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- 2. Psychology Deals with how humans learn and behave.
- 3. John Locke – compare children’s minds to blank slates or tabula rasa.
- 4. Today we know that children are not empty vessels but come to school with many different experiences, prior knowledge and expectations.
- 7. Behaviorism
- 8. Behaviorism Learning is considere d a habit- formatio n. Teaching is regarded as arranging learning experiences . Behaviorists believe that behavior can be conditioned by altering the environment . Manipulatio n of stimulus = desired response.
- 10. Ivan Pavlov
- 11. Ivan Pavlov • Russian psychologist • Introduced “The theory of Classical Conditioning”. • He showed that an organism can associate a particular stimulus (S) with a particular response (R) • Stimulus = Response
- 12. Therefore, Learning is the result of an association formed between a stimulus and a response.
- 15. Edward Thorndike
- 16. EdwardThorndike American psychologist whose work on animal behavior and the learning process led to the theory of connectionism, which states that behavioral responses to specific stimuli are established through a process of trial and error that affects neutral connections between the stimuli and the most satisfying responses.
- 17. EdwardThorndike Proposed three laws: • Law of Effect – the response that is reinforced (positive) will become habitual. • Lawof Exercise– connection between stimulus and response will be strengthened with practice. • Law of Readiness – Certain behaviours are more likely to be learned than others because the nervous system of the organism is ready to make the connection leading to a satisfying state of affairs.
- 21. B.F Skinner • Operant Conditioning When a particular response or behavior is reinforced (rewarded), the individual is conditioned to respond • Operant Conditioning • Positive and negative reinforcement • Punishment Watch this! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zHrYLn4JiJU
- 23. Cognitivism • Cognitivists emphasized that learning is primarily cognitive in nature. • Growth and development refer to changes in the structure and function of human characteristics.
- 24. Jeanpiaget
- 25. Jean Piaget • Introduced the theory Cognitive Development theory • Sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete and formal operations
- 26. Jean Piaget Sensorimotor- perception of the environment through the senses Pre-operational – the ability to store words and language increases. Concrete Operations – develop logical thinking in relation to functions. Questioning Age Formal operations – hypothesis testing, abstract thinking, maturity.
- 28. Constructivism
- 29. Constructivism • Learning involves the construction of new understanding by combining prior learning with new information. • Knowledge is constructed in the mind of the learner. • Learning is active.
- 30. HUMANISM
- 31. HUMANISM -the learner is a person who has feelings, attitudes and emotions. -Past experiences such as failing grades have a huge impact on the student’s current inability to learn.
- 32. ABRAHAM MASLOW
- 33. ABRAHAM MASLOW • Maslow’s Heirarchy of needs • Lower levels must be satisfied first before one could function at the higher levels. • Schools cannot control all the influence that impinges on a learner, but they can create an atmosphere of trust, warmth and care.
- 35. Carl Rogers
- 36. Carl Rogers -Client centered therapy -he proposed that classrooms should become learner-centered and teachers should facilitate learning.
- 38. Thank you!!!