1) This document discusses human evolution from Darwin's theory to modern humans, including key early human species such as Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Neanderthals, and Homo sapiens. 2) It describes "Lucy", a 3.24 million year old Australopithecus afarensis fossil, and notes that Homo habilis began using stone tools around 2.5-1.6 million years ago. 3) Neanderthals lived in Europe from 200,000 to 40,000 years ago and had large brains, buried their dead, and made tools, adapting to the cold climate.

1. Human
Evolution

2. Darwin and Human
Evolution
• Lamarck posed the
hypothesis about our
relation to apes before
Darwin
• Darwin published “Descent
of Man” in 1871
• caused criticism of his
theory, but already the
basic ides of evolution had
taken hold in the scientific
community.

3. Primates

4. Primates

11. “Lucy” Australopithecus afarensis
3.24 million years old

13. Fig. 23.6a

14. LUCY
San Diego Museum of
Man

15. Homo habilis
• Homo habilis fossils from 2.5 to 1.6 MYA.
• After walking upright for 2 MY these hominids
now used their brains and fashioned simple
stone tools.
• Co-existed with smaller-brained
Australopithecus for nearly 1 MY.
• Australopithecus africanus was a dead end, no
new lineages.
• Homo habilis lead to H. erectus, to H. sapiens.

16. Fig. 23.9

17. Fig. 23.10

20. Homo neanderthalensis
• The Neanderthals
• 200,000 -40,000 years ago in
Europe
• Brain as large or larger than
present day humans
• Buried their dead
• Made hunting tools from stone
and wood
• Carnivorous

21. • Large middle
part of the face
• Angled cheek
bones
• Huge nose for
humidifying and
warming cold

22. Neanderthal

23. Oldest Homo sapiens fossil