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HUM16 Arts & Ideas:
ART OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION
1. Hoover’s Response to the
Great Depression
 Signs Smoot Hawley Tariff Act
 Increased tariffs on agriculture – thought to
exacerbate the Depression
 Reconstruction Finance Corp. - loans to
banks, railroads, cities, states
 Opposed currency inflation
 Opposed direct aid to the unemployed
 Backlash: blamed for increasing problems in
the Depression (got worse each year of his
presidency); supported Prohibition
 “Hoovervilles”
2. FDR Elected in 1933
 Elected on promise of “New Deal” - “Nothing to fear but fear itself”
 I.e., promise of a better approach to dealing with Depression
 First New Deal (1933-1934)
 Relief:
 Civil Conservation Corps: jobs for young men
 grants to states for public works
 mortgage refinancing
 Recovery
 Beer/Wine Revenue Act
 Agricultural Act: limited output (stabilize prices) through subsidies
 Reform:
 Trade agreements
 Regulation of banks & stock exchange
 Labor clause of National Recovery Administration (NRA)
 Tennessee Valley Authority (power, soil, and flood prevention projects)
 Works Progress Administration (WPA) (1935):
 artists employed to work on roads, schools, and
parks
 Resettlement Administration (1935):
 relocate struggling farmers and urban dwellers
to planned communities
 Social Security Act (1935):
 retirement, unemployment, and disability
benefits
 National Labor Relations Act (1935):
 collective bargaining rights
3. Second New Deal (1935-1938)
4. Third New Deal (1937-1938)
 Keynesian Economics: creation of deficit spending
 Fair Labor Standards Act (1938): minimum wage; overtime pay; restriction on child
labor
5. Dorothea Lange, photographer
 Bio: (1895-1965)
 Daughter of German immigrants in Hoboken, NJ
 Father abandoned family when she was 12
 Contracted polio at 7 – left her with a permanent limp
 Educated at Columbia University
 Career:
 Photojournalist, photographer
 Documented people affected by Great Depression
6a. Dorothea Lange, works
 Migrant Mother (1936)
 Photo of Florence Owens Thompson; taken while
working for the Resettlement Administration
 Taken in an aid camp – migrant worker/sharecropper
 Question: What is striking about the photo? What is
captured here, literally and metaphorically?
6b. Dorothea Lange, works
7. Edward Hopper, realist painter
 Bio (1882-1967):
 Born in NY to wealthy family
 Educated in private & public schools
 Started study of art at age 17
 Studied at New York School of Art and Design
 Influenced by his teacher, William Merritt Chase,
and impressionists like Degas & Manet
 Student of Robert Henri (Ashcan school)
 Career:
 Worked on and off for ad agencies (hated it)
 Armory Show
 More success than other Depression-era artists
 1931: Whitney Museum & The Met paid for some of his
work
8. Edward Hopper, Style
 Stoic, nostalgic, cinematic
 “frontier had moved to the interior – to the self”
 “anti-narrative symbolism”: snapshots of day to day life
that are isolated, but on which and from which one can
draw a lot of meaning
 Conservative
 Dramatic use of light and shadow
 Inserts a sense of time into space
 Moods: solitude, loneliness, isolation
9. Edward Hopper, works
Question: What in these pictures
demonstrates that style to you?
10. Grant Wood, Painter
 Bio (1891-1942):
 Midwestern (Iowa)
 Father died when he was 10
 Education:
Apprentice at a metal shop
Attended Handicraft Guild (artists) for a year after
high school
Attended School of Fine Art (Chicago)
European trips – studied impressionists
 Work:
 Silversmith
 Teacher in a one-room schoolhouse
 Painter
 Professor in University of Iowa’s art program
11. Grant Wood, Style
 Regionalism: American realist modernist art
movement that focused its subject matter on small-
town and rural America (Midwest & South)
 Primarily during Depression
 Isolationist
 nationalist
 Tapered off during WWII
 “Accessible” content – for the average person
 American Gothic (1930)
 Compared to da Vinci’s Mona Lisa
 Wood’s sister + their dentist
 Some read it as a satire of rural life (Wood rejected this)
 Some Iowans read it as insulting
 Question: Why is this regionalist? What details in the
painting suggest this?
12. John Steuart Curry, painter
 Bio (1897-1946):
 Born in Kansas to college-educated farmers
 Post-secondary education:
 Kansas City Art Institute  Art Institute of Chicago 
Geneva College (PA)
 Graduated from Geneva College
 Family = religious
 Career:
 Illustrator
 Studied in Paris after college
 Traveled with circus (painted trapeze artists)
 1st artist-in-residence of Agricultural College at UW-
Madison
13. John Curry, style
 Style in Baptism in Kansas
 Question: How is this an example of
Regionalism in painting?
Subject is small-town, common
occurrence
 Straightforward, no satire or humor
Rural landscape
Dominated by homogenous people
Religious Americana
 Launched his career
14. Thomas Hart Benton, painter
 Bio (1889-1975):
 Born in Missouri to a family of politicians
 father = U.S. congressman
 Educated at Western Military Academy & Art Institute of
Chicago
 Also: Paris’s Academie Julien – influenced by Cézanne as
modernist
 Career:
 Served in WWI – in part as an illustrator
 Required realistic style – became influence on him
 Moved to NYC after war - left behind European influences
 Developed Regionalism – rejected modernism & urban life
 Active in leftist politics
 Broke into mainstream in 1932
 Moved back to Missouri in 1935
15. Thomas Hart Benton, style
 Style in Indiana Murals (1933)
 Controversy around murals:
 subject matter = ordinary life
 Subject matter = KKK
 Distorted human figures – overdeveloped
 Dramatic coloring
 Stories of heroes of Midwest/West
Eventually Benton critiqued
modernists as communists:
separation between modernists and
regionalists was political, not artistic

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HUM16: Arts & Ideas Art of the Great Depression

  • 1. HUM16 Arts & Ideas: ART OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION
  • 2. 1. Hoover’s Response to the Great Depression  Signs Smoot Hawley Tariff Act  Increased tariffs on agriculture – thought to exacerbate the Depression  Reconstruction Finance Corp. - loans to banks, railroads, cities, states  Opposed currency inflation  Opposed direct aid to the unemployed  Backlash: blamed for increasing problems in the Depression (got worse each year of his presidency); supported Prohibition  “Hoovervilles”
  • 3. 2. FDR Elected in 1933  Elected on promise of “New Deal” - “Nothing to fear but fear itself”  I.e., promise of a better approach to dealing with Depression  First New Deal (1933-1934)  Relief:  Civil Conservation Corps: jobs for young men  grants to states for public works  mortgage refinancing  Recovery  Beer/Wine Revenue Act  Agricultural Act: limited output (stabilize prices) through subsidies  Reform:  Trade agreements  Regulation of banks & stock exchange  Labor clause of National Recovery Administration (NRA)  Tennessee Valley Authority (power, soil, and flood prevention projects)
  • 4.  Works Progress Administration (WPA) (1935):  artists employed to work on roads, schools, and parks  Resettlement Administration (1935):  relocate struggling farmers and urban dwellers to planned communities  Social Security Act (1935):  retirement, unemployment, and disability benefits  National Labor Relations Act (1935):  collective bargaining rights 3. Second New Deal (1935-1938)
  • 5. 4. Third New Deal (1937-1938)  Keynesian Economics: creation of deficit spending  Fair Labor Standards Act (1938): minimum wage; overtime pay; restriction on child labor
  • 6. 5. Dorothea Lange, photographer  Bio: (1895-1965)  Daughter of German immigrants in Hoboken, NJ  Father abandoned family when she was 12  Contracted polio at 7 – left her with a permanent limp  Educated at Columbia University  Career:  Photojournalist, photographer  Documented people affected by Great Depression
  • 7. 6a. Dorothea Lange, works  Migrant Mother (1936)  Photo of Florence Owens Thompson; taken while working for the Resettlement Administration  Taken in an aid camp – migrant worker/sharecropper  Question: What is striking about the photo? What is captured here, literally and metaphorically?
  • 9. 7. Edward Hopper, realist painter  Bio (1882-1967):  Born in NY to wealthy family  Educated in private & public schools  Started study of art at age 17  Studied at New York School of Art and Design  Influenced by his teacher, William Merritt Chase, and impressionists like Degas & Manet  Student of Robert Henri (Ashcan school)  Career:  Worked on and off for ad agencies (hated it)  Armory Show  More success than other Depression-era artists  1931: Whitney Museum & The Met paid for some of his work
  • 10. 8. Edward Hopper, Style  Stoic, nostalgic, cinematic  “frontier had moved to the interior – to the self”  “anti-narrative symbolism”: snapshots of day to day life that are isolated, but on which and from which one can draw a lot of meaning  Conservative  Dramatic use of light and shadow  Inserts a sense of time into space  Moods: solitude, loneliness, isolation
  • 11. 9. Edward Hopper, works Question: What in these pictures demonstrates that style to you?
  • 12. 10. Grant Wood, Painter  Bio (1891-1942):  Midwestern (Iowa)  Father died when he was 10  Education: Apprentice at a metal shop Attended Handicraft Guild (artists) for a year after high school Attended School of Fine Art (Chicago) European trips – studied impressionists  Work:  Silversmith  Teacher in a one-room schoolhouse  Painter  Professor in University of Iowa’s art program
  • 13. 11. Grant Wood, Style  Regionalism: American realist modernist art movement that focused its subject matter on small- town and rural America (Midwest & South)  Primarily during Depression  Isolationist  nationalist  Tapered off during WWII  “Accessible” content – for the average person  American Gothic (1930)  Compared to da Vinci’s Mona Lisa  Wood’s sister + their dentist  Some read it as a satire of rural life (Wood rejected this)  Some Iowans read it as insulting  Question: Why is this regionalist? What details in the painting suggest this?
  • 14. 12. John Steuart Curry, painter  Bio (1897-1946):  Born in Kansas to college-educated farmers  Post-secondary education:  Kansas City Art Institute  Art Institute of Chicago  Geneva College (PA)  Graduated from Geneva College  Family = religious  Career:  Illustrator  Studied in Paris after college  Traveled with circus (painted trapeze artists)  1st artist-in-residence of Agricultural College at UW- Madison
  • 15. 13. John Curry, style  Style in Baptism in Kansas  Question: How is this an example of Regionalism in painting? Subject is small-town, common occurrence  Straightforward, no satire or humor Rural landscape Dominated by homogenous people Religious Americana  Launched his career
  • 16. 14. Thomas Hart Benton, painter  Bio (1889-1975):  Born in Missouri to a family of politicians  father = U.S. congressman  Educated at Western Military Academy & Art Institute of Chicago  Also: Paris’s Academie Julien – influenced by Cézanne as modernist  Career:  Served in WWI – in part as an illustrator  Required realistic style – became influence on him  Moved to NYC after war - left behind European influences  Developed Regionalism – rejected modernism & urban life  Active in leftist politics  Broke into mainstream in 1932  Moved back to Missouri in 1935
  • 17. 15. Thomas Hart Benton, style  Style in Indiana Murals (1933)  Controversy around murals:  subject matter = ordinary life  Subject matter = KKK  Distorted human figures – overdeveloped  Dramatic coloring  Stories of heroes of Midwest/West Eventually Benton critiqued modernists as communists: separation between modernists and regionalists was political, not artistic