels affecting the let-down reflex and hormone secretion.
This document provides information about bed bugs, including their biology, inspection, and treatment. It discusses the bed bug life cycle and habits, how to inspect for bed bugs with a focus on common areas like hotels and shelters, and non-chemical and chemical treatment options. The goal is to educate on bed bug identification, prevention, and management in various settings.
The document discusses how to achieve fitness levels similar to our hunter-gatherer ancestors through high-intensity interval training, strength training, outdoor activities, social exercise, and balancing hard workouts with rest. It notes hunter-gatherers were highly active, averaging 4-10 miles of walking per day, and their daily routine incorporated a variety of physical tasks to meet basic needs while modern humans are largely sedentary.
The art of tracking the origin of science - Louis Liebenberg.pdfpuljo88
In a work of painstaking and wide-ranging scholarship, backed up by fieldwork among the Kalahari hunter-gatherers, Louis Liebenberg explains how the art of tracking represents a crucial step in human evolution. Liebenberg examines the principles of tracking, and the classification and interpretation of spoor under difficult conditions. He also shows how the original speculative hypotheses of early hunter-gatherers have a direct line to the propositions of modern physicists who 'track' sub-atomic particles. In the book, the author argues that the art of tracking involves the same intellectual and creative abilities as physics and mathematics, and may therefore represent the origin of science itself. The book has been hailed as a real contribution to our understanding of the complexity involved in the process by which indigenous peoples track and hunt animals. It is insightful, detailed and well articulated.
South African history has been dominated by conflict between diverse ethnic groups. The indigenous Khoisan people lived there for millennia, while most current populations immigrated later. The Portuguese explored but did not colonize, finding the coast inhospitable, while the Dutch Boers established republics in the interior. As Boers expanded, many adopted a semi-nomadic pastoral lifestyle. In the early 19th century, the rise of the Zulu kingdom led to widespread forced migration and conflict between groups. Today, South Africa is a multi-party parliamentary republic with a president as both head of state and government.
This document discusses different types of societies based on their mode of subsistence and level of technological development. It describes hunting and gathering societies, pastoral/herding societies, horticultural societies, and agricultural societies. Hunting and gathering societies are small, nomadic, and lack wealth, political institutions, or division of labor. Pastoral societies rely on herding domesticated animals, are larger and can accumulate wealth, leading to inequality. Horticultural societies practice slash-and-burn agriculture and have more complex divisions of labor and emergence of political institutions like chieftainships. Agricultural societies are the largest, use plow technology, develop cities, social classes, political and economic institutions, specialized religion, and engage in warfare and empire building.
This chapter discusses early African societies from 1500 BCE to 1500 CE. It covers the Bantu migrations throughout central and southern Africa and the establishment of kingdoms in West Africa like Ghana and Mali based on trans-Saharan trade. It also discusses the development of Christian Ethiopia and the city-states of East Africa engaged in the Indian Ocean trade network. Major topics include the rise and fall of empires in Africa, the spread of Islam, and cultural exchanges within and beyond the continent.
Hunter-gatherers relied on hunting animals and collecting wild plants for food and had to constantly move to find resources, leaving them vulnerable to environmental changes. The agricultural diet consisted of wild plants and game, providing needed vitamins and minerals but making adequate feeding of groups difficult due to limited resources. Farming provided a more reliable food source and allowed the development of permanent settlements.
This scrapbook documents Nicki Minaj's career and was created by Rai Shauna Martin. The scrapbook profiles Nicki Minaj and her rise to fame as a rapper and recording artist. Rai Shauna Martin produced the scrapbook as a tribute to Nicki Minaj's career and accomplishments.
This document discusses the history of milk and dairy consumption by humans. It provides evidence that dairying first emerged in the Middle East around 4000-6000 BP with the domestication of animals like goats, sheep, and cattle. It then spread to Europe and other parts of the world. The document also discusses genetic adaptations that allow some human populations to digest lactose as adults, known as lactase persistence. It finds that two major global variants associated with this trait likely emerged independently, one in Europeans linked to a SNP at -13,910 BP (T-13910) and another in Middle Easterners involving a compound allele of SNPs at -13,915 BP and -3,712 BP in related genes. This suggests
Fazenden Portfolio Presentation 28 Oct 2009Eleanor Muller
Presentation to the travel industry on the Transfrontier Parks destination lodges in Southern Africa. Featuring Machampane and !Xaus Lodge, as well as Moonglow Guesthouse and new 2010 developments.
1) West Africa has a variety of climates and landforms including plains, highlands, and plateaus. The Niger River provides an important transportation route and supports agriculture.
2) The region has a long history including great kingdoms like Ghana and Mali, but was devastated by the slave trade. It was later colonized by European powers and most countries gained independence in the 1950s-60s.
3) Today, West African countries face challenges of poverty, population growth, and political instability despite having natural resources. Nigeria has the largest economy while countries like Mali, Burkina Faso, and Chad struggle with poverty, drought, and lack of farmland.
Nicki Minaj draws from different styles and genres in her music, known as bricolage. She has three main personas - Barbie, businesswoman, and lyrical artist. Minaj uses the image of Barbie in her music videos and fashion to appeal to young girls and challenge societal expectations. As a hip hop artist using a pop culture icon like Barbie, she pushes boundaries between genres. The widespread recognition of Barbie allows Minaj to connect with broader audiences and promote herself through a well-known symbol.
The document provides background information on the Inuit people. It discusses that the Inuit are indigenous peoples inhabiting Arctic regions of Alaska, Canada, and Greenland. They are descended from the Thule culture and displaced the related Dorset culture. The Inuit speak Inuktitut and rely on hunting marine mammals like seals and walrus for food and materials. They use dogsleds, kayaks, and umiaks for transportation and make clothing from animal skins for protection from the harsh Arctic climate. Marriage customs among Inuit were not strictly monogamous and divorce was sometimes arranged by community elders.
The Hunter Gatherer - Rob Toldeo - SearchLove Boston 2014Distilled
This document discusses why influencers dislike email pitches and provides suggestions for more effective outreach. The key points are:
1. Influencers enjoy discovering new things themselves and sharing exclusive finds with their audience. They want to feel like hunters tracking down the next big thing.
2. Effective outreach involves finding where influencers spend time online and creating content tailored for those communities. It also means getting exclusives by subtly pitching ideas to influencers early in the process.
3. Unconventional promotion like sending physical mail, staging smart PR stunts, or creating mysteries around new projects can grab influencers' attention better than emails. The goal is planting ideas for influencers to spread without taking
The Bushmen, also known as the San people, are the oldest inhabitants of southern Africa. They traditionally roamed throughout southern Africa but are now confined to the arid Kalahari Desert region. The Bushmen live in small family groups and lead nomadic lives within fixed territories in the Kalahari Desert. They hunt antelope with bows and poison arrows and gather plants for food. The Bushmen now face an uncertain future, as many have lost their traditional lands and lifestyles.
The document discusses the San and Khoikhoi peoples who inhabited the Western Cape region of South Africa in the 16th century, prior to European colonization. It describes the San as the earliest inhabitants who lived as hunter-gatherers, while the Khoikhoi were also hunter-gatherers but supplemented their diet by herding livestock. As European settlers established colonies in the Cape in the 17th-18th centuries, they appropriated land from the Khoikhoi and San peoples, disrupting their way of life and forcing many into servitude on farms. Racial mixing occurred between European men and Khoikhoi/San women and slave women imported to the Cape, laying the foundations
Nicki Minaj is an American rapper and singer whose real name is Onika Tanya Maraj. She was born in Trinidad and raised in Queens, New York. Minaj released several mixtapes in the 2000s that increased her profile in the hip hop world. In 2010, she released her debut studio album Pink Friday through Young Money Entertainment, to commercial success. Some of her popular songs include "Massive Attack," "Your Love," and collaborations with other artists on the Young Money label.
7 Things We Can Learn About Social Media from Nicki Minaj. Michael Street
Nicki Minaj just broke the record for most viewed video in 24-hours. Learn why her social media empire is huge like an "Anaconda."
http://mrmikestreet.com
http://greasyguide.com
http://Facebook.com/HarlemNY
South Africa is located at the southern tip of Africa, bordered by several countries. It has nine provinces and various geographic features including Table Mountain, the Indian and Atlantic Oceans, and Cape Point. The climate is moderate with four seasons. The environment includes the springbok as national animal and protea as national flower. South Africa has a diverse population that speaks 11 official languages and celebrates various holidays and traditions. The economy relies on industries like farming, mining, and automotive and tourism also contributes. South Africa is a democracy with the ANC as the ruling party and Jacob Zuma as president.
AHS12 Robb Wolf, BS — City Zero: How Markets and Evolution Can Revolutionize ...Ancestral Health Society
Robb Wolf, B.S. presenting at the Ancestral Health Symposium 2012 (AHS12)
City Zero: How Markets and Evolution Can Revolutionize Medicine
Abstract:
An investigation of how markets influence medical innovation and a case history of how the Ancestral Health model has been implemented at the city level.
Bio:
Robb Wolf, a former research biochemist, is the New York Times Best Selling author of The Paleo Solution: The Original Human Diet.
Robb has functioned as a review editor for the Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, is co-founder of the nutrition and athletic training journal, The Performance Menu, and co-owner of NorCal Strength & Conditioning, one of the Men's Health Top 30 Gyms in America.
Tsm 311 class intro and hunter gatherer lecture notes- spring 2014emeliemies
This document provides an overview and introduction for a course on humanity's interactions with the food web. It outlines that the course will begin by examining historical issues such as the transition to agriculture and the development of agricultural societies. It will then connect these historical topics to current issues and controversies regarding genetically modified organisms, climate change, and food versus fuel debates. The document states that the goal of the course is for students to understand both the successes and failures of humanity's management of the food web historically and to analyze modern societal problems related to food production and distribution. It provides an orientation to course topics and structure and poses discussion questions for students.
Miki Ben-Dor — Interdisciplinary Reconstruction of the Paleolithic Diet (AHS13)Ancestral Health Society
Several anthropologist have stated that there were many Paleolithic diets, presumably questioning the meat/fat centric Paleo practice or the ancestral paradigm altogether. A review of recent findings relating to the reconstruction of Paleolithic diets from various scientific areas of enquiry will be presented and likely ratios of animal to plant sourced food will be discussed. It will be argued that despite the apparent variability in Paleolithic diets, valid practical dietary guidance can be gained from their study.
This document discusses heart disease and challenges the prevailing lipid hypothesis. It argues that atherosclerosis is caused by molecular degeneration and cellular miscommunication rather than high cholesterol alone. Evidence presented includes that familial hypercholesterolemia is linked to early heart disease, and factors like LDL receptor activity, thyroid function, antioxidants, and resolving inflammation play important roles in cardiovascular health.
Technical Brief: Permaculture for OVC ProgrammingAIDSTAROne
A promising development approach for addressing food and nutrition insecurity for orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) is permaculture. In the context of OVC programming, permaculture helps guide communities toward permanent solutions for food and nutrition security, while ensuring that these options exist harmoniously within their environment. The purpose of this technical brief is to provide an overview of permaculture programming as a sustainable, non-donor-dependent tool for improving the health, food, and nutrition security and livelihoods of OVC and their families.
To download & see other interactive elements of this technical brief: http://j.mp/zvHNWB
Agricultural and tree biodiversity for healthy diets and healthy landscapesBioversity International
This document summarizes information from Bioversity International about the importance of agricultural and tree biodiversity for nutrition and landscapes. Maintaining biodiversity through diverse crops and varieties provides benefits like resistance to pests and diseases, buffering from climate events, and sustaining pollinators. However, land degradation and reliance on few crop species pose challenges. Potential solutions include improving diets through sustainable food systems that consider environmental impacts, costs, and cultural traditions. Case studies show how integrating local wild foods can lower diet costs while meeting nutrient needs, and how multi-functional landscapes can provide dietary quality while conserving resources.
This chapter discusses early African societies from 1500 BCE to 1500 CE. It covers the Bantu migrations throughout central and southern Africa and the establishment of kingdoms in West Africa like Ghana and Mali based on trans-Saharan trade. It also discusses the development of Christian Ethiopia and the city-states of East Africa engaged in the Indian Ocean trade network. Major topics include the rise and fall of empires in Africa, the spread of Islam, and cultural exchanges within and beyond the continent.
Hunter-gatherers relied on hunting animals and collecting wild plants for food and had to constantly move to find resources, leaving them vulnerable to environmental changes. The agricultural diet consisted of wild plants and game, providing needed vitamins and minerals but making adequate feeding of groups difficult due to limited resources. Farming provided a more reliable food source and allowed the development of permanent settlements.
This scrapbook documents Nicki Minaj's career and was created by Rai Shauna Martin. The scrapbook profiles Nicki Minaj and her rise to fame as a rapper and recording artist. Rai Shauna Martin produced the scrapbook as a tribute to Nicki Minaj's career and accomplishments.
This document discusses the history of milk and dairy consumption by humans. It provides evidence that dairying first emerged in the Middle East around 4000-6000 BP with the domestication of animals like goats, sheep, and cattle. It then spread to Europe and other parts of the world. The document also discusses genetic adaptations that allow some human populations to digest lactose as adults, known as lactase persistence. It finds that two major global variants associated with this trait likely emerged independently, one in Europeans linked to a SNP at -13,910 BP (T-13910) and another in Middle Easterners involving a compound allele of SNPs at -13,915 BP and -3,712 BP in related genes. This suggests
Fazenden Portfolio Presentation 28 Oct 2009Eleanor Muller
Presentation to the travel industry on the Transfrontier Parks destination lodges in Southern Africa. Featuring Machampane and !Xaus Lodge, as well as Moonglow Guesthouse and new 2010 developments.
1) West Africa has a variety of climates and landforms including plains, highlands, and plateaus. The Niger River provides an important transportation route and supports agriculture.
2) The region has a long history including great kingdoms like Ghana and Mali, but was devastated by the slave trade. It was later colonized by European powers and most countries gained independence in the 1950s-60s.
3) Today, West African countries face challenges of poverty, population growth, and political instability despite having natural resources. Nigeria has the largest economy while countries like Mali, Burkina Faso, and Chad struggle with poverty, drought, and lack of farmland.
Nicki Minaj draws from different styles and genres in her music, known as bricolage. She has three main personas - Barbie, businesswoman, and lyrical artist. Minaj uses the image of Barbie in her music videos and fashion to appeal to young girls and challenge societal expectations. As a hip hop artist using a pop culture icon like Barbie, she pushes boundaries between genres. The widespread recognition of Barbie allows Minaj to connect with broader audiences and promote herself through a well-known symbol.
The document provides background information on the Inuit people. It discusses that the Inuit are indigenous peoples inhabiting Arctic regions of Alaska, Canada, and Greenland. They are descended from the Thule culture and displaced the related Dorset culture. The Inuit speak Inuktitut and rely on hunting marine mammals like seals and walrus for food and materials. They use dogsleds, kayaks, and umiaks for transportation and make clothing from animal skins for protection from the harsh Arctic climate. Marriage customs among Inuit were not strictly monogamous and divorce was sometimes arranged by community elders.
The Hunter Gatherer - Rob Toldeo - SearchLove Boston 2014Distilled
This document discusses why influencers dislike email pitches and provides suggestions for more effective outreach. The key points are:
1. Influencers enjoy discovering new things themselves and sharing exclusive finds with their audience. They want to feel like hunters tracking down the next big thing.
2. Effective outreach involves finding where influencers spend time online and creating content tailored for those communities. It also means getting exclusives by subtly pitching ideas to influencers early in the process.
3. Unconventional promotion like sending physical mail, staging smart PR stunts, or creating mysteries around new projects can grab influencers' attention better than emails. The goal is planting ideas for influencers to spread without taking
The Bushmen, also known as the San people, are the oldest inhabitants of southern Africa. They traditionally roamed throughout southern Africa but are now confined to the arid Kalahari Desert region. The Bushmen live in small family groups and lead nomadic lives within fixed territories in the Kalahari Desert. They hunt antelope with bows and poison arrows and gather plants for food. The Bushmen now face an uncertain future, as many have lost their traditional lands and lifestyles.
The document discusses the San and Khoikhoi peoples who inhabited the Western Cape region of South Africa in the 16th century, prior to European colonization. It describes the San as the earliest inhabitants who lived as hunter-gatherers, while the Khoikhoi were also hunter-gatherers but supplemented their diet by herding livestock. As European settlers established colonies in the Cape in the 17th-18th centuries, they appropriated land from the Khoikhoi and San peoples, disrupting their way of life and forcing many into servitude on farms. Racial mixing occurred between European men and Khoikhoi/San women and slave women imported to the Cape, laying the foundations
Nicki Minaj is an American rapper and singer whose real name is Onika Tanya Maraj. She was born in Trinidad and raised in Queens, New York. Minaj released several mixtapes in the 2000s that increased her profile in the hip hop world. In 2010, she released her debut studio album Pink Friday through Young Money Entertainment, to commercial success. Some of her popular songs include "Massive Attack," "Your Love," and collaborations with other artists on the Young Money label.
7 Things We Can Learn About Social Media from Nicki Minaj. Michael Street
Nicki Minaj just broke the record for most viewed video in 24-hours. Learn why her social media empire is huge like an "Anaconda."
http://mrmikestreet.com
http://greasyguide.com
http://Facebook.com/HarlemNY
South Africa is located at the southern tip of Africa, bordered by several countries. It has nine provinces and various geographic features including Table Mountain, the Indian and Atlantic Oceans, and Cape Point. The climate is moderate with four seasons. The environment includes the springbok as national animal and protea as national flower. South Africa has a diverse population that speaks 11 official languages and celebrates various holidays and traditions. The economy relies on industries like farming, mining, and automotive and tourism also contributes. South Africa is a democracy with the ANC as the ruling party and Jacob Zuma as president.
AHS12 Robb Wolf, BS — City Zero: How Markets and Evolution Can Revolutionize ...Ancestral Health Society
Robb Wolf, B.S. presenting at the Ancestral Health Symposium 2012 (AHS12)
City Zero: How Markets and Evolution Can Revolutionize Medicine
Abstract:
An investigation of how markets influence medical innovation and a case history of how the Ancestral Health model has been implemented at the city level.
Bio:
Robb Wolf, a former research biochemist, is the New York Times Best Selling author of The Paleo Solution: The Original Human Diet.
Robb has functioned as a review editor for the Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, is co-founder of the nutrition and athletic training journal, The Performance Menu, and co-owner of NorCal Strength & Conditioning, one of the Men's Health Top 30 Gyms in America.
Tsm 311 class intro and hunter gatherer lecture notes- spring 2014emeliemies
This document provides an overview and introduction for a course on humanity's interactions with the food web. It outlines that the course will begin by examining historical issues such as the transition to agriculture and the development of agricultural societies. It will then connect these historical topics to current issues and controversies regarding genetically modified organisms, climate change, and food versus fuel debates. The document states that the goal of the course is for students to understand both the successes and failures of humanity's management of the food web historically and to analyze modern societal problems related to food production and distribution. It provides an orientation to course topics and structure and poses discussion questions for students.
Miki Ben-Dor — Interdisciplinary Reconstruction of the Paleolithic Diet (AHS13)Ancestral Health Society
Several anthropologist have stated that there were many Paleolithic diets, presumably questioning the meat/fat centric Paleo practice or the ancestral paradigm altogether. A review of recent findings relating to the reconstruction of Paleolithic diets from various scientific areas of enquiry will be presented and likely ratios of animal to plant sourced food will be discussed. It will be argued that despite the apparent variability in Paleolithic diets, valid practical dietary guidance can be gained from their study.
This document discusses heart disease and challenges the prevailing lipid hypothesis. It argues that atherosclerosis is caused by molecular degeneration and cellular miscommunication rather than high cholesterol alone. Evidence presented includes that familial hypercholesterolemia is linked to early heart disease, and factors like LDL receptor activity, thyroid function, antioxidants, and resolving inflammation play important roles in cardiovascular health.
Technical Brief: Permaculture for OVC ProgrammingAIDSTAROne
A promising development approach for addressing food and nutrition insecurity for orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) is permaculture. In the context of OVC programming, permaculture helps guide communities toward permanent solutions for food and nutrition security, while ensuring that these options exist harmoniously within their environment. The purpose of this technical brief is to provide an overview of permaculture programming as a sustainable, non-donor-dependent tool for improving the health, food, and nutrition security and livelihoods of OVC and their families.
To download & see other interactive elements of this technical brief: http://j.mp/zvHNWB
Agricultural and tree biodiversity for healthy diets and healthy landscapesBioversity International
This document summarizes information from Bioversity International about the importance of agricultural and tree biodiversity for nutrition and landscapes. Maintaining biodiversity through diverse crops and varieties provides benefits like resistance to pests and diseases, buffering from climate events, and sustaining pollinators. However, land degradation and reliance on few crop species pose challenges. Potential solutions include improving diets through sustainable food systems that consider environmental impacts, costs, and cultural traditions. Case studies show how integrating local wild foods can lower diet costs while meeting nutrient needs, and how multi-functional landscapes can provide dietary quality while conserving resources.
This document discusses the relationships between human nutrition, the gut microbiome, and the immune system. It argues that understanding how diet influences the gut microbiome and immune system could help address global health problems like malnutrition. The marriage of metagenomic methods to study the gut microbiome and gnotobiotic methods using germ-free animals could provide insights into these relationships and help test hypotheses. Dietary patterns are changing worldwide due to various social and economic factors, and understanding how these changes impact the gut microbiome may provide clues about nutritional status and immune function.
P1.2. Research on Agriculture for Improved NutritionGCARD Conferences
This research project aims to improve nutrition in Zambia by establishing smallholder model farmers to practice homestead gardening and small-scale animal husbandry. The project will provide vegetable seeds and small animals initially, then support farmers to independently generate their own inputs. The project aims to reduce chronic malnutrition among young children and improve the nutritional status of pregnant and lactating women by enhancing food consumption, dietary diversity, and the availability of nutritious foods. Key measures include the prevalence of stunting and wasting in children under 5, as well as household hunger, dietary diversity, and infant and young child feeding practices. The project also aims to improve maternal health, involvement in income-generating work, and use of loans for agricultural purposes to
This document summarizes a breakout session on diet diversification. It discusses the role of indigenous and forgotten foods in diversifying diets, noting over 7,000 plant and animal species have historically been used for nutrition but today only 12 plants and 14 animals provide 98% of the world's food needs. It emphasizes the importance of promoting food biodiversity and traditional foods for nutrition security and conservation. It also highlights the cultural dimension of food and need to learn from the diets of poor and diversified dietary regimes.
The document discusses the IB Diploma Programme and the IB Learner Profile. The IB Learner Profile describes the attributes that IB aims to foster in students. It includes being inquirers, knowledgeable, thinkers, communicators, principled, open-minded, caring, risk-takers, balanced, and reflective. The profile emphasizes developing curiosity and strong thinking skills in an international and caring context.
While we cannot stop the planet's evolution, we have a moral duty to suggest ways to interact with it responsibly. The document discusses how sustainability has become an obligatory approach and how the Barilla Center for Food & Nutrition was founded to collect knowledge on food/nutrition issues and propose solutions to challenges regarding these issues for current and future generations.
This AP Biology syllabus outlines the course goals and policies. The course is designed to be equivalent to an introductory college biology course and prepare students for the AP exam. Labs make up at least 25% of instructional time and emphasize developing and testing hypotheses through hands-on experiments. Students are expected to report on all lab investigations. The course also focuses on making connections between big ideas and exposes students to current research through journal readings.
This lesson deals with Species that Thrive on EarthRandyBaquiran1
This document discusses species and different species concepts. It defines a species as a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. It describes several species concepts including the morphological, phenetic, biological, and ecological concepts. It also discusses different types of species such as endangered, dominant, rare, exotic, and type species. The document emphasizes that understanding species is important for appreciating biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.
This document summarizes a lecture on achieving global food and nutrition security in the 21st century. It outlines four key "game changers" needed: (1) partnerships to produce and expand access to affordable, nutrient-dense foods, (2) partnerships empowering small farmers, the hungry and women, (3) scaling sustainable circular food economy innovations, and (4) leaders inspiring action. It discusses issues like the burden of malnutrition, economic costs, and the need for new collaboration to reduce food waste from farm to fork. The goal is a paradigm shift to avoid a "food cliff" and ensure all people have access to sufficient, nutritious food.
This document discusses the importance of considering local nutrition, biodiversity, and cultural practices when developing landscape and food system interventions. It addresses the following key points:
1) Putting local people and their knowledge, varieties/breeds, forest foods, and cultural practices at the center of interventions.
2) Taking a "whole of diet" approach that considers the diversity of foods needed, including cereals, tubers, roots, legumes, fruits, vegetables, nuts, meat/fish, and insects, to meet nutritional needs.
3) Bioversity is developing tools to document local food biodiversity, composition, consumption, seasonality, and affordability to identify opportunities to promote production and consumption of local
The 2010 Secondary Education Curriculum outlines the science program standards and general standards for grades 7-10. The focus is on demonstrating understanding of basic science concepts and processes in an integrative way to solve problems critically, think innovatively, and make informed decisions to enhance human and environmental well-being. For grade 8, the general standard is on demonstrating understanding of basic biology concepts and processes as deepened by other disciplines, to analyze problems critically, think creatively, and make decisions to enhance human and environmental integrity. One assessment focuses on understanding balance of nature and its role in conserving local biodiversity through active community involvement in resource management.
promote proper to take good care systems? nutrition and Criteria: criteria:
The document outlines the 2010 Secondary Education Curriculum for Science in the Philippines. It discusses the general standards and content for Integrated Science (Grade 7), Integrative Biology (Grade 8), Integrative Chemistry (Grade 9), and Integrative Physics (Grade 10). The curriculum aims to develop students' understanding of basic science concepts and ability to critically analyze and solve problems related to human and environmental wellness. It also seeks to promote informed decision making. Specific topics covered include balance of nature, cellular structures and functions, life energy processes, human organ systems, and genetics. The curriculum emphasizes hands-on learning and application of concepts
2010 dietary intakes of essential nutrients among arab andAgrin Life
This study investigated dietary intakes and anthropometric measurements between Arab and Berber ethnic groups on the island of Jerba, Tunisia. The researchers found:
1) Berber women had a significantly higher prevalence of obesity than Arab women.
2) Berber women had a significantly shorter height than Arab women.
3) Intakes of calcium, zinc, iron and folate were below recommended levels in both men and women of both ethnic groups.
4) Vitamin E intake was significantly higher in Berbers than Arabs.
Indigenous Science and Technology in the Philippines.pptxFritzilAnneNarciso1
1) Indigenous science refers to the complex knowledge, expertise, practices, and representations that guide human societies in their interactions with the natural world, including agriculture, herbal medicine, weather prediction, food preservation, plant and animal classification, and more.
2) Indigenous science is collectively experienced and lived within a given culture, incorporating everything from metaphysics to practical technologies, both past and present.
3) Indigenous science is part of culture, and how science is approached depends largely on the cultural practices of the people. Indigenous beliefs also develop values like motivation, cooperation, practicality, and reflection that are consistent with scientific attitudes.
The document discusses recovering the immune system through exposure to dirt and microbes. It describes how a chronic cell danger response can lead to chronic disease when the response is not reversed. Exposure to diverse microbes, parasites, nature, exercise, fasting and nutrient-dense foods can help build resilience against stressors and recover from a chronic cell danger response through hormesis. Spending time in nature, being exposed to soil organisms, and incorporating herbal remedies can also support immune function and resilience.
This document discusses biodiversity and how it relates to stability in ecosystems. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life in an area, including different species that work together. Greater biodiversity provides greater economic opportunities and adaptive responses to challenges like climate change. Species have adapted through natural selection, developing physical adaptations like camouflage and mimicry, behavioral adaptations like migration and hibernation, and learned behaviors. Biodiversity is measured by richness of species and evenness of populations - more diverse, evenly distributed ecosystems are more stable and likely to survive. Biodiversity provides direct economic value if species are sources of food, medicine or resources, indirect economic value through ecosystem services, and aesthetic value through natural beauty.
Handout for the workshop Gardening: A Gateway to Good Food workshop by Food & Society Fellows, Rose Hayden Smith & Angie Tagtow during the 2009 Community Food Security Conference held in Des Moines, IA.
Produced by the Food & Society Fellows www.foodandsocietyfellows.org
This document outlines the various values of biodiversity, including consumptive use value through foods, fuels and medicines; productive use value through commercially marketed products; social use value through cultural and spiritual aspects; ethical and moral value in preserving all life; aesthetic value in eco-tourism; and option value in potential future discoveries. Biodiversity provides direct and indirect utilization, social and cultural importance, ethical obligations, recreational and aesthetic enjoyment, and possible future benefits yet to be uncovered.
Similar to Mat Lalonde, PhD — An Organic Chemists's Perspective on Paleo (AHS11) (20)
AHS13 Grayson Wheatley - What is Optimal Health? Complexity Science, Chaos Th...Ancestral Health Society
An ancestral lifestyle relies on alignment of nutrition, physical activity and sleep for achieving optimal health and well-being. New research in complexity science - a rapidly evolving body of work that studies dynamic networking systems - has cast doubt on the effectiveness of how we measure expected outcomes in health and medicine. Complex systems may better explain human health by focusing not on single data elements as “cause-and-effect” but on the interactions among complex biological systems. The implications of complexity science and chaos theory on leading an ancestral lifestyle and achieving optimal health will be discussed.
This document discusses how women's fertility cycles influence their mate preferences and how sexual selection has shaped human sexuality and relationships. It argues that at higher fertility phases in their cycle, women seek more genetically fit males through extra-pair flings. It also discusses how female orgasm and preferences for certain male physical traits function as mechanisms of cryptic female choice that have driven the evolution of these male traits over time. The document suggests modern lifestyles undermine natural fitness indicators that were important for sexual selection in our ancestral past.
This document discusses the role of dietary fats in fatty liver disease. It presents the "two-hit" theory of fatty liver disease development and examines major factors like alcohol, sugars, and fats that can contribute to fat accumulation in the liver. While early research focused on alcoholic fatty liver, more recent studies show that diets high in polyunsaturated fats like corn oil can cause non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, whereas replacing them with medium-chain fats can reverse the condition. Polyunsaturated fats may increase reactive oxygen species and peroxidation in the liver, whereas saturated fats are metabolized more easily without causing oxidative damage. The role of essential fatty acids is complex, as deficiency can contribute
AHS13 Adele Hite - The Real Paleo Challenge: How a Fad on the Fringe Can Beco...Ancestral Health Society
Adele's AHS13 talk, The Real Paleo Challenge: How a Fad on the Fringe Can Become a Force for Change, may be viewed on our youtube channel:
http://youtu.be/l1r8yF02oc8
For complete schedule, bios, abstracts, please see our website:
http://www.ancestralhealth.org/post/ahs13-detailed-schedule
Dr. Lassek's talk may be viewed here:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJhT_ANNy4E
Abstract: One puzzle is why human males have such a strong preference for women with hourglass figures and low weights that can compromise fertility. The second is why slender young women typically have about one third of their weight in body fat, more than bears starting to hibernate, and why human infants are also very fat. Finally, why do women typically gain another twenty pounds or more during their reproductive years? The answer may lie in the roles that fat plays in providing essential fatty acids needed for the growth of a very large brain and in regulating overall fetal growth.
Over the past century, industrialized societies have seen a meteoric rise in the so-called diseases of civilization: obesity, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, autoimmune disease and cancer. These disorders are often associated with apparent "deficiencies" in critical nutrients such as vitamins, minerals and hormones. This talk will examine the arguments for and against supplementation, together with the evidence from interventional studies. The focus will be on the supplementation with Vitamin C, Vitamin D, and calcium. I will argue that the case for supplementation as a long-term preventive strategy has not be made, and often overlooks the compensating effects of homeostatic regulation.
AHS13 Stephan Guyenet Insulin and Obesity: Reconciling Conflicting Evidence Ancestral Health Society
The pancreatic hormone insulin regulates the trafficking and metabolism of carbohydrate and fat. Since insulin influences fatty acid flux in fat tissue, and manipulating insulin can influence body fatness, this has raised the possibility that insulin plays a role in common obesity. Two competing hypotheses propose that 1) elevated insulin is a compensatory response to insulin resistance that develops with fat gain, or 2) elevated insulin outpaces insulin resistance and favors fat gain. Each hypothesis appears to be supported by a large amount of evidence. This presentation will outline a framework capable of reconciling this seemingly conflicting evidence.
AHS13 Tony Federico — Processed Foods and Processed Friends: Is Facebook a Ne...Ancestral Health Society
Human beings crave social connection in much the same way that we crave sugary, salty, and fatty foods. In this sense, smartphone enabled social media use parallels the fast food drive-through. Chronic daily use of social media can create dependency and is a threat to emotional and psychological well-being just as over consumption of energy dense foods can lead to diabetes, heart disease, and other diseases of civilization. Moderating the consumption of "processed friends" is just as important as moderating the consumption of processed foods for maintaining and improving total health and wellness.
AHS13 Tim Gerstmar - It Ain't Your Great-Grandparents World: Environmental To...Ancestral Health Society
Humanity has released approximately 100,000 new chemical compounds into the environment, mostly in the past 100 years. Compounds our bodies have never seen before and weren't designed to deal with. In this talk we will discuss some of the common environmental toxins and how they have been shown to be harmful to human health. We will also discuss: testing methods for quantifying toxicity, how the body detoxifies (the seven organs involved) and provide simple methods audience members can take to reduce their toxic burden, as well as briefly discuss more intensive, physician practices for detoxification for people who need it.
AHS13 Hamilton Stapell — The End of Paleo: Is the Ancestral Health Movement G...Ancestral Health Society
Hamilton's talk may be viewed at http://youtu.be/ArcSIg3cYcw
Complete abstracts along with presenter bios and photos, are available on our website:
http://www.ancestralhealth.org/post/2013-ancestral-health-symposium-ahs13
Abstract:
The current Ancestral Health movement is often thought to be on the verge of going mainstream. Many within the movement believe this would lead to positive health (and financial) outcomes for both individuals and society as a whole. However, the transition from a small, highly-devoted group of adherents to a mass following will be far more difficult than commonly assumed. In addition, this presentation will gauge the current size of the Ancestral Health movement by examining empirical data. It also identifies the two types of individuals that typically go paleo. The key commonality between both groups is a very high level of motivation, which also suggests limited penetration of the Ancestral Health movement in the future.
AHS13 Alyssa Rhoden — Give Them Grains? Analyzing Approaches to World Hunger Ancestral Health Society
Feeding the world is a compelling problem that is expected to worsen. A proposed solution is to increase the number of available calories by diverting more crops from animal feed to direct human consumption. I analyze this approach, taking into account the types of food that can be produced. The results indicate that current crops are rather poor at delivering nutritious food and that repurposing grains is an unlikely solution to world hunger. I will discuss alternative methods by which we can maximize production of nutritious foods and the importance of the ancestral health community’s involvement in the sustainable agriculture movement.
Depression is an insidious issue in the US and elsewhere. Lifestyle habits that are very different from our ancestral environment may be to blame, and one particularly problematic area is food choice. Depressive symptoms share much in common with the adaptive features of sickness behavior, which is functional when operating in an environment of ancestrally normal immune stressor. Modern diets likely activate the immune system (primarily the inflammatory response) and induce the cascade of adaptive responses that collective make up sickness behavior. Due to their similarities, these may then diagnosed as depression. In this talk, I discuss the links among diet, depression, and inflammation, as well as highlighting some specific dietary components that contribute to this response.
AHS13 Paul Ralston — The Effect of Diet on Chronic Spinal Pain Disorders Ancestral Health Society
Despite the high frequency of spinal related pain disorders, few patients or physicians understand or even acknowledge the role nutrition plays in pain perception. This presentation will explain the anatomy of the most common spinal structures responsible for being sources of pain. The lecture will also examine the robust role diet plays in increasing or decreasing the perception of pain.
AHS13 Shilpi Mehta — Nutrition for the Eyes, Brain and Heart: An Eye Doctor's...Ancestral Health Society
Ocular health is strongly connected to systemic body health especially in cardiovascular, neuronal, and inflammatory diseases. The eye is the window to the health of the body and inflammation elsewhere can manifest symptoms in the eye. I suggest an anti-inflammatory Paleolithic inspired diet is likely to improve and possibly prevent ocular diseases such as dry eyes, cataracts, macular degeneration, glaucoma, etc. which have inflammatory origins. I will discuss common ocular conditions that have inflammatory causes, an evolutionary perspective on eye diseases, and offer practical recommendations for food and supplements to optimize eye health, which also help the body, especially the heart and brain.
Persistent lack of progress by mainstream (non-evolutionary) medicine suggests evolutionary thinking is necessary for progress, but many examples – involving Weston Price, sleep, depression, weight control, omega-3, acne, depression, and fermented foods -- suggest it is far from sufficient. Evolutionary thinking helps solve health problems because it greatly narrows the possibilities worth study but it does not narrow the possibilities far enough (there is too much uncertainty) to by itself produce practical solutions. For example, evolutionary thinking helped me find a new theory of weight control but I had learn more to find a practical way to lose weight.
This document discusses the role of diet in ocular surface disease. It notes that 14-33% of the US population has dry eye, and while aqueous deficiency accounts for 34% of dry eye cases, 95% of products on the market treat evaporative dry eye which accounts for 65-86% of cases. Dietary changes, hormonal effects, aging population, electronic device use, and better diagnostics all contribute to rising dry eye rates. Treatment options discussed include cyclosporine, steroids, nutritional supplements containing omega-3s and GLA, and procedures like LipiFlow. The document emphasizes the importance of addressing underlying inflammation and meibomian gland dysfunction in dry eye treatment.
AHS13 Colin Champ — Intermittent Fasting and Carbohydrate Restriction in Canc...Ancestral Health Society
Dietary manipulation, including intermittent fasting, carbohydrate restriction, and ketogenic diets, all ancestral in etiology, appear to increase the efficacy of radiation therapy for cancer treatment in preclinical and clinical trials. Clinical trials incorporating such dietary manipulation are necessary.
AHS13 Anastasia Boulais — Is Sun Worshipping Increasing Your Risk of Melanoma? Ancestral Health Society
Those of us familiar with the evolutionary medicine model have come to question many of the conventional public health recommendations and, along with them, the complete sun avoidance. Dr Anastasia Boulais will describe the delicate balance between the benefits and risks of sun worshipping based on current evidence. The talk will focus on particular patterns of sun exposure which may increase the risk of formation of cutaneous melanoma. Other factors, such as diet, vitamin D status and even training patterns, contributing to that risk will be discussed. Anastasia will conclude with an overview of protective lifestyle factors.
AHS13 Jeffrey Rothschild — Time-restricted Feeding, an Overview of the Curren...Ancestral Health Society
Time-restricted feeding is a method of intermittent fasting which allows ad libitum energy intake within a window of 4-12 hours, inducing a 12-20h daily fasted window. A wide variety of health benefits have been seen in animal and human trials, this presentation will review the current research and suggest practical applications.
AHS13 Russ Crandall and Paul Jaminet — The Perfectly Healthy Meal: How Ancest...Ancestral Health Society
We examine the principles of recipe and meal design in three approaches – standard Paleo, traditional cuisines, and Perfect Health Diet – to evaluate their similarities and differences. We then compare and contrast how various traditional recipes are implemented in the three approaches, and discuss the relative merits of each approach. Our goal is to answer the question: how can we synthesize the best of each approach to design the most healthful, satisfying, nourishing, delicious food possible?
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Our backs are like superheroes, holding us up and helping us move around. But sometimes, even superheroes can get hurt. That’s where slip discs come in.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
3. The
Evolu3onary
Approach:
Observa3on
≠
Causa3on
Our
ancestors
and
modern
hunter-‐gatherers
consumed
a
diet
mostly
devoid
of
grains,
legumes,
and
dairy.
Our
ancestors
and
modern
hunter-‐gatherers
were
virtually
free
of
diseases
of
civilizaFon.
Invalid
inference:
Consuming
a
diet
mostly
devoid
of
grains,
legumes,
and
dairy
will
allow
us
to
be
free
of
diseases
of
civilizaFon.
Rader,
A.
W.;
Sloutsky,
V.
M.
Processing
of
Logically
Valid
and
Logically
Invalid
CondiFonal
Inferences
in
Discourse
Comprehension.
Journal
of
Experimental
Psychology:
Learning,
Memory,
and
Cogni=on
2002,
28(1),
59–68.
4.
5. Observa3onal
Epidemiology
as
a
Tool
for
Genera3ng
Hypotheses
Mixture
of
saturated,
polyunsaturated
and
monounsaturated
fats
in
hunter-‐
gatherer
and
typical
western
diets
The
Paleo
Diet
Update
v3,
#3
-‐
The
Paleo
Concept
Typical
Hunter-‐
Western
Diet
gatherer
diet
Ques3ons:
1)
Is
saturated
fat
is
responsible
for
the
poor
health
outcomes
in
the
Western
diet?
2)
What
if
saturated
fat
is
beneficial
but
hunter
gatherers
were
not
consuming
enough
due
to
its
scarcity?
3)
Were
the
levels
of
polyunsaturated
faYy
acids
in
hunter-‐gatherers
diets
too
high?
Invalid
inference:
EmulaFng
the
dietary
faYy
acid
profile
of
hunter-‐gatherers
will
lead
to
improved
health.
6. Observa3onal
Epidemiology
as
a
Tool
for
Genera3ng
Hypotheses
Ques3ons:
1)
Are
Americans
consuming
too
many
calories
from
carbohydrate?
2)
Are
Americans
not
consuming
enough
protein?
Invalid
inference:
The
calculated
average
macronutrient
raFo
of
hunter-‐gatherer
populaFons
is
the
healthiest.
Cordain,
L.;
Friel,
J.
NutriFon
101.
The
Paleo
Diet
for
Athletes:
A
Nutri=onal
Formula
for
Peak
Athle=c
Performance,
1st
ediFon;
Rodale
Books,
2005,
pp.
84.
7. Food:
A
Selec3ve
Agent
in
Evolu3on
“The
immense
biological
variability
among
individuals
has
overpowering
significance.
The
examples
shown
above
lend
support
to
this
thesis.
Much
theore=cal
and
prac=cal
knowledge
can
be
gained
from
study
of
biological
individuality.
Nutri=onal
variability
on
an
interna=onal
level
requires
that
we
be
aware
of
these
intricacies
and
interac=ons.
The
global
approach
necessitates
cau=on
in
implemen=ng
worldwide
nutri=onal
programs
based
on
mean
requirements
derived
in
a
specific
culture.
This
narrow
orienta=on
overlooks
the
importance
of
man’s
nutri=onal
individuality,
a
reflec=on
of
evolu=on.”
Kretchmer,
N.;
Food:
A
SelecFve
Agent
in
EvoluFon.
In
Food,
Nutri=on
and
Evolu=on;
Walcher,
D.
N.;
Kretchmer,
N.,
Eds.;
Masson
Publishing
USA,
Inc.:
New
York,
1981,
pp.
48.
8. Tishkoff,
S.
A.;
Reed,
F.
A.;
Ranciaro,
A.;
Voight,
B.
F.;
BabbiY,
C.
C.;
Silverman,
J.
S.;
Powell,
K.;
Mortensen,
K.
M.;
Hirbo,
J.
B.;
Osman,
M.;
Ibrahim,
M.;
Omar,
S.
A.;
Lema,
G.;
Nyambo,
T.
B.;
Ghori,
J.;
Bumpstead,
S.;
Pritchard,
J.
K.;
Wray,
G.
A.;
Deloukas,
P.
Convergent
AdaptaFon
of
Human
Lactase
Persistence
in
Africa
and
Europe.
Nature
Gene=cs
2006,
39,
31–40.
9. Perry,
G.
H.;
Dominy,N.
J.;
Claw,
K.
G.;
Lee,
A.
S.;
Fiegler,
H.;
Redon,
R.;
Werner,
J.;
Villanea,
F.
A.;
Mountain,
J.
L.;
Misra,
R.;
Carter,
N.
P.;
Lee,
C.;
Stone,
A.
C.
Diet
and
the
EvoluFon
of
Human
Amylase
Gene
Copy
Number
VariaFon.
Nature
Gene=cs
2007,
39(10),
1256–1260.,
10. Food:
A
Selec3ve
Agent
in
Evolu3on
Invalid
inference:
We
evolved
over
millions
of
years
without
consuming
foods
that
became
readily
available
upon
the
advent
of
agriculture,
hence,
we
are
not
adapted
to
these
evoluFonary
novel
foods.
11. Food:
A
Selec3ve
Agent
in
Evolu3on
Is
it
safe
to
assume
that
we
are
not
adapted
to
any
food
that
became
readily
available
and
part
of
the
human
diet
a7er
the
advent
of
agriculture?
Doesn’t
this
suggest
that
a
species
cannot
discover
a
new,
be=er
source
of
food?
Didn’t
our
ancestors
discover
a
new,
be=er
source
of
food
when
they
began
scavenging
bone
marrow
and
brains
and
didn’t
this
impact
their
development?
Does
this
mean
that
all
foods
that
were
available
prior
to
the
advent
of
agriculture
a
re
inherently
healthier?
Invalid
inference:
We
evolved
over
millions
of
years
without
consuming
foods
that
became
readily
available
upon
the
advent
of
agriculture,
hence,
we
are
not
adapted
to
these
evoluFonary
novel
foods.
12. The
Evolu3onary
Approach:
Beware
of
the
Selec3on
Bias
Remember
that,
at
the
end
of
the
day,
all
hypotheses
must
be
tested
before
they
can
be
shown
to
be
valid
or
invalid.
Even
if
some
may
appear
less
valid
than
others
when
considering
testability,
simplicity,
scope,
fruiVulness,
and
conserva3sm.
Approaching
a
problem
by
thinking
the
solu3on
is
at
hand
because
the
hypothesis
relies
on
evolu3on
will
only
lead
to
poor
science.
14. Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Valence
Electrons,
Bonding
&
Geometry
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
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H H
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Kekulé Mathieu
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H H
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109.5° 104.5°
Molecular Geometry H H C H N H O F F
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Pentane .
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The
bond
angles
in
the
chain
are
drawn
as
120
°
for
convenience
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H H H
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C C
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trans: hydrogen atoms on opposite cis: hydrogen atoms on the same
sides of a disubstituted double bond. side of a disubstituted double bond.
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CH H H H H athieu
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L (18:1n-9) Oleic Acid (18:1n-9)
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trans-Octadec-9-enoic Acid
omega
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Bond-‐Line
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O H H H H H H H
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H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
Stearic Mathieu
Stearic Acid (18:0)
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H H H H H H H H C
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H H H H H H Docosahexaenoic Acid (22:6n-3)
Docosahexaenoic Acid (22:6n-3)
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Carbon
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the
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line.
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Electron
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18. Copyright
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Stereochemistry
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Dichlorofluoromethane Bromochlorofluoromethane
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mirror mirror
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H H H
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C C C
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F Cl Cl F F Br M F
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C H H
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C C C
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F Cl P.
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F athieu
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F Cl F Br M Cl
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P.
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P.
Lmirror images (S) (R)
superimposable alonde
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P.
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Enantiomers
19. Basic
Organic
Chemistry
Knowledge
is
Important
hYp://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/franken-‐thyroxine-‐making-‐your-‐thyroid-‐condiFon-‐worse
20. Copyright
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Structure
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Func3on:
Thyroxine
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mirror
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I O O I
HO I I OH
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P.
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OH HO
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Copyright
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P.
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NH2 NH2
I O O I
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LIalonde
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P.
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P.
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I
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P.
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P.
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L-Thyroxine, T4
Levothyroxine
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P.
Lalonde
Copyright
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P.
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(thyroid hormone)
NaOH 180 °
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P.
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P.
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P.
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P.
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P.
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P.
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P.
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P.
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P.
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I O I O
HO I HO I
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P.
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P.
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Copyright
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P.
LOH
O alonde
Na [H2O]x
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P.
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2Copyright
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P.
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Copyright
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P.
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NH NH2
I O I O
Copyright
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P.
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Copyright
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P.
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I I
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Copyright
Levothyroxinealonde
Copyright
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P.
Lalonde
Copyright
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P.
Lalonde
Mathieu
P.
L sodium Dextrothyroxine
(thyroid hormone) (cardiac side-effects)
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
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Copyright
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P.
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P.
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P.
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21. Copyright
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Copyright
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P.
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Structure
and
Func3on:
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Elaidic
vs
Oleic
Acid
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
1Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
O •Increases CETP activity
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
MCH3 •Induces dyslipidemia2,3
athieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
HO
•Impairs endothelium function3
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Acid (18:1n-9) Elaidic
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
insulin sensitivity.4•Decreases
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Diastereomers: stereoisomers that are not mirror images
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
O
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
•Improves glycemic tolerace through increased
HO
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
glucagon-likeMathieu
P.
Lalonde
secretion of Copyright
peptide-15
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
CH3 •Reduces blood pressure.6
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Oleic Acid (18:1n-9)
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
1)
Abbey,
M.;
Nestel,
P.
J.
Plasma
Cholesteryl
Ester
Transfer
Protein
AcFvity
is
Increased
when
Trans-‐Elaidic
Acid
is
SubsFtuted
for
Cis-‐Oleic
Acid
in
the
Diet.
Atherosclerosis
1994,
106,
99–107.
2)
Bendsen,
N.
T.;
Chabanova,
E.;
Thomsen,
H.
S.;
Larsen,
T.
M.;
Newman,
J.
W.;
Stender,
S.;
Dyerberg,
J.;
Haugaard,
S.
B.;
Astrup,
A.
Effect
of
Trans
FaYy
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
LL.;
Katan,
M.
B.
Replacement
of
Dietary
Saturated
P.
LAcids
by
Trans
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
alonde
Copyright
Mathieu
FaYy
alonde
FaYy
Acids
Lowers
Serum
HDL
Cholesterol
and
Impairs
Acid
Intake
on
Abdominal
and
Liver
Fat
DeposiFon
and
Blood
Lipids:
A
Randomized
Trial
in
Overweight
Postmenopausal
Women.
Nutri=on
and
Diabetes
2011,
doi:10.1038/
nutd.2010.4.
3)
de
Roos,
N.
M.;
Bots,
M.
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Endothelial
FuncFon
in
Healthy
Men
and
Women.
Arterioscler.
Thromb.
Vasc.
Biol.
2001,
21,
1233–1237.
4)
ChrisFansen,
E.;
Schnider,
S.;
Palmvig,
B.;
Tauber-‐Lassen,
E.;
Pederson,
O.
Intake
of
a
Diet
High
in
trans
Monounsaturated
FaYy
Acids
or
Saturated
FaYy
Acids.
Effects
on
Postprandial
Insulinemia
and
Glycemia
in
Obese
PaFents
with
NIDDM.
Diabetes
Care
1athieu
P Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P Lalonde
Copyright
M 997,
20,
881–887.
.
.
.
22. Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Structure
and
Func3on:
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Glucose
vs
Fructose
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
OH
HO
OH
HO
OH
O
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
OH
Lalonde
OH
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
OH OH HO OH
HO
OH
O O
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
HO HO HO OH HO
O
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
OH OH
!-D-(+)-Glucopyranose "-D-(+)-Glucopyranose
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
PD-Fructofuranose
(36.4% in solution) (63.6% in solution) .
(32% in solution)
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
D-Fructopyranose
(68% in solution)
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
OH OH O OH OH OH
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
HO HO
H
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
OH OH OH O
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
LO
C6H12 6
alonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
C6H12O6
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Hexose Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Aldose, Lalonde
Ketose, Hexose
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
D-(+)-Glucose "-D-(–)-Fructose
(0.003% in solution)
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
23. Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Structure
and
Func3on:
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Adrenaline
Biosynthesis
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
Phenylalanine Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
O
P.
Lalonde
O
Tyrosine
O
hydroxylase hydroxylase HO
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
OH OH OH
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P2.
Lalonde
NH2
HO
NH2
HO
NH
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Phenylalanine
(amino acid)
Tyrosine
(amino acid)
L-DOPA
(precursor to catecholamine neurotransmitters)
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
DOPA
decarboxylase
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
OH athieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
M H OH
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
MHO
HO N
Phenylethanolamine
N-methyltransferase HO NH2
Dopamine
!-hydroxylase
athieu
P.
Lalonde
NH2
CH3
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
MHO
HO HO
athieu
P.
Lalonde
(stress hormone, Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
neurotransmitter)
Epinephrine (a.k.a. adrenaline) Norepinephrine Dopamine
(stress hormone, neurotransmitter) (neurotransmitter, neurohormone)
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
24. Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Structure
and
Func3on:
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Biologically
Ac3ve
Phenethylamines
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
CH
OH
opyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
OH H OH H
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
CN
NH2
opyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
N N
CH3 CH3
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
CH3 CH3
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Phenethylamine Albuterol (+)-Pseudoephedrine (–)-Pseudoephedrine
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
(psychostimulant) (bronchodilator) (Sudafed, decongestant) (bronchodilator)
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
OH Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
O
P.
H CH3O NH2
H
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
NH2
N N
H2N
Copyright
3 athieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
CH M
CH3
CH3O
CH3 CH3
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
HO CH3O
Copyright
Mathieu
(psychostimulant) opyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
(+)-Amphetamine
(psychostimulant)
P.
Lalonde
C
(+)-Methamphetamine Labetalol
(antihypertensive drug)
Mescaline
(psychoactive drug)
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
possible stereoisomers
mixture of all 4 P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
26. Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Plant-‐Derived
Natural
Products
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Structural: Biologically Active Natural Compounds
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
CH3
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
N opyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
HO
OH N
C O
Copyright
HOathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
M O
O N
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
N CH3
O
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
O opyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
HO O H3C C
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
OH OH Caffeine
n
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
(psychoactive stimulant) Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Cellulose
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
O
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
O
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
L3alonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
H C H3C
OH
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
3Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
H H C
O N O
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
H
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
O H O
OH O O
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
OH
CH3
Defense: Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Paclitaxel O O
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
(mitotic inhibitor used in cancer therapy)
HO
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
H CH3
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
N
H3CO CH
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
3 athieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
M
O
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
LCapsaicinopyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
alonde
C
27. Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Plant-‐Derived
An3nutri3onal
Factors
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
enzyme inhibitors
Tannins Digestive
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Proanthocyanidins R1 O
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
(forage legumes) OH HO OH
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
HO O
O
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
HO Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
R 2
OH
O
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
OH
OH OH
OH
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
OH
Chlorogenic acid
HO O
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
(sunflower seeds)
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
OH
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
OH
Copyright
Mathieu
1=R2alonde
Copyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
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P.
Lalonde
Propelargonidin: R P.
L =H
Procyanidin: R1=OH, R2=H
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
Prodelphinidin: R1=R2=OH
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
Copyright
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
Toxic Amino Acids
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
NH2 O
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O athieu
P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
H2N N M OH
An3nutrients
or
an3nutri3onal
factors:
Substances
that
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P.
Lalonde
Copyright
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P.
Lalonde
Copyright
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P.
Lalonde
Canavanine NH2
(leguminous plants) can
reduce
absorpFon
and
uFlizaFon
of
nutrients,
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
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Cmay
produce
undesirable
efficiency
of
digesFon,
and
opyright
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P.
Lalonde
O O
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
not
a
substance
possesses
HO S S OH health
effects.
Whether
or
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P.
Lalonde
NH2 NH anFnutriFve
properFes
depends
on
the
digesFve
process
Copyright
Djenkolic acid Lalonde
Copyright
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P.
Lalonde
Copyright
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P.
Lalonde
Mathieu
P.
2
of
the
animal
that
ingested
the
substance.
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
(djenkol beans)
28. Copyright
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
Plant-‐Derived
An3nutri3onal
Factors
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Lalonde
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Lalonde
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Lalonde
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Phytates N Cyanogenic Glycosides
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Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
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OO OH
C
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
O
P
O
O
P O
O
O O
O
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
O
P
O O
O
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
O P
HO OH
OH OH
Copyright
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
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N .
C alonde
O O
O
O
HO PL
P O O Linamarin
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
beans, flax) Copyright
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P.
H alonde
O
O
O P
(cassava, lima Lalonde
O
H L
OO O O
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
HO O
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
Phytic Acid
OH
HO OH
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
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OH Lalonde
(seeds)
Amygdalin
P.
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mapricot, black cherry)
(bitter almond, athieu
P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
Copyright
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
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P.
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P.
Lalonde
OH FODMAPs
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Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
HO
Oxalate O HO
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P.
Lalonde
Copyright
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O .
H alonde
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P.
Lalonde
H P LO OH
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
Copyright
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P.
Lalonde
O HO O
OH OH
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
O
O
OH
HO OH
O
HO OH
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P.
Lalonde
Copyright
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P.
O OH Lalonde
Copyright
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P.
Lalonde
OH
OH OH
Raffinose
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
asparagus Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Oxalate
(beans, cabbage, brussels sprouts, broccoli, Copyright
Xylitol
(occurs in many plants) (berries, oats, mushrooms)
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P.
Lalonde
Copyright
other vegetables Lalonde
Copyright
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P.
Lalonde
as well as
Mathieu
P.
and whole grains)
Copyright
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iP.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
Copyright
&
pepFdomorphins,
Other
an3nutrients
nclude:
Saponins
&
glycoalkaloids,
prolamine
proteins
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
Mhytoestrogens.
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
goitrogens,
p athieu
P.
Lalonde
29. Concentra3on
of
an3nutrients
in
maize
Concentra3on
of
an3nutrients
in
rice
Edeogu,
C.
O.;
Ekuma,
C.
E.
AnFnutrient
Level
in
Staple
Food
Crops
in
Ebonyi-‐Nigeria.
Research
Journal
of
Environmental
Sciences
2007,
1(6),
302–309.
30. Concentra3on
of
an3nutrients
in
yams
Concentra3on
of
an3nutrients
in
cassava
Concentra3on
of
an3nutrients
in
cowpea
Concentra3on
of
an3nutrients
in
yambean
Edeogu,
C.
O.;
Ekuma,
C.
E.
AnFnutrient
Level
in
Staple
Food
Crops
in
Ebonyi-‐Nigeria.
Research
Journal
of
Environmental
Sciences
2007,
1(6),
302–309.
31. Mean
concentra3on
of
chymotrypsin
inhibitors
(IU)
in
staple
foods
Edeogu,
C.
O.;
Ekuma,
C.
E.
AnFnutrient
Level
in
Staple
Food
Crops
in
Ebonyi-‐Nigeria.
Research
Journal
of
Environmental
Sciences
2007,
1(6),
302–309.
32. Copyright
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
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Saponins
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Lalonde
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Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
O
Copyright
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P.
Lalonde
Copyright
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
Me OH
Copyright
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
Copyright
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P.
Lalonde
H
Copyright
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P.
Lalonde
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Copyright
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Me Me Me
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MH Me P.
Lalonde
Copyright
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P.
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P.
Lalonde
HO
athieu
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P.
oralonde
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
Me Me
H L
3-Epikatonic acid
HO OH
Copyright
MGuar sapogenin (aglycone)
athieu
P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
triterpene (C30)
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OH Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
O
O
PO
.
OH
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
Me O H O OH
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
H
HO OH
H
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Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
Copyright
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P.
Lalonde
O P.
OH
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P.
Lalonde
Copyright
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P.
Lalonde
Copyright
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P.
Lalonde
HO
Me Me Me
O
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P.
Lalonde
Copyright
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P.
Lalonde
Copyright
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P.
Lalonde
H Me
Copyright
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P.
Halonde
Copyright
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P.
Lalonde
Copyright
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P.
Lalonde
Me OH HO
HO O O
LO H
Me Me
Copyright
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P.
Lalonde
CGuar meal saponin
O
H opyright
Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Copyright
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P.
Lalonde
Copyright
H Oathieu
P.
Halonde
Copyright
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P.
Lalonde
Copyright
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P.
Lalonde
HO M O L
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
OH OH
O
OH
Common saccharides: Glucose, galactose,
glucuronic acid, xylose, rhamnose or methylpentose
Copyright
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
Me OH
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P.
Lalonde
Copyright
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P.
Lalonde
Copyright
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P.
Lalonde
OH
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areathieu
P.
ofalonde
oropyright
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ability to form Mathieu
P.
Lalonde
Saponins M glycosides L steroids C triterpenes that were named for their Copyright
stable, soap-like foams
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
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P.
Lalonde
in aqueous solutions.