Diagnosis of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (covid 19)Makrani Shaharukh
COVID-19 is a disease caused by a new strain of coronavirus. ‘CO’ stands for corona, ‘VI’ for virus, and ‘D’ for disease. Formerly, this disease was referred to as ‘2019 novel coronavirus’ or ‘2019-nCoV.’The COVID-19 virus is a new virus linked to the same family of viruses as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and some types of common cold. Diagnostic testing is possibly the only efficient way to monitor the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 in time and space.The WHO has appealed for global mass testing.
An infectious disease which is caused by an influenza virus.These viruses that routinely spread in people are responsible for seasonal flu epidemics each year.
We all know how COVID is affecting all our lives, we see people getting themselves tested for the infection, we merely know what is the procedure and what are the tests done.
We all know the noble Coronavirus replicates some of its functioning and symptoms to that of the SARS virus. However, the SARS-CoV-2 virus has an e-gene which makes it envelope around the viral shell making the enzyme RNA dependent RNA Polymerase. It takes almost 24-48 hrs to get the results if the test confirms the person is COVID positive or negative.
Diagnosis of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (covid 19)Makrani Shaharukh
COVID-19 is a disease caused by a new strain of coronavirus. ‘CO’ stands for corona, ‘VI’ for virus, and ‘D’ for disease. Formerly, this disease was referred to as ‘2019 novel coronavirus’ or ‘2019-nCoV.’The COVID-19 virus is a new virus linked to the same family of viruses as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and some types of common cold. Diagnostic testing is possibly the only efficient way to monitor the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 in time and space.The WHO has appealed for global mass testing.
An infectious disease which is caused by an influenza virus.These viruses that routinely spread in people are responsible for seasonal flu epidemics each year.
We all know how COVID is affecting all our lives, we see people getting themselves tested for the infection, we merely know what is the procedure and what are the tests done.
We all know the noble Coronavirus replicates some of its functioning and symptoms to that of the SARS virus. However, the SARS-CoV-2 virus has an e-gene which makes it envelope around the viral shell making the enzyme RNA dependent RNA Polymerase. It takes almost 24-48 hrs to get the results if the test confirms the person is COVID positive or negative.
BRM's Capabilities in Virology, Viral Immunology and Pathology: HSV-1, HSV-2, Influenza, RSV, LCMV, and CMV. For more information, please visit our website at www.BRMCRO.com.
Remember AIDS does not discriminate cast, creed, religion, education or social status.
Prevention of AIDS is our joint responsibility
Education and awareness is only weapon in our hand..
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BRM's Capabilities in Virology, Viral Immunology and Pathology: HSV-1, HSV-2, Influenza, RSV, LCMV, and CMV. For more information, please visit our website at www.BRMCRO.com.
Remember AIDS does not discriminate cast, creed, religion, education or social status.
Prevention of AIDS is our joint responsibility
Education and awareness is only weapon in our hand..
Join live classes, download study aids, sell your documents, join or host your own classes online, get tutoring, tutor students, take practices tests and more at Examville.com
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
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Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
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QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
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2. INTRODUTION
What is HIV?
Is a retrovirus that compromises the immune system
Invades T-cell and multiplies once it gets inside of it
Etiological agent of AIDS
3. HISTORY
1981- 1st reported case of AIDS
1982- 1st use of ‘AIDS’ acronyms
1984- causative agent identified
1985- 1st HIV antibody test
1986- 1st use of ‘HIV’ acronym
1987- 1st medication
9. Acute HIV Disease or Acute Retroviral Syndrome
Asymptomatic Stage
Persistent Generalized Lymphadenopathy
Symptomatic HIV infection( AIDS Related Complex,
ARC)
AIDS
10. LAB DIAGNOSIS
Specific Tests for HIV Infection
Screening tests(ERS)(antibody detection):
• ELISA ( takes 2-3 hours)
• Rapid/ Simple test (takes < 30 minutes)
11. Supplemental tests ( antibody detection):
• Western blot assay
• Immunofluorescence assay
• Radio-immuno-precipitation assay(RIPA)
• Line immunoassay(LIA)
12. Confirmatory tests
P24 antigen detection
Viral culture- by Co- cultivation technique
HIV RNA(best confirmatory method)
- Reverse transcriptase PCR(RT-PCR)
- Branched DNA assay
- NASBA(Nucleic acid sequence based amplification).
- Real time RT-PCR- for estimating viral load.
- HIV DNA detection- Useful for diagnosis of pediatric HIV.
13. Non- specific Immunological Methods
Low CD4T cell count
Hypergammaglobulinemia
Altered CD4:CD8 T cell ratio.
14.
15. PROCEDURE
Collect sample from nursing station
Centrifuge
Turn on the power supply(Bio-Rad EVOLIS)
Run the daily maintenance
Prepare the required reagents and strips of the HBsAg
Program the HBsAg test
Run the test
After result comes export the results to Glosys
