It is the human development theory by erikson it is the psycosocial theory which is very important to understand for the development of every individual. it is very important as it can develop the human in their life to live a better life who is considered to be the person contributing for the society

1. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
THEORY: ERIKSON
BY
Dr. Kshetrimayum Sajina Devi
RK SANATOMBI DEVI COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

2. What is human development?
• It is a branch of psychology which deal with the goal of understanding
people where how they develop, grow, and change takes place
throughout their lives. This can help individuals to better understand
themselves and their relationships, in a broad way.

3. Eight stages of human development: Erikson
(psychosocial theory)
• 1st
Stage — Infancy: Trust vs. Mistrust
• In this stage of human development, infants learn to develop trust on
how well their basic needs were got from their caregivers or their
parents whenever the infant cry. As the infant communicate through
cry when they are hungry or having discomfort . So the parents or the
caregivers feed them or comfort them when they cry then the infant
develop the feeling of trust but as when the parents or the caregivers
ignore their cry then they develop the feeling of mistrust.

4. • 2nd
Stage — Toddlerhood: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
• In another term it is the stage of In addition to autonomy versus shame and
doubt, another way to think of independence versus dependence. Here also
the toddler respond to their caregivers . If the caregiver encourage or trained
to be independent and to explore the world by themselves then the toddler
will develop the sense of self efficacy . Whereas if the parents pampers
excessively or make them dependence then the toddler would grow up with
less confidence in their abilities. For example, if a toddler wants to walk
without assistance in a safe area, the caregiver should encourage this
autonomy by allowing the independent behavior. If the caregiver insists on
holding the toddler’s hand even when it’s not necessary, this attention can
lead to doubt later in life.

5. • 3rd
Stage — Preschool Years: Initiative vs. Guilt
• Here when children need something they learn to assert themselves
and speak up . Some children may state that they’re sad because a
friend stole their toy. If this assertiveness is greeted with a positive
reaction, they learn that taking initiative is helpful behavior and if
they’re made to feel guilty or ashamed for their assertiveness, they
may grow up to be timid and less likely to take the lead.

6. • 4th
Stage — Early School Years: Industry vs. Inferiority
• When children begin formal school, they start to comparing
themselves with their friends or peers. If children when they feel
they’re accomplished in relation to peers, they develop strong self-
esteem. If, however, they notice that other children have met
milestones that they haven’t, they may struggle with self-esteem. For
example, if first rank holder may notice a consistent worse
performance on tests when compared with peers. If this pattern
becomes consitent, it can lead to feelings of inferiority.

7. • 5th
Stage — Adolescence: Identity vs. Role Confusion
• The term “identity crisis” originated in this adolescence stage, and for good
reason. Adolescence is all about developing a sense of self. Need to
understand the self identity. Adolescents who can clearly identify who they
are grow up with stronger goals and self-knowledge than teenagers who
struggle to break free of their parents’ or friends’ influences. Adolescents
who still deeply depend on their parents for social interaction and guidance
may experience more role confusion than teenagers who pursue their own
interests. As they were lack in understanding self identity.

8. • 6th
Stage — Young Adulthood: Intimacy vs. Isolation
• In young adulthood, which begins roughly at age 20, people begin to
solidify their lifelong bonds; many people enter committed
relationships or marriages, while others form lifelong friendships.
People who can create and maintain these relationships reap the
emotional benefits, while those who struggle to maintain
relationships may suffer from isolation. A young adult who develops
strong friendships in college may feel more intimacy than one who
struggles to form and maintain close friendships

9. • 7th
Stage — Middle Adulthood: Generativity vs. Stagnation
• In middle adulthood, people tend to struggle with their contributions
to society. They may be busy raising children or pursuing careers.
Those who feel that they’re contributing experience generativity,
which is the sense of leaving a legacy. On the other hand, those who
don’t feel that their work or lives matter may experience feelings of
stagnation. For example, a middle-aged adult who’s raising a family
and working in a career that presumably helps people may feel more
fulfilled than an adult who’s working at a day job that feels
meaningless those who is not contributing to the society

10. • Stage 8 — Late Adulthood: Integrity vs. Despair
• As adults reach the end of life, they look at the flash back on their
lives and it is all the reflection of their pass early life. Adults who feel
fulfilled by their lives, either through a successful family or a
meaningful career, who gave the good contribution for the society,
reach ego integrity, in which they can face aging and dying with
peace. If older adults don’t feel that they’ve lived a good life, they risk
falling into despair and die with the sorrow.