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2. 1. Hoover’s Response to the
Great Depression
Signs Smoot Hawley Tariff Act
Increased tariffs on agriculture – thought to
exacerbate the Depression
Reconstruction Finance Corp. - loans to
banks, railroads, cities, states
Opposed currency inflation
Opposed direct aid to the unemployed
Backlash: blamed for increasing problems in
the Depression (got worse each year of his
presidency); supported Prohibition
“Hoovervilles”
3. 2. FDR Elected in 1933
Elected on promise of “New Deal” - “Nothing to fear but fear itself”
I.e., promise of a better approach to dealing with Depression
First New Deal (1933-1934)
Relief:
Civil Conservation Corps: jobs for young men
grants to states for public works
mortgage refinancing
Recovery
Beer/Wine Revenue Act
Agricultural Act: limited output (stabilize prices) through subsidies
Reform:
Trade agreements
Regulation of banks & stock exchange
Labor clause of National Recovery Administration (NRA)
Tennessee Valley Authority (power, soil, and flood prevention projects)
4. Works Progress Administration (WPA) (1935):
artists employed to work on roads, schools, and
parks
Resettlement Administration (1935):
relocate struggling farmers and urban dwellers
to planned communities
Social Security Act (1935):
retirement, unemployment, and disability
benefits
National Labor Relations Act (1935):
collective bargaining rights
3. Second New Deal (1935-1938)
5. 4. Third New Deal (1937-1938)
Keynesian Economics: creation of deficit spending
Fair Labor Standards Act (1938): minimum wage; overtime pay; restriction on child
labor
6. 5. Dorothea Lange, photographer
Bio: (1895-1965)
Daughter of German immigrants in Hoboken, NJ
Father abandoned family when she was 12
Contracted polio at 7 – left her with a permanent limp
Educated at Columbia University
Career:
Photojournalist, photographer
Documented people affected by Great Depression
7. 6a. Dorothea Lange, works
Migrant Mother (1936)
Photo of Florence Owens Thompson; taken while
working for the Resettlement Administration
Taken in an aid camp – migrant worker/sharecropper
Question: What is striking about the photo? What is
captured here, literally and metaphorically?
9. 7. Edward Hopper, realist painter
Bio (1882-1967):
Born in NY to wealthy family
Educated in private & public schools
Started study of art at age 17
Studied at New York School of Art and Design
Influenced by his teacher, William Merritt Chase,
and impressionists like Degas & Manet
Student of Robert Henri (Ashcan school)
Career:
Worked on and off for ad agencies (hated it)
Armory Show
More success than other Depression-era artists
1931: Whitney Museum & The Met paid for some of his
work
10. 8. Edward Hopper, Style
Stoic, nostalgic, cinematic
“frontier had moved to the interior – to the self”
“anti-narrative symbolism”: snapshots of day to day life
that are isolated, but on which and from which one can
draw a lot of meaning
Conservative
Dramatic use of light and shadow
Inserts a sense of time into space
Moods: solitude, loneliness, isolation
11. 9. Edward Hopper, works
Question: What in these pictures
demonstrates that style to you?
12. 10. Grant Wood, Painter
Bio (1891-1942):
Midwestern (Iowa)
Father died when he was 10
Education:
Apprentice at a metal shop
Attended Handicraft Guild (artists) for a year after
high school
Attended School of Fine Art (Chicago)
European trips – studied impressionists
Work:
Silversmith
Teacher in a one-room schoolhouse
Painter
Professor in University of Iowa’s art program
13. 11. Grant Wood, Style
Regionalism: American realist modernist art
movement that focused its subject matter on small-
town and rural America (Midwest & South)
Primarily during Depression
Isolationist
nationalist
Tapered off during WWII
“Accessible” content – for the average person
American Gothic (1930)
Compared to da Vinci’s Mona Lisa
Wood’s sister + their dentist
Some read it as a satire of rural life (Wood rejected this)
Some Iowans read it as insulting
Question: Why is this regionalist? What details in the
painting suggest this?
14. 12. John Steuart Curry, painter
Bio (1897-1946):
Born in Kansas to college-educated farmers
Post-secondary education:
Kansas City Art Institute Art Institute of Chicago
Geneva College (PA)
Graduated from Geneva College
Family = religious
Career:
Illustrator
Studied in Paris after college
Traveled with circus (painted trapeze artists)
1st artist-in-residence of Agricultural College at UW-
Madison
15. 13. John Curry, style
Style in Baptism in Kansas
Question: How is this an example of
Regionalism in painting?
Subject is small-town, common
occurrence
Straightforward, no satire or humor
Rural landscape
Dominated by homogenous people
Religious Americana
Launched his career
16. 14. Thomas Hart Benton, painter
Bio (1889-1975):
Born in Missouri to a family of politicians
father = U.S. congressman
Educated at Western Military Academy & Art Institute of
Chicago
Also: Paris’s Academie Julien – influenced by Cézanne as
modernist
Career:
Served in WWI – in part as an illustrator
Required realistic style – became influence on him
Moved to NYC after war - left behind European influences
Developed Regionalism – rejected modernism & urban life
Active in leftist politics
Broke into mainstream in 1932
Moved back to Missouri in 1935
17. 15. Thomas Hart Benton, style
Style in Indiana Murals (1933)
Controversy around murals:
subject matter = ordinary life
Subject matter = KKK
Distorted human figures – overdeveloped
Dramatic coloring
Stories of heroes of Midwest/West
Eventually Benton critiqued
modernists as communists:
separation between modernists and
regionalists was political, not artistic