From different sources

2. DEFINITION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
According to
 Rights (as freedom from unlawful
imprisonment, torture, and execution) regarded
as belonging fundamentally to all people

3. DEFINITION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
According to Sen. Jose W. Diokno
(a dedicated human rightist)
 It is the sum of all the rights which allows a
human being to live normal life.

4. DEFINITION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
According to Philippine Commission on Human
Rights
 Human rights are supreme, inherent, and
inalienable rights to life, dignity and self-
development. It is the essence of these rights
that makes man human.

5. DEFINITION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
According to the United Nations (UN)
 Human rights are “inalienable and inviolable
rights of all members of the human family.”
 They belong to man as a member of the
society, but he has the duty to defend them
once they are not respected by others even at
the expense of his life.

6. DEFINITION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
 Inalienable
- can’t be taken away or transferred but can be limited
when the exercise of it is an affront to the rights of
others.
 Inviolable
- Too important to be ignored or treated with respect

7. DEFINITION OF SOCIAL JUSTICE
 Social justice is respect for the existence of a
person or a group of people by extending what
is due them in all aspects of life.

8. DEFINITION OF SOCIAL JUSTICE
Social justice is defined as "... promoting a just
society by challenging injustice and valuing diversity." It
exists when "all people share a common humanity and
therefore have a right to equitable treatment, support for
their human rights, and a fair allocation of community
resources." (Toowoomba Catholic Education, 2006).

9. DEFINITION OF SOCIAL JUSTICE
In conditions of social justice, people are "not
be discriminated against”, nor their welfare and
well-being constrained or prejudiced on the basis
of:
• Gender
• Sexuality
• Religion
• Political affiliations
• Age
• Race
• Belief
• Disability
• Location
• Social class

10. DEFINITION OF INDEPENDENCE
 The dictionary defines it as self-determination,
self-government or unlimited power.
 In the Philippine setting, “real independence
begins when the U.S. Government is no longer
allowed to dictate the terms of our sovereignty
and security”
- SenWigbertoTañada

11. DEFINITION OF INDEPENDENCE
 According to Prof. Renato Constantino
It is the ability to say NO to situations and
persons when one’s existence is at stake or in
danger. It is a risk to say NO, but it is a right, a duty
and an ability to do so.

12. HISTORY OF HUMAN RIGHTS
There are four historical events which were
contributory to the formulation of these rights.
1. Enlightenment Era-Europe of the 18th century
2. The Period of Capitalism
3. The American Revolution
4. French Revolution of 1789-1799

13. ENLIGHTENMENT ERA
The Enlightenment Era is characterized by
great desire to understand the truths behind the
things and events as they happened.The means to
such knowledge was logical reasoning for the
misgiving the people had on the authority of the
government.

14. ENLIGHTENMENT ERA
Concepts attributed to the Enlightenment Era:
 Equality
 Liberalism
 The will of the majority

15. ENLIGHTENMENT ERA
Liberalism
-a political or social philosophy advocating the freedom
of the individual, parliamentary systems of government,
nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic
institutions to assure unrestricted development in all
spheres of human endeavor, and governmental
guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties.

16. CAPITALISM
 Capitalism is known for its emphasis on free
enterprise which gave rise to the bourgeoisie or
the rich middle class which had the upper hand
in the economy.
 It is also responsible for the development of a
capitalistic economy.

17. CAPITALISM
Corresponding Concepts in Capitalism:
 Private Ownership
 Class Conflict

18. AMERICAN REVOLUTION (1776)
The formal Declaration of Independence during the
American Revolution of 1776 contains the numerous and
varied rights of theAmericans that are as follows:
“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men
are created equal: that they are endowed by their Creator
with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life,
liberty, and the pursuit of happiness;

19. AMERICAN REVOLUTION (1776)
that to secure these rights, governments are instituted
among them, deriving their just powers from the consent
of the governed; that, whether any form of government
becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the
people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new
government, laying its foundation on such principles, and
organizing its power in such form,

20. AMERICAN REVOLUTION (1776)
as to them shall seem most likely to be effect their safety
and happiness.”

21. FRENCH REVOLUTION (1789-1799)
In its Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the citizens,
such rights are highly manifested in the following articles
(Romero, 1987):
 Article 1. Men are born and remain free and equal rights.
social distinctions can only be found upon the general
good.
 Article 4. Liberty consists in being able to do everything
which injures no one.

22. CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN RIGHTS
-Taken from Part I, paragraph 5 of theVienna
Declaration and Programme of Action
Universal
-refers to the application of human rights to all
people everywhere regardless of any distinction.

23. CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN RIGHTS
 Indivisible
-refers to the equal importance of each human
rights law.
-human rights must be enjoyed by everyone in its
full range.

24. CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN RIGHTS
 Interdependent
-refers to the complimentary framework of human
rights law. For example, your ability to participate
in the government is directly affected by your right
to express yourself, to get an education, and even
to obtain the necessities of life.

25. CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN RIGHTS
 Interrelated
-refers to the need for ALL civil, cultural, economic,
political and social rights need to be realized to
guarantee a life in dignity for all human beings.

26. TYPES OF RIGHTS
Natural rights
Civil rights
Political rights
Economic rights
Social rights
Cultural rights

27. NATURAL RIGHTS
-are inborn and nobody can just take them away
from the individual as they are equally shared by
everyone.

28. NATURAL RIGHTS
Examples:
 Right to life
 Right to liberty
 Right to be happy
 Right to love

29. CIVIL RIGHTS
- are the prerogatives of the individual which spring
from human nature and which are essential to the
human being in order that he/she may realize
his/her best and develop his/her potentialities.

30. CIVIL RIGHTS
Examples:
 Freedom of Speech
 Freedom to assembly
 Right to form associations
 Right to travel
 Privilege of the writ of habeas corpus
 Free access to the courts

31. POLITICAL RIGHTS
-include participation in different political processes
which have something to do with the management of the
government.
- Political rights are limited in promoting the general
welfare by the very source that gave their existence
which is the constitution.

32. POLITICAL RIGHTS
Examples:
 Right to suffrage
 Right to run for Public Office
 Right of Political Expression
 Right to Information

33. ECONOMIC RIGHTS
– pertains to access to resources- such as land, labor,
physical, and financial capital- that are essential for the
creation, legal appropriation, and market exchange of
goods and services
e.g.: right to work
right to own property,
right to adequate standard of living

34. SOCIAL RIGHTS
– relates to living together or enjoying life in
communities or organized groups.
Examples:
 right to social security
 right to social welfare

35. CULTURAL RIGHTS
– ensures the well-being of the individual and foster the
preservation, enrichment and dynamic evolution of arts, manners
and way of living of a group with principles of unity in diversity of
expression
Examples:
 right to take part in the cultural life
 right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its
application.

36. MARXISTTHEORY
The MarxistTheory offers a theoretical solution to the
societal problems as it conceived of a classless society
and class struggle.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 contributed to the list of
rights like:

37. MARXISTTHEORY
The Russian Revolution of 1917 contributed to the list of
rights like:
 Freedom from exploitation for private profit
 Principle of cultural self-determination
 Principle of racial-discrimination

38. SOURCES OF HUMAN RIGHTS
International Bill
of
Human Rights
United Nations’
Declaration of
Human Rights
International
Covenant of
Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights
International
Covenant of Civil and
Political Rights

39. DEFINITION OF DECLARATION AND COVENANT
 Declaration
-does not create obligations that are technically binding
in law.
 Covenant
-is a treaty which, under the rules of international law,
creates legal obligations on all states that ratify it.

40. UNITED NATIONS’ DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a
declaration adopted by the United Nations General
Assembly on 10 December 1948 at the Palais de Chaillot,
Paris.The Declaration arose directly from the experience
of the SecondWorldWar and represents the first global
expression of what many people believe to be the rights
to which all human beings are inherently entitled.

41. INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS (ICCPR)
ICPR is a multilateral treaty adopted by the United
Nations GeneralAssembly on 16 December 1966, and in
force from 23 March 1976. It commits its parties to
respect the civil and political rights of individuals,
including the right to life, freedom of religion, freedom of
speech, freedom of assembly, electoral rights and rights
to due process and a fair trial.

42. INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights (ICESCR) is a multilateral treaty adopted by the
United Nations General Assembly on 16 December 1966, and in
force from 3 January 1976. It commits its parties to work toward
the granting of economic, social, and cultural rights (ESCR) to the
Non-Self-Governing andTrustTerritories and individuals,
including labour rights and the right to health, the right to
education, and the right to an adequate standard of living.

43. ROLE OFTHE UNITED NATIONS
United Nations, as an international body, intervenes through
different methods like:
 An investigation and fact-finding by reputed and objective
experts
 Direct contacts with government representatives
 Dialogues and exchanges with Governments
 Exercise by the Secretary-General of his good office

44. OBLIGATIONS OF GOVERNMENTS
1. The Obligation to Respect
-entails that governments shall refrain from any action
which infringes on rights.
2. The Obligation to Protect
-entails that governments must protect persons within
their jurisdiction from violations of their human rights.

45. OBLIGATIONS OF GOVERNMENTS
3. The Obligation to Fulfill
-entails that governments must progressively realize the
full enjoyment of all human rights to persons within their
jurisdiction.

46. TYPES OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND ITS COMPONENTS
Rights of man:
 Right to Life
 Right to Dignity
 Right to Self-development
Rights of the people
 Right to survive
 Right to self-determination
 Right to national development
(Diokno, 1981)

47. RIGHTTO LIFE
 Health
 Own Property
 FromTrade Unions/ to strike
 Rest and Leisure
 Social Security
 Move freely within the country
 To leave and return freely
 Marry
 Establish a Family
 Exercise Rights of Parents

48. RIGHTTO DIGNITY
 Recognition as a Person
 Honor and Reputation
 Freedom of thought, conscience, religion, opinion and
expression
 Right to Information
 Equal treatment before the law
 Privacy in the family, the home and in correspondence

49. RIGHTTO DIGNITY
 Freedom from slavery, torture, cruel punishment,
degrading/inhuman punishment, arbitrary arrest,
detention or exile
 Be presumed innocent of crime
 Fair trial

50. RIGHTTO SELF-DEVELOPMENT
 Education
 Share in cultural life of community
 Form associations
 Live in national and international order

51. RIGHTTO SURVIVAL
 Peace
 Non-aggression
 Share international trade with just price for products

52. RIGHTTO SELF-DETERMINATION
 Sovereign equality in international affairs and
organization
 Freedom from all forms of racial discrimination
 Political Independence
 Freedom from colonialism, neo-colonialism, alien
domination and intervention in NationalAffairs
 Sovereignty over our natural resources and all
economic activities

53. RIGHTTO SELF-DETERMINATION
 Control the activities of foreign investors and
transnational corporations
 Freely choose political, social, cultural economic
system

54. RIGHTTO NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
 Choose the goals and means of development
 Industrialize
 Social and Economic Reforms
 Share in scientific and technological advances of the
world
 Reparation and retribution for exploitation