Subject : General Science Teacher: Mr Ehtisham Ul Haq Class: BS EDUCATION Semester: 2nd (Spring(2023-2027) Date Of Starting Of Semester : 4 September 2023 Date Of End Of Semester : 20 January 2024 University Of Sargodha Institute of Education These are the presentation slides that we prepare by our own research and work!

1. ASSIGNMENT
TOPIC NAME:
HUMAN HEALTH
SUBMITTED TO:
SIR EHTISHAM UL HAQ
GROUP MEMBERS:
M.ADNAN (ROLL NO 06)
ABDULLAH (ROLL NO 16)
M.ARSHAD (ROLL NO 23)
UMER FAROOQ (ROLL NO 33)
M.ARSHAD (ROLL NO 23)
ZOHAIB HASSAN (ROLL NO 42)
INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA

2. STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES
After reading this chapter you will be able to understand and learn following topics.
 Introduction to important components of our diet like proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins,
minerals and water.
 To determine food and energy needs with respect to age, sex, climate, and physiological condition of
the body.
 Importance of balanced diet for people belonging to different age groups.
 Definition and explanation of nervous system with respect to endocrine glands.
 Brief introduction to various stages and related problems of human life.
 Importance of exercise in human life.
 Use of first aid.
Food and its major components:
Food is basic necessity of human life food help in growth development. Food also provides energy.
Major components of food discussed here;
 Water
 Carbohydrates
 Fats
 Proteins
 Vitamins
 Mineral salts

Water
Water is very important for life. Without waters we can live only few days that’s why water is most
important and essential components. It makes almost 60% of an adult body weight. It helps to maintain body
temperature. It acts as a lubricant in the Joints and other normal body organs and also help in brain function.
Carbohydrates
They act Source as an energy source. It control blood glucose and insulin metabolism participate in
cholesterol and help in fermentation. It provide energy, build macromolecule carbohydrate are present in all
living organism.
Example:
Wood, cotton, paper, starch, muscle of animal, milk are example. They are primary source of energy
for the cell. Wheat, rice, pulses, sugarcane, potato and beat are major sources.

3. Important note:
All the proteins are made up of
different types of amino acid.
Fats
Lipids are classified as fats and oils. Fats are solid while oils are liquid at room temperature. Fats
areobtained from animal. Oil produced from plants. Lipid formed by chemical reaction.
Example
Butter, cream, corn oil, ghee are example of liquid. Fats provide a large amount of energy to our body
as compared to carbohydrates and proteins.
Protein
After water proteins are most abundant of all chemical substances. They are large complex molecules.
They can be obtained from plants and animals. Fish are the animal source. Proteins act as enzyme to
catalyzechemical reaction of body. Protein can be obtained from milk, egg, and fish etc.
Vitamins
They are organic substances which are needed in the body. They act as coenzyme.
Types:
There are two types of vitamins.
 Fat soluble vitamin ( A, D, E,K)
 Water soluble vitamin ( B, C)
1. Fat soluble vitamin
Vitamin A
It is found in abundance in green leafy vegetable.
Example
Carrot, Spanish, pea, cabbage and tomatoes. It can be also present in wheat, corn, cream and butter.
Its deficiency also retard growth in children.
Vitamin D
Sun is the cheapest Source of vitamin D. It can be obtained from fish liver oil, milk, cream ,butter.
Itsdeficiency in childhood causes richest while in adulthood result is Osteomalacia.
Vitamin E
These vitamin obtained from seed, Wheat and egg. It can also be obtained from green leafy vegetable.
Deficiency of vitamin E in the blood leads serious muscular and nervous disorders. Its deficiency may also
lead to infertility.
Vitamin K
It can be obtained from green leafy vegetables. Also found in meat in small quantities. It helps

4. . Deficiency of vitamin K slows
down the blood clotting mechanism
inblood clothing.
2.Water soluble vitamins
Vitamin B
It is the name of various chemical compounds such as B1, B2, B6 and B12.
Vitamin B1 It can be found in wheat and also present in vegetable. Its deficiency in diet leads to weakness
of muscles causing a disease known as beriberi.
Vitamin B2 It can be obtained from diets fall of cream butter, egg. It can be found in liver. It help to
synthesize hemoglobin. Deficiency of B2 affects the growth of the children.
Vitamin B12 It is obtained from milk, eggs and liver.
Vitamin C
It can be obtained from citrus fruit like orange, grape fruit and lemon. Also found in tomatoes.
Vitamin C deficiency leads to a disease known as Scurvy.
Mineral Salt
Mineral salt are inorganic salt .That need to ingested a absorbed by living organism for healthy
growth.
Calcium
It plays a vital role in blood clothing transmission of impulses contraction and relaxation of muscles
and formation of bones.
Iron
Part of hemoglobin. Deficiency of Iron leads to anemia.
Iodine
Required for the synthesis of thyroxin in the thyroid gland. Deficiency of if causes goiter and retards
mental growth.
Sodium and Potassium
Play very important role in generating nerve impulse. Sodium and chlorides control different function
of body.
Fluorides
Fluorides are essential for healthy development of teeth.
Food and Energy:
Energy is needed to maintain activities to maintain body temperature to control all metabolic activities
and for enhancing growth. Energy is produced in various food component such as carbohydrates, fats and

5. proteins. Different food compound give different amount of energy.
For example one gram carbohydrates gives 4.1 K calories where fats gives double amount of energy
i.e 9.3kcalories.
Table: The amount of energy in different food items.
Food items Kilo calories/ 100 gm
Rice 348
Wheat 348
Pea 109
Potato 99
Brinjal 5
Cucumber 14
Banana 153
Dry fruits 655-549
Cow milk 65
Buffalo milk 117
Egg 180
Meat 194
Table: The amount of energy required by the people of different ages
Children age in
year
Required Kilo
calories
Men &Women Required Kilo
calories
1-3 1200 Women who do not
work
2090
4-6 1600 Women doing hard
work
3000
7-9 2000 Men who do not
work
3400
10-12 2500 Men doing hard
work
4500
Energy needs of man depend on many factors. Most important of these factors are the rate of
basalmetabolism, body weight, sex, age, climatic condition and physiological condition. Children need
more energy than adult or old people. People living in hot climate need less energy.
Balanced Diet
Definition
A balanced diet is one that contains well proportionate quantity of all the macro and micronutrients
according to our body demands in such a way that neither any nutrient is in excess nor is deficient.
Important
Varies according to the caloric needs of a person.
Whereas the caloric needs depend in the weight, age, sex, body physiology and working condition of
that person.

6. Diet for Infant
Milk is the best and initial food for babies which provide not only the nutrients but also prepared
antibodies to the Infant. Breast feeding is not possible then we use milk of cow and buffalo that adding two
parts of water mixed in this milk. After four months we use solid diet such as cereals, egg, yolk, or boiled
minced meat after fourth month of their life. Infants between given 6 to 18 months should be given fruits
and eggs in addition to milk.
Diet for Young
Their diet should have higher content of carbohydrates and fatty. Young body is passing through rapid
growth phase also need high protein diet. Between 13 to 16 years balanced diet should be strictly
administered. Milk and milk product should be integral part of their food.
Diet for Old
They use moderate amount of proteins and carbohydrates because they require less energy for physical
faculties.
Diet for pregnant and Lactating Women
They need double amount of food than ordinary women as they have to fulfill the requirement of the
developing embryo. In they do not take a well-balanced diet, they development of a baby may be effected.
The pregnant women should take a balanced diet with high protein profile, vitamins and minerals. Locating
women should also use milk, sugar, fats, wheat, fruits and eggs regarding so that they should fulfillenergy
demands of their breast-feeding offspring.
Different Stages of Human Life
Human being pass through different stages in life.
 Infancy
 Childhood
 Adolescence
 Youth and Old Age
Infancy
This stage spans over the first two years of life of every human. This is an important phase in life. It is
characterized both by physical and mental development of child. A child gains enough weight during the
first24 month of its life. The child start teething and learn to walk and speak and differentiating colors and
shapes in just first three months of its life. Normally an average baby starts walking 13 to 15 month of birth.
Childhood
Early childhood extend from two to Six years. A child becomes capable of understanding his own
feelings and relationship with others. This period is characterized by mental physical and behavioral
development of child. The period after childhood extends from six to twelve years of life. In this period
suchqualities as power of decision, reasoning and arguments, social and self-understanding reaches at peak.
Adolescence

7. This stage is a period of physical, psychological and social development of a child which covers the
part of life between 13 to 19 years of age. During this child enters in Youth age. Al this period acts a bridge
between childhood and youth so the signs of adulthood start appearing in child. This is commonly known as
puberty.
Youth and Old Age
After completing all stages of life human enter into Youth age. At this Stage negative change start
occurring in its body and the rate of catabolism exceeds the rate of anabolism. This leads to weakening of
the body and it becomes difficult for the body to cope with negative internal and external changes. The
Phenomena of old is called as aging. As these negative changes continue to body become weaker and
weakerwhen body systems stop functioning and finally death occur.
Aging greatly affects heart and its vessels at their elastically decrease. The blood pressure is raised and
thus the chances of hemorrhage increase. Bones become weak and fragile due to gradual loss of organic
compound.
Exercise and Health
Whatever you are doing exercise alone or in group, it is always a happy experience. It maintains the
elasticity of body and due to elasticity muscles and joints never get strained. When muscle are strong human
can perform physical job. Strong muscles provide support to our bones and joints. People who do not take
exercises are unable to burn their excess fat energy that accumulates in their body. Such people become
obese. Exercise is the only way to save yourselfs from obesity as it help to burn all the supply of energy.
Everyone can take exercise even the people suffering from heart disease and diabetes also take exercise after
consulting their physician. We are Muslims. We say prayer which is benefitted for us both physically and
spiritually.
First Aid
First aid is a help given at the place of accidents till the Patients reach the hospital to save their life.
Animal Bite
If any animal bites scratches the body of a person, it may be dangerous. The wound may become
infected. Cover the damaged area with clean cotton or piece of cloth. Patient should immediately be taken to
the hospital.
Burn
Every year thousands of people die of burning. If some part of the body burns then put off the cloths
from the burnt part. Do not administer butter, oil, egg, tooth Paste or any cosmetic powder on the burnt area.
Eye Injury
Ordinary irritation in the eye stops by washing it in clean tap water. If sand or dust particle enters in
the eye do not rub it as it may injure the upper protective covering of the eye. If the dust or sand particle still
persists and irritation continues, the Patient should be taken to the hospital.
Coma

8. The state of coma can be very seriously dangerous in the life of a patient in two ways. During coma,
the tongue may stick to the plate resulting to Suffixations or heart may stop functioning. If the Patient is still
breathless, try to breathe it artificially. If breathing starts the patient to the hospital.
Snake Bite
If Snake bites then immediately take the following steps:
 Tie up with the arm or leg tightly with some rope or cloth so that poison may not further.
 Wash the wound with water.
 Lay down the patient and restrict its movement.
 Don’t try to suck the patients’ blood as it may prove fatal to the first aider.
 Let the wound bleed.
 Take the patient to hospital as soon as possible so that some antivenome drugs should be
administered.