The document provides a summary of global events from 1970-2014 in 3 sections:
1) 1970-2001: A period of optimism as globalization and a strong economy envisioned a peaceful, unified world. The first World Trade Center was built as a symbol of US power and global economy.
2) 2001-present: The 9/11 terrorist attacks challenged the global vision and marked the start of the "Age of Terrorism". Conflicts between the West and Islamic radicals increased with wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.
3) 2008-present: The global financial crisis tempered optimism. The Arab Spring uprisings caused the West to rethink its relationship with the Islamic world. Global issues like terrorism,
1312 18 1968, Liberalization, and the End of the Cold WarDrew Burks
The document provides an overview of major global events from 1968 to the 1990s. It discusses the liberalization and end of the Cold War as well as student protests and civil rights movements in the Americas and Europe in 1968. It also summarizes developments related to oil prices and OPEC in the 1960s-1990s that impacted the global economy. Regional summaries are then provided on the Middle East, Latin America, South Africa, and Asia during this period.
The middle east_in_the_20th_century_and_todayGowinPD
The key events of the 20th century that shaped the history of the Middle East include:
1) The decline and collapse of the Ottoman Empire following World War I led to the establishment of new nation states in the Middle East under the mandate system and increased Arab nationalism.
2) The discovery and production of oil in the region in the early 20th century brought greater European and American influence over Middle Eastern governments and economies.
3) The creation of the state of Israel in 1948 and the subsequent Arab-Israeli conflicts, including the wars of 1967 and 1973, defined politics in the region and fueled the Palestinian struggle.
4) Independence movements in the mid-20th century led most territories in the
After Watergate, Gerald Ford assumed the presidency but was unable to curb inflation or the economic difficulties of the time. His pardon of Nixon hurt his popularity and he lost the 1976 election to Jimmy Carter. Carter emphasized human rights but faced challenges like inflation, fuel shortages, and the Iran hostage crisis. This hurt his reelection bid, which was won by Ronald Reagan in 1980. Reagan implemented conservative policies like tax cuts and military spending increases. He faced challenges like budget deficits and scandals but remained popular. The Cold War began to thaw under Gorbachev's reforms in the Soviet Union. George H. W. Bush succeeded Reagan but faced a recession and the Gulf War during his term.
After Watergate, Gerald Ford assumed the presidency but was unable to curb inflation or the economic difficulties of the time. His pardon of Nixon hurt his popularity and he lost the 1976 election to Jimmy Carter. Carter emphasized human rights but faced challenges like inflation, fuel shortages, and the Iran hostage crisis. This hurt his reelection bid, which was won by Ronald Reagan in 1980. Reagan implemented conservative policies like tax cuts and military spending increases. He faced challenges like budget deficits and scandals but remained popular. The Cold War began to thaw under Gorbachev's reforms in the Soviet Union. George H. W. Bush succeeded Reagan but faced a recession and the Gulf War during his term.
This presentation summarizes the history of the United States from the late 19th century to the present day. It discusses the industrialization of the US economy in the late 19th century, the emergence of big business, and the growth of child labor. It then covers major events like the Great Depression, World Wars I and II, the civil rights movement, the Cold War, the Vietnam War, and the 9/11 terrorist attacks. The presentation concludes with the election of Barack Obama as the first African American US president.
This presentation summarizes the history of the United States from the post-Civil War industrialization period through today. It covers major economic, social and political developments including the rise of big business in the late 19th century, women's suffrage, the Great Depression, World War II, the Cold War, the civil rights movement, the Vietnam War, 9/11 and the election of Barack Obama. Key inventions and individuals like Edison, Bell and Roosevelt are also mentioned. The presentation utilizes bullet points and quotes to highlight major events in each time period.
This presentation summarizes the history of the United States from the late 19th century to the present day. It discusses the industrialization of the US economy following the Civil War, the emergence of big business, and the growth of child labor. Key events included American involvement in World Wars I and II, the Great Depression, the Cold War, the civil rights movement, the Vietnam War, and the 9/11 terrorist attacks. The first African American president, Barack Obama, was elected in 2008.
1312 18 1968, Liberalization, and the End of the Cold WarDrew Burks
The document provides an overview of major global events from 1968 to the 1990s. It discusses the liberalization and end of the Cold War as well as student protests and civil rights movements in the Americas and Europe in 1968. It also summarizes developments related to oil prices and OPEC in the 1960s-1990s that impacted the global economy. Regional summaries are then provided on the Middle East, Latin America, South Africa, and Asia during this period.
The middle east_in_the_20th_century_and_todayGowinPD
The key events of the 20th century that shaped the history of the Middle East include:
1) The decline and collapse of the Ottoman Empire following World War I led to the establishment of new nation states in the Middle East under the mandate system and increased Arab nationalism.
2) The discovery and production of oil in the region in the early 20th century brought greater European and American influence over Middle Eastern governments and economies.
3) The creation of the state of Israel in 1948 and the subsequent Arab-Israeli conflicts, including the wars of 1967 and 1973, defined politics in the region and fueled the Palestinian struggle.
4) Independence movements in the mid-20th century led most territories in the
After Watergate, Gerald Ford assumed the presidency but was unable to curb inflation or the economic difficulties of the time. His pardon of Nixon hurt his popularity and he lost the 1976 election to Jimmy Carter. Carter emphasized human rights but faced challenges like inflation, fuel shortages, and the Iran hostage crisis. This hurt his reelection bid, which was won by Ronald Reagan in 1980. Reagan implemented conservative policies like tax cuts and military spending increases. He faced challenges like budget deficits and scandals but remained popular. The Cold War began to thaw under Gorbachev's reforms in the Soviet Union. George H. W. Bush succeeded Reagan but faced a recession and the Gulf War during his term.
After Watergate, Gerald Ford assumed the presidency but was unable to curb inflation or the economic difficulties of the time. His pardon of Nixon hurt his popularity and he lost the 1976 election to Jimmy Carter. Carter emphasized human rights but faced challenges like inflation, fuel shortages, and the Iran hostage crisis. This hurt his reelection bid, which was won by Ronald Reagan in 1980. Reagan implemented conservative policies like tax cuts and military spending increases. He faced challenges like budget deficits and scandals but remained popular. The Cold War began to thaw under Gorbachev's reforms in the Soviet Union. George H. W. Bush succeeded Reagan but faced a recession and the Gulf War during his term.
This presentation summarizes the history of the United States from the late 19th century to the present day. It discusses the industrialization of the US economy in the late 19th century, the emergence of big business, and the growth of child labor. It then covers major events like the Great Depression, World Wars I and II, the civil rights movement, the Cold War, the Vietnam War, and the 9/11 terrorist attacks. The presentation concludes with the election of Barack Obama as the first African American US president.
This presentation summarizes the history of the United States from the post-Civil War industrialization period through today. It covers major economic, social and political developments including the rise of big business in the late 19th century, women's suffrage, the Great Depression, World War II, the Cold War, the civil rights movement, the Vietnam War, 9/11 and the election of Barack Obama. Key inventions and individuals like Edison, Bell and Roosevelt are also mentioned. The presentation utilizes bullet points and quotes to highlight major events in each time period.
This presentation summarizes the history of the United States from the late 19th century to the present day. It discusses the industrialization of the US economy following the Civil War, the emergence of big business, and the growth of child labor. Key events included American involvement in World Wars I and II, the Great Depression, the Cold War, the civil rights movement, the Vietnam War, and the 9/11 terrorist attacks. The first African American president, Barack Obama, was elected in 2008.
This presentation summarizes the history of the United States from the post-Civil War industrialization period through today. It covers major economic, social and political developments including the rise of big business in the late 19th century, women's suffrage, the Great Depression, World War II, the Cold War, the civil rights movement, the Vietnam War, 9/11 and the election of Barack Obama. Key inventions and entrepreneurs of the industrial period are noted along with the growth of child labor. Major political events discussed include the Spanish-American War, both world wars, the Truman Doctrine and the Watergate scandal.
HY 1020, Western Civilization II 1 UNIT VII STUDY GUIDE .docxwilcockiris
HY 1020, Western Civilization II 1
UNIT VII STUDY GUIDE
The West in the Contemporary Era:
New Encounters and Transformations
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Identify the economic and political developments in the 1970s and
1980s that led to the fall of the Soviet Union.
2. Describe how the fall of the Communist superpower impacted
international structures, boundaries, and agreements developed during
the postwar era.
3. Describe the causes, outbreak, and outcomes of the notable revolutions
from 1989-1991 and identify their significance to Western culture and
politics.
4. List landmark events directly related to the Cold War era.
5. Define key political and economic terms related specifically to the late
20th century.
6. Describe the role technology played on the evolution from the modern to
postmodern era.
7. Describe catalysts for the rise in violence in Europe and the Middle East
at the end of the 20th century how it related to Western culture, and
eventual outcomes.
8. Discuss how conflicts in the 21st century are more open to cultural
elements, from religion to social media, and compare to the political
conflicts discussed in the 16th-20th centuries.
Unit Lesson
At the end of the 1960s, the threat of nuclear war receded with the onset of
détente, but that did not mean stability, as economic crisis heightened political
and social polarization. The renewal of the Cold War at the end of the 1970s
created further instability. The economic crisis of the 1970s challenged postwar
social democratic assumptions and discontented voters looked for radically new
answers, either in socialism, as in Spain, Portugal, and Greece, or in the New
Conservatism. New Conservatives did not emphasize social improvement but
instead promoted policies intended to create less governmental control and
more opportunity for individual achievement, which would privatize state-owned
businesses and dismantle the welfare state. They argued that the economic
crisis was due to the increase in spending on social services.
The détente policies of the early 1970s were reversed later that decade, and
Cold War tensions returned. Détente’s triumph came in 1975 when the United
States, Canada, and European nations signed the Helsinki Accords, recognizing
the existing borders and promising to safeguard human rights. On that wave of
U.S. influence, soon Soviet and Eastern European dissidents were publicizing
human rights abuses in their nations. The New Conservatives further increased
the Cold War tensions by reviving anti-communist rhetoric, accelerating the arms
build-up, and deciding to deploy nuclear weapons in Europeans countries; a
move that engendered widespread protest.
Reading
Assignment
Chapter 29:
The West in the
Contemporary Era: New
Encounters and
Transformations, pp. 29-
930, 932-935, 937-942,
943-949, 951-952, 964
Supplemental
Reading
.
HY 1020, Western Civilization II 1 UNIT VII STUDY GUIDE .docxadampcarr67227
HY 1020, Western Civilization II 1
UNIT VII STUDY GUIDE
The West in the Contemporary Era:
New Encounters and Transformations
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Identify the economic and political developments in the 1970s and
1980s that led to the fall of the Soviet Union.
2. Describe how the fall of the Communist superpower impacted
international structures, boundaries, and agreements developed during
the postwar era.
3. Describe the causes, outbreak, and outcomes of the notable revolutions
from 1989-1991 and identify their significance to Western culture and
politics.
4. List landmark events directly related to the Cold War era.
5. Define key political and economic terms related specifically to the late
20th century.
6. Describe the role technology played on the evolution from the modern to
postmodern era.
7. Describe catalysts for the rise in violence in Europe and the Middle East
at the end of the 20th century how it related to Western culture, and
eventual outcomes.
8. Discuss how conflicts in the 21st century are more open to cultural
elements, from religion to social media, and compare to the political
conflicts discussed in the 16th-20th centuries.
Unit Lesson
At the end of the 1960s, the threat of nuclear war receded with the onset of
détente, but that did not mean stability, as economic crisis heightened political
and social polarization. The renewal of the Cold War at the end of the 1970s
created further instability. The economic crisis of the 1970s challenged postwar
social democratic assumptions and discontented voters looked for radically new
answers, either in socialism, as in Spain, Portugal, and Greece, or in the New
Conservatism. New Conservatives did not emphasize social improvement but
instead promoted policies intended to create less governmental control and
more opportunity for individual achievement, which would privatize state-owned
businesses and dismantle the welfare state. They argued that the economic
crisis was due to the increase in spending on social services.
The détente policies of the early 1970s were reversed later that decade, and
Cold War tensions returned. Détente’s triumph came in 1975 when the United
States, Canada, and European nations signed the Helsinki Accords, recognizing
the existing borders and promising to safeguard human rights. On that wave of
U.S. influence, soon Soviet and Eastern European dissidents were publicizing
human rights abuses in their nations. The New Conservatives further increased
the Cold War tensions by reviving anti-communist rhetoric, accelerating the arms
build-up, and deciding to deploy nuclear weapons in Europeans countries; a
move that engendered widespread protest.
Reading
Assignment
Chapter 29:
The West in the
Contemporary Era: New
Encounters and
Transformations, pp. 29-
930, 932-935, 937-942,
943-949, 951-952, 964
Supplemental
Reading
.
This document discusses Generation X, born between 1961-1981. Key characteristics include being better educated than Baby Boomers, growing up with two working parents and rising divorce rates. They are ambitious but want work-life balance and to accomplish things on their own terms. Events that shaped Gen X include the Cold War ending, computer rise, and cable TV/MTV emergence. They are considered digital immigrants as they prefer in-person contact and gathering information over fully embracing technology.
The document summarizes major events and trends from 1960-2000 in the United States. It discusses the Vietnam War protests of the 1960s, the Cuban Missile Crisis which brought the world close to nuclear war, and the Civil Rights Movement led by Martin Luther King Jr. It also covers the Watergate scandal and resignation of President Nixon in the 1970s, the end of the Vietnam War, and the women's rights movement. The 1980s saw the elections of Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush and the fall of the Berlin Wall. The 1990s brought the Gulf War, collapse of the Soviet Union, and election of Bill Clinton, who reduced the national debt. Technology also advanced rapidly during this period.
The document provides an overview of America's role as a world power from 1960-2010. Some key events summarized are:
- The 1960s saw protests against the Vietnam War and fears of nuclear war during the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed following Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech.
- The 1970s included the Watergate scandal leading to Nixon's resignation, the end of the Vietnam War, and advances for women's rights.
- The 1980s saw Reagan's conservative presidency, the collapse of the Soviet Union, and a rising national debt and banking crises under Reagan and Bush.
- The 1990s featured Clinton's two terms
The document provides an overview of America's role as a world power from 1960-2010. Some key events summarized are:
- The 1960s saw protests against the Vietnam War and fears of nuclear war during the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed.
- The 1970s included the Watergate scandal which led to Nixon's resignation. The Vietnam War ended.
- The 1980s saw Reagan's election and conservative policies. The national debt increased significantly.
- The 1990s included the Gulf War and Clinton's election. The budget was balanced under Clinton as the internet became more widespread.
- The 2000s began with the 9/11 attacks. Wars were fought in
The document discusses the geopolitical and economic situations of several countries. It describes how Venezuela was once prosperous due to oil but is now struggling with high inflation and a faltering economy under Hugo Chavez. It also discusses Colombia's ongoing struggles with drug cartels and militias, and factors keeping it from becoming a developed nation. The document outlines Egypt's history and control of trade in the region, as well as the influence of Islamism. It analyzes the failure of the US invasion to create stability in Iraq and the country's descent into sectarian conflict and possible breakup. Finally, it discusses China's use of globalization and relationships with other Asian nations to continue its economic rise.
- Gas prices were reaching new highs in the 1970s due to OPEC raising oil prices and implementing production cuts, leading to gas rationing in some states. This contributed to economic "stagflation", where inflation and unemployment both increased.
- President Carter focused on the energy crisis and conservation but was unsuccessful. He initiated the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt but most Arab nations opposed it. Iranian revolutionaries took 52 American hostages in 1979 which Carter failed to gain the release of.
This document provides an overview of changes in the foreign policies of great powers from the perspective of the United States as the world transitions to a multipolar order. It discusses the meaning of great powers and identifies the UN Security Council permanent members as great powers. It then reviews the evolution of U.S. foreign policy from the late 18th century through the post-Cold War period, highlighting increasing global engagement and the emergence of new doctrines like the Bush Doctrine in response to events such as 9/11. The document argues that while the U.S. remains influential, rising nations are challenging its dominance in a shifting multipolar world.
The US Military involvement in an armed conflict in Iraq known as .docxssusera34210
The US Military involvement in an armed conflict in Iraq known as the Iraq War started when the United States invaded Iraq on 20 March 2003, which was followed by long period of fighting to combat the occupying forces and the newly formed Iraqi government. The justifications given by the government of the United States and the United Kingdom for their invasion on Iraq was that Iraq allegedly possessed weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and presented a threat to their security and that of their allies. Iraqi PresidentSaddam Hussein was also accused of sheltering and aiding al-Qaeda but no evidence was ever found to prove that. Other stated reasons for the invasion of Iraq was Iraq's financial support for the families of Palestinian suicide bombers, Iraqi government human rights abuses and an effort to spread democracy to the country.
Later after investigating it was concluded that Iraq had already ended its nuclear, chemical and biological programs in 1991 and had no active programs at the time of the invasion, but that they envisioned resuming activities if the Iraq sanctions were lifted. However, when public favored increasingly for the withdrawals of the troops from Iraq and as Iraqi forces started to take responsibility for security, member nations of the Coalition withdrew their forces. Later, the U.S. decided to completely withdraw military personnel from Iraq in December 2011.
After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 in the US, the US military has been continuously intervening the internal affairs Afghanistan from 2001 until today to disassemble the al-Qaedaterrorist organization and to confiscate the Taliban government from power, which at the time was controlling Afghanistan and accommodated al-Qaeda leadership. When U.S. President George W. Bush demanded that the Taliban hand over Osama bin Laden, the mastermind behind 9/11 attack and expel the al-Qaeda network that was supporting the Taliban in its war with the Afghan Northern Alliance, the Taliban declined to extradite bin Laden without evidence of his involvement in the 9/11 attacks but recommended that he leave the country. As a result, America refused negotiation and launched Operation Enduring Freedom on 7 October 2001 with the United Kingdom. Later Germany and other western allies later joined the Operation to attack the Taliban and al-Qaeda forces in conjunction with the Northern Alliance. With the killing of Osama bin Laden in Abbotabad, Pakistan on 2 May 2011, U.S. Navy SEALs, NATO leaders permitted for removing their soldiers from Afghanistan. The Afghanistan war resulted in the killings of tens of thousands of people as of 2013; the victims were mostly civilians and militants. On 22 June 2011, President Obama announced that the end of 2011 would withdraw 10,000 troops with an additional 23,000 troops leaving the country by the summer of 2012.
During the twentieth century the United States largely dominated in political, economic and cultural terms. Although the ...
The Cold War lasted from 1947 to 1991 and involved geopolitical tensions between the United States and Soviet Union without direct military conflict. Both sides spent billions on military expenditures and proxy wars resulted in millions of deaths. After the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991, the post-Cold War period saw the rise of the United States as the sole superpower and new challenges from globalization and regional conflicts. International relations remains important for cooperation on issues like trade, security, and humanitarian aid.
2312 20 Ground the 70s, 80s, and the Fall of CommunismDrew Burks
The document summarizes key political and economic events from the 1960s through the 1990s. It discusses the rise of conservatism under Nixon in response to the progressive 1960s. It then outlines the impact of OPEC oil embargoes in the 1970s which led to stagflation. The 1980s are summarized, including Reaganomics, Iran-Contra, and the end of the Cold War under Gorbachev. The 1990s saw the Gulf War and Clinton presidency. Events in Afghanistan, Iraq, and the Middle East are also covered leading up to September 11th.
The document discusses the United Nations (UN) and its role in maintaining international peace and security. It describes the key organs of the UN - the Security Council, General Assembly, and Secretariat. The Security Council has primary responsibility for responding to threats to peace and can authorize military action, but requires affirmative votes from all 5 permanent members. The General Assembly includes all member states but has less power than the Security Council. The UN aims to prevent war through diplomacy and international cooperation, but its ability to enforce decisions is limited if powerful member states disagree.
The document summarizes key events of World War II and the postwar period that led to the end of American isolationism and the emergence of American rivalry with Japan. It discusses how the US initially remained neutral but eventually entered the war after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor. It also outlines the Atlantic Charter signed by the US and Britain that established their alliance and principles for postwar peace. Finally, it examines how globalization accelerated after the war and how the US took on a dominant global role as the sole superpower after the fall of the Soviet Union.
This document provides background information on economic and social conditions in the United States in the aftermath of World War II. It discusses the postwar economic anxieties Americans faced, the passage of the Taft-Hartley Act, failed efforts to unionize southern workers, legislation to promote employment, and benefits provided by the GI Bill. It also covers the postwar economic boom, roots of the postwar economy including defense spending and cheap energy, gains in productivity and education, migration trends, the postwar baby boom, and establishment of the Marshall Plan and United Nations.
The Soviet Union began implementing reforms of openness (glasnost) and restructuring (perestroika) under Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s, but these failed to revive the struggling communist system and instead weakened Soviet control over Eastern Europe, leading to independence movements and the ultimate collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The end of the Cold War left the United States as the world's sole remaining superpower.
The document summarizes major events and trends in the post-Cold War world from the late 1980s to 2000. Key events included the fall of communist governments in Eastern Europe, German reunification, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union. This ushered in an era dominated by global capitalism and free trade. However, the nature and stability of the new world order remained unclear. Domestically, the US grappled with economic challenges and cultural divisions over issues like immigration, race, and family values.
The document summarizes the United States' role in global politics and economics following the end of the Cold War under President Clinton. It discusses how the US supported free trade agreements like NAFTA and signed many trade deals through the WTO to promote globalization and economic growth. It also describes Clinton's foreign policy goals of intervening in conflicts in Somalia, Haiti, and the Balkans through NATO bombings. Additionally, it outlines increasing tensions in the Middle East between Israel and Palestine and the emergence of terrorist threats to the US from groups like al Qaeda.
The document provides information about life in the United States during the 1950s following World War II. It discusses the economic boom and growth of suburbs driven by increased automobile ownership and highway construction. New technologies like television and consumer goods became popular. The Cold War and spread of communism abroad led to policies aimed at containment and alliances like NATO. Conflicts in Korea and Vietnam highlighted divisions over intervention. Political cartoons reflected tensions between the US and Soviet Union during this era.
You are a project manager and believe that your initiative would be .docxadampcarr67227
You are a project manager and believe that your initiative would be more successful if you had a change manager on your team.
Describe
an actual project you have been part of (not necessarily the leader).
Develop
an argument to your manager on the importance of change management.
Describe
the role of a change manager and how it will benefit the project.
Write
a 1,050- word paper using a minimum of two peer-reviewed sources.
Format
your paper consistent with APA guidelines.
.
You are a project manager at a food agricultural organization and yo.docxadampcarr67227
You are a project manager at a food agricultural organization and you are assigned to review nutritional policies.
1). Write the nutritional policies
2). Identify five stakeholders and their roles in the implementation of the nutritional programs at the community level.
.
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Similar to Hum 104, Lecture notes 2014, class VIIIChapter 23, The Contempor.docx
This presentation summarizes the history of the United States from the post-Civil War industrialization period through today. It covers major economic, social and political developments including the rise of big business in the late 19th century, women's suffrage, the Great Depression, World War II, the Cold War, the civil rights movement, the Vietnam War, 9/11 and the election of Barack Obama. Key inventions and entrepreneurs of the industrial period are noted along with the growth of child labor. Major political events discussed include the Spanish-American War, both world wars, the Truman Doctrine and the Watergate scandal.
HY 1020, Western Civilization II 1 UNIT VII STUDY GUIDE .docxwilcockiris
HY 1020, Western Civilization II 1
UNIT VII STUDY GUIDE
The West in the Contemporary Era:
New Encounters and Transformations
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Identify the economic and political developments in the 1970s and
1980s that led to the fall of the Soviet Union.
2. Describe how the fall of the Communist superpower impacted
international structures, boundaries, and agreements developed during
the postwar era.
3. Describe the causes, outbreak, and outcomes of the notable revolutions
from 1989-1991 and identify their significance to Western culture and
politics.
4. List landmark events directly related to the Cold War era.
5. Define key political and economic terms related specifically to the late
20th century.
6. Describe the role technology played on the evolution from the modern to
postmodern era.
7. Describe catalysts for the rise in violence in Europe and the Middle East
at the end of the 20th century how it related to Western culture, and
eventual outcomes.
8. Discuss how conflicts in the 21st century are more open to cultural
elements, from religion to social media, and compare to the political
conflicts discussed in the 16th-20th centuries.
Unit Lesson
At the end of the 1960s, the threat of nuclear war receded with the onset of
détente, but that did not mean stability, as economic crisis heightened political
and social polarization. The renewal of the Cold War at the end of the 1970s
created further instability. The economic crisis of the 1970s challenged postwar
social democratic assumptions and discontented voters looked for radically new
answers, either in socialism, as in Spain, Portugal, and Greece, or in the New
Conservatism. New Conservatives did not emphasize social improvement but
instead promoted policies intended to create less governmental control and
more opportunity for individual achievement, which would privatize state-owned
businesses and dismantle the welfare state. They argued that the economic
crisis was due to the increase in spending on social services.
The détente policies of the early 1970s were reversed later that decade, and
Cold War tensions returned. Détente’s triumph came in 1975 when the United
States, Canada, and European nations signed the Helsinki Accords, recognizing
the existing borders and promising to safeguard human rights. On that wave of
U.S. influence, soon Soviet and Eastern European dissidents were publicizing
human rights abuses in their nations. The New Conservatives further increased
the Cold War tensions by reviving anti-communist rhetoric, accelerating the arms
build-up, and deciding to deploy nuclear weapons in Europeans countries; a
move that engendered widespread protest.
Reading
Assignment
Chapter 29:
The West in the
Contemporary Era: New
Encounters and
Transformations, pp. 29-
930, 932-935, 937-942,
943-949, 951-952, 964
Supplemental
Reading
.
HY 1020, Western Civilization II 1 UNIT VII STUDY GUIDE .docxadampcarr67227
HY 1020, Western Civilization II 1
UNIT VII STUDY GUIDE
The West in the Contemporary Era:
New Encounters and Transformations
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Identify the economic and political developments in the 1970s and
1980s that led to the fall of the Soviet Union.
2. Describe how the fall of the Communist superpower impacted
international structures, boundaries, and agreements developed during
the postwar era.
3. Describe the causes, outbreak, and outcomes of the notable revolutions
from 1989-1991 and identify their significance to Western culture and
politics.
4. List landmark events directly related to the Cold War era.
5. Define key political and economic terms related specifically to the late
20th century.
6. Describe the role technology played on the evolution from the modern to
postmodern era.
7. Describe catalysts for the rise in violence in Europe and the Middle East
at the end of the 20th century how it related to Western culture, and
eventual outcomes.
8. Discuss how conflicts in the 21st century are more open to cultural
elements, from religion to social media, and compare to the political
conflicts discussed in the 16th-20th centuries.
Unit Lesson
At the end of the 1960s, the threat of nuclear war receded with the onset of
détente, but that did not mean stability, as economic crisis heightened political
and social polarization. The renewal of the Cold War at the end of the 1970s
created further instability. The economic crisis of the 1970s challenged postwar
social democratic assumptions and discontented voters looked for radically new
answers, either in socialism, as in Spain, Portugal, and Greece, or in the New
Conservatism. New Conservatives did not emphasize social improvement but
instead promoted policies intended to create less governmental control and
more opportunity for individual achievement, which would privatize state-owned
businesses and dismantle the welfare state. They argued that the economic
crisis was due to the increase in spending on social services.
The détente policies of the early 1970s were reversed later that decade, and
Cold War tensions returned. Détente’s triumph came in 1975 when the United
States, Canada, and European nations signed the Helsinki Accords, recognizing
the existing borders and promising to safeguard human rights. On that wave of
U.S. influence, soon Soviet and Eastern European dissidents were publicizing
human rights abuses in their nations. The New Conservatives further increased
the Cold War tensions by reviving anti-communist rhetoric, accelerating the arms
build-up, and deciding to deploy nuclear weapons in Europeans countries; a
move that engendered widespread protest.
Reading
Assignment
Chapter 29:
The West in the
Contemporary Era: New
Encounters and
Transformations, pp. 29-
930, 932-935, 937-942,
943-949, 951-952, 964
Supplemental
Reading
.
This document discusses Generation X, born between 1961-1981. Key characteristics include being better educated than Baby Boomers, growing up with two working parents and rising divorce rates. They are ambitious but want work-life balance and to accomplish things on their own terms. Events that shaped Gen X include the Cold War ending, computer rise, and cable TV/MTV emergence. They are considered digital immigrants as they prefer in-person contact and gathering information over fully embracing technology.
The document summarizes major events and trends from 1960-2000 in the United States. It discusses the Vietnam War protests of the 1960s, the Cuban Missile Crisis which brought the world close to nuclear war, and the Civil Rights Movement led by Martin Luther King Jr. It also covers the Watergate scandal and resignation of President Nixon in the 1970s, the end of the Vietnam War, and the women's rights movement. The 1980s saw the elections of Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush and the fall of the Berlin Wall. The 1990s brought the Gulf War, collapse of the Soviet Union, and election of Bill Clinton, who reduced the national debt. Technology also advanced rapidly during this period.
The document provides an overview of America's role as a world power from 1960-2010. Some key events summarized are:
- The 1960s saw protests against the Vietnam War and fears of nuclear war during the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed following Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech.
- The 1970s included the Watergate scandal leading to Nixon's resignation, the end of the Vietnam War, and advances for women's rights.
- The 1980s saw Reagan's conservative presidency, the collapse of the Soviet Union, and a rising national debt and banking crises under Reagan and Bush.
- The 1990s featured Clinton's two terms
The document provides an overview of America's role as a world power from 1960-2010. Some key events summarized are:
- The 1960s saw protests against the Vietnam War and fears of nuclear war during the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed.
- The 1970s included the Watergate scandal which led to Nixon's resignation. The Vietnam War ended.
- The 1980s saw Reagan's election and conservative policies. The national debt increased significantly.
- The 1990s included the Gulf War and Clinton's election. The budget was balanced under Clinton as the internet became more widespread.
- The 2000s began with the 9/11 attacks. Wars were fought in
The document discusses the geopolitical and economic situations of several countries. It describes how Venezuela was once prosperous due to oil but is now struggling with high inflation and a faltering economy under Hugo Chavez. It also discusses Colombia's ongoing struggles with drug cartels and militias, and factors keeping it from becoming a developed nation. The document outlines Egypt's history and control of trade in the region, as well as the influence of Islamism. It analyzes the failure of the US invasion to create stability in Iraq and the country's descent into sectarian conflict and possible breakup. Finally, it discusses China's use of globalization and relationships with other Asian nations to continue its economic rise.
- Gas prices were reaching new highs in the 1970s due to OPEC raising oil prices and implementing production cuts, leading to gas rationing in some states. This contributed to economic "stagflation", where inflation and unemployment both increased.
- President Carter focused on the energy crisis and conservation but was unsuccessful. He initiated the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt but most Arab nations opposed it. Iranian revolutionaries took 52 American hostages in 1979 which Carter failed to gain the release of.
This document provides an overview of changes in the foreign policies of great powers from the perspective of the United States as the world transitions to a multipolar order. It discusses the meaning of great powers and identifies the UN Security Council permanent members as great powers. It then reviews the evolution of U.S. foreign policy from the late 18th century through the post-Cold War period, highlighting increasing global engagement and the emergence of new doctrines like the Bush Doctrine in response to events such as 9/11. The document argues that while the U.S. remains influential, rising nations are challenging its dominance in a shifting multipolar world.
The US Military involvement in an armed conflict in Iraq known as .docxssusera34210
The US Military involvement in an armed conflict in Iraq known as the Iraq War started when the United States invaded Iraq on 20 March 2003, which was followed by long period of fighting to combat the occupying forces and the newly formed Iraqi government. The justifications given by the government of the United States and the United Kingdom for their invasion on Iraq was that Iraq allegedly possessed weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and presented a threat to their security and that of their allies. Iraqi PresidentSaddam Hussein was also accused of sheltering and aiding al-Qaeda but no evidence was ever found to prove that. Other stated reasons for the invasion of Iraq was Iraq's financial support for the families of Palestinian suicide bombers, Iraqi government human rights abuses and an effort to spread democracy to the country.
Later after investigating it was concluded that Iraq had already ended its nuclear, chemical and biological programs in 1991 and had no active programs at the time of the invasion, but that they envisioned resuming activities if the Iraq sanctions were lifted. However, when public favored increasingly for the withdrawals of the troops from Iraq and as Iraqi forces started to take responsibility for security, member nations of the Coalition withdrew their forces. Later, the U.S. decided to completely withdraw military personnel from Iraq in December 2011.
After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 in the US, the US military has been continuously intervening the internal affairs Afghanistan from 2001 until today to disassemble the al-Qaedaterrorist organization and to confiscate the Taliban government from power, which at the time was controlling Afghanistan and accommodated al-Qaeda leadership. When U.S. President George W. Bush demanded that the Taliban hand over Osama bin Laden, the mastermind behind 9/11 attack and expel the al-Qaeda network that was supporting the Taliban in its war with the Afghan Northern Alliance, the Taliban declined to extradite bin Laden without evidence of his involvement in the 9/11 attacks but recommended that he leave the country. As a result, America refused negotiation and launched Operation Enduring Freedom on 7 October 2001 with the United Kingdom. Later Germany and other western allies later joined the Operation to attack the Taliban and al-Qaeda forces in conjunction with the Northern Alliance. With the killing of Osama bin Laden in Abbotabad, Pakistan on 2 May 2011, U.S. Navy SEALs, NATO leaders permitted for removing their soldiers from Afghanistan. The Afghanistan war resulted in the killings of tens of thousands of people as of 2013; the victims were mostly civilians and militants. On 22 June 2011, President Obama announced that the end of 2011 would withdraw 10,000 troops with an additional 23,000 troops leaving the country by the summer of 2012.
During the twentieth century the United States largely dominated in political, economic and cultural terms. Although the ...
The Cold War lasted from 1947 to 1991 and involved geopolitical tensions between the United States and Soviet Union without direct military conflict. Both sides spent billions on military expenditures and proxy wars resulted in millions of deaths. After the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991, the post-Cold War period saw the rise of the United States as the sole superpower and new challenges from globalization and regional conflicts. International relations remains important for cooperation on issues like trade, security, and humanitarian aid.
2312 20 Ground the 70s, 80s, and the Fall of CommunismDrew Burks
The document summarizes key political and economic events from the 1960s through the 1990s. It discusses the rise of conservatism under Nixon in response to the progressive 1960s. It then outlines the impact of OPEC oil embargoes in the 1970s which led to stagflation. The 1980s are summarized, including Reaganomics, Iran-Contra, and the end of the Cold War under Gorbachev. The 1990s saw the Gulf War and Clinton presidency. Events in Afghanistan, Iraq, and the Middle East are also covered leading up to September 11th.
The document discusses the United Nations (UN) and its role in maintaining international peace and security. It describes the key organs of the UN - the Security Council, General Assembly, and Secretariat. The Security Council has primary responsibility for responding to threats to peace and can authorize military action, but requires affirmative votes from all 5 permanent members. The General Assembly includes all member states but has less power than the Security Council. The UN aims to prevent war through diplomacy and international cooperation, but its ability to enforce decisions is limited if powerful member states disagree.
The document summarizes key events of World War II and the postwar period that led to the end of American isolationism and the emergence of American rivalry with Japan. It discusses how the US initially remained neutral but eventually entered the war after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor. It also outlines the Atlantic Charter signed by the US and Britain that established their alliance and principles for postwar peace. Finally, it examines how globalization accelerated after the war and how the US took on a dominant global role as the sole superpower after the fall of the Soviet Union.
This document provides background information on economic and social conditions in the United States in the aftermath of World War II. It discusses the postwar economic anxieties Americans faced, the passage of the Taft-Hartley Act, failed efforts to unionize southern workers, legislation to promote employment, and benefits provided by the GI Bill. It also covers the postwar economic boom, roots of the postwar economy including defense spending and cheap energy, gains in productivity and education, migration trends, the postwar baby boom, and establishment of the Marshall Plan and United Nations.
The Soviet Union began implementing reforms of openness (glasnost) and restructuring (perestroika) under Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s, but these failed to revive the struggling communist system and instead weakened Soviet control over Eastern Europe, leading to independence movements and the ultimate collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The end of the Cold War left the United States as the world's sole remaining superpower.
The document summarizes major events and trends in the post-Cold War world from the late 1980s to 2000. Key events included the fall of communist governments in Eastern Europe, German reunification, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union. This ushered in an era dominated by global capitalism and free trade. However, the nature and stability of the new world order remained unclear. Domestically, the US grappled with economic challenges and cultural divisions over issues like immigration, race, and family values.
The document summarizes the United States' role in global politics and economics following the end of the Cold War under President Clinton. It discusses how the US supported free trade agreements like NAFTA and signed many trade deals through the WTO to promote globalization and economic growth. It also describes Clinton's foreign policy goals of intervening in conflicts in Somalia, Haiti, and the Balkans through NATO bombings. Additionally, it outlines increasing tensions in the Middle East between Israel and Palestine and the emergence of terrorist threats to the US from groups like al Qaeda.
The document provides information about life in the United States during the 1950s following World War II. It discusses the economic boom and growth of suburbs driven by increased automobile ownership and highway construction. New technologies like television and consumer goods became popular. The Cold War and spread of communism abroad led to policies aimed at containment and alliances like NATO. Conflicts in Korea and Vietnam highlighted divisions over intervention. Political cartoons reflected tensions between the US and Soviet Union during this era.
Similar to Hum 104, Lecture notes 2014, class VIIIChapter 23, The Contempor.docx (20)
You are a project manager and believe that your initiative would be .docxadampcarr67227
You are a project manager and believe that your initiative would be more successful if you had a change manager on your team.
Describe
an actual project you have been part of (not necessarily the leader).
Develop
an argument to your manager on the importance of change management.
Describe
the role of a change manager and how it will benefit the project.
Write
a 1,050- word paper using a minimum of two peer-reviewed sources.
Format
your paper consistent with APA guidelines.
.
You are a project manager at a food agricultural organization and yo.docxadampcarr67227
You are a project manager at a food agricultural organization and you are assigned to review nutritional policies.
1). Write the nutritional policies
2). Identify five stakeholders and their roles in the implementation of the nutritional programs at the community level.
.
You are a nursing educator and you are given an assignment to teach .docxadampcarr67227
You are a nursing educator and you are given an assignment to teach a RN/LPN NCLEX review course.
Please develop a complete review course power point presentation with detail speaker notes that will be used to teach the review in its entirely. You want student to pass the nclex exam on the first try. please rearrange order and at to it as you deem fit if I left out some thing (please insert pictures and diagram to enhance lecture) Please be very creative and colorful (Presentation to be shown to a large audience. Please be very detail but highlighting the most important detail.
The power points must include elements as follow:
1. nclex question types
2. steps of question analysis
3. critical thinking and rewording
4. how to dissect nclex question
5. what are considered hig level questions
6. deciding what is important
7. looking for patterns and relationships
8. identifying the problem
9. transferring knowledge from one situation to another
10. applying knowledge
11. discriminating between possible choices and/or course of action
12. evaluating according to criteria established
13. eliminating incorrect answer choices
14. strategies for alternate formate question: select all that apply
15. solving alternate formate questions: select all that apply.
16. prioritization
17. delegation
18. safety and infection control
19. maslow's hierarchy of needs
20. how to approach psychosocial condition question
21. how to answer psych questions
22. how to identify psych diagnosis and nursing care of the psychiatric patient
how to answer health promotion and maintenance question
23. tips on how to pass nclex exam
24. hot spot questions and how to solve them
25. fill in blank question and how to solve them and select all that apply
drag and drop question and how to solve them
26. tips on how to analyze a question
27. NURSING LAB VALUES TO KNOW
28. NURSING DRUGS TO KNOW AND LEVELS
INFORMATION ON THE FOLLOWING(with nursing most important intervention and things to watch for/ complication problems up each system)
Care of the pediatric patient
Care of OB (maternity) patient
Care of a pre-op patient
Care of a patient post op
Care of a respiratory patient
Care of a cardiac patient
Care of a gastro/intestinal patient
Care of caner patient
Care of urinary system patient
endoceine system
liver
pancreas
nutritional problem
chronic neurological problems
stroke
intracranial problems
muscle skeletal problems
emergency, terrorism and disaster nursing
fluid and electrolytes
the different in IV solution
Administering Blood
Conscious sedation
Reproductive system
nutrition for a newborn
drug calculation
Immunization when due and side effect
Kidney disorders and care of a renal patient with labs
Diabetes management
spinal cord injury
musculoskeletal problem
alzheimer's disease
ABG interpetation
drug calculation
oxygen supplement and delivery system
integumentary system
bur.
You are a paralegal working at law office of James Adams, Esq. On No.docxadampcarr67227
You are a paralegal working at law office of James Adams, Esq. On November 10, 2010, Adams is assigned by the court to represent John Edwinson, against whom a paternity petition has been filed. There is a hearing scheduled for march 13, 2011. Edwinson is not a cooperative client. He frequent misses appointment at the law firm office. Frustrated, Adams sends Edwinson a short letter on March 1,2011 that says, " Due to your noncooperation, I am withdrawing from the case as your representative effective immediately." Any ethical problem
.
you are a paralegal working at the law office of Smith & Smith. The .docxadampcarr67227
you are a paralegal working at the law office of Smith & Smith. The office represents David Gerry in a divorce action against his wife, Lena Gerry. One of the disputes is how to divide business assets acquired during the marriage. In an effort to pressure Lena to divide the assets in his favor, David tells his attorney to request sole physical and legal custody of their children even though David has no desire to raise the children. He knows, however, that Lena is terrified at the thought of losing sole custody herself. David wants his attorney to engage in extensive discovery (depositions, interrogatories, etc.) On the custody issue for the sole purpose of wearing Lena down in hope that she will reduce her claims on the business assets. Any ethical problems?
.
You are a police officer who has been selected to participate in a p.docxadampcarr67227
You are a police officer who has been selected to participate in a public relations task force to address a growing problem: the negative public perception of the police.
The media has been tough on departments around the city, and the police chief wants to address the issue head on. You just completed the first task force meeting, and the facilitator wants you to present information and recommendations regarding how to change the public’s perception.
Create
an 8- to 10-slide Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation in which you:
Explain how an inductive fallacy (e.g., generalizations, weak analogy) or a fallacy of language (e.g., confusing explanations) may affect the public perception of the police.
Provide a categorical claim related to the negative public perception of the police.
Create a visual showing a categorical relation that is negative between the police and the public.
Provide recommendations and examples about what the department can do to:
Change the perception
Develop a positive relationship with the public.
Include
comprehensive speaker notes.
Cite
at least 1 reference to support your assignment.
Format
your citations according to APA guidelines
.
You are a newly-minted, tax-paying and law-abiding, permanent res.docxadampcarr67227
"You are a newly-minted, tax-paying and law-abiding, permanent resident of Canada.
In the context of the Canadian multicultural society, you are involved in your community, holding a volunteer office (e.g. VP, Secretary etc.) in your community association.
At the last community meeting several members raised the issue of whether what is going on the Canadian political scene, such as:
the Jody Wilson- Raybould, former federal Justice Minister and Attorney General, story
the Bill Morneau, former federal Minister of Finance, story, and especially
the Julie Payette, former Governor General of Canada, story
are indicative of changes, in the Canadian society, which will impact the country and its communities.
You were asked to write a report, of maxim 8 pages
( .... your community members appreciate effective communication)
, addressing issues such as:
what Julie Payette's case says about employee-employer relations in Canada?
what Bill Morneau's case says about ethics in Canada?
what Jody Wilson-Raybould's case says about globalization, global competition, competitiveness and ethics in Canada?
Your community is generally optimistic about the state of affairs in Canada, and about the future of the country which depends on its functioning democracy.
Are there warning signs and "red flags" to watch for by engaged members of the Canadian society?"
.
You are a new university police chief in a medium-sized city, an.docxadampcarr67227
You are a new university police chief in a medium-sized city, and today is a huge football game. You have received information from a patrol sergeant that one of your male officers is at the football stadium working overtime and wearing an earring and sporting a new, visible and rather risqué tattoo on his lower front arm. The sergeant says that both are highly visible, and that a rudimentary dress code exists in your agency but does not cover earrings. You are aware that the other officers are anxiously watching the situation to see what you do. What are you going to do? Explain yourself.
.
You are a native speaker of French living in a mainly English speaki.docxadampcarr67227
You are a native speaker of French living in a mainly English speaking part of Canada. You would like to send your children to a French school, but none is available. Remembering how the Gaulois culture and language progressively disappeared in what is now France, you would like to alert the French speaking population and its leaders to the importance of having a Francophone system of education
400-500 words
double spaced
tiems new roman
I need by nov 19th at 4pm
.
You are a new high school teacher, and have been captured at the end.docxadampcarr67227
You are a new high school teacher, and have been captured at the end of Open House by a parent who is upset about one of your classroom procedures. You have tried to explain the value of the procedure; however, the parent continues to adamantly disagree and hold you hostage after everyone has left. What do you think would be the best course of action?
.
You are a member of the Human Resource Department of a medium-sized .docxadampcarr67227
You are a member of the Human Resource Department of a medium-sized organization that is implementing a new inter-organizational system that will impact employees, customers, and suppliers. Your manager has requested that you work with the system development team to create a communications plan for the project. He would like to meet with you in two hours to review your thoughts on the KEY OBJECTIVES OF THE COMMUNICATIONS PLAN. What should those objectives be?
.
You are a network analyst on the fly-away team for the FBIs cyberse.docxadampcarr67227
You are a network analyst on the fly-away team for the FBI's cybersecurity sector engagement division. You've been deployed several times to financial institutions to examine their networks after cyberattacks, ranging from intrusions and data exfiltration to distributed denial of services to their network supporting customer transaction websites. A representative from the Financial Services Information Sharing and Analysis Center, FS-ISAC, met with your boss, the chief net defense liaison to the financial services sector, about recent reports of intrusions into the networks of banks and their consortium.
He's provided some of the details of the reports in an email. "Millions of files were compromised, and financial officials want to know who entered the networks and what happened to the information. At the same time, the FS-ISAC has seen extensive distributed denial of service disrupting the bank's networks, impacting the customer websites, and blocking millions of dollars of potential transactions," his email reads.
You realize that the impact from these attacks could cause the downfall of many banks and ultimately create a strain on the US economy. In the email, your chief asks you to travel to one of the banks and using your suite of network monitoring and intrusion detection tools, produce two documents—a report to the FBI and FS-ISAC that contains the information you observed on the network and a joint network defense bulletin to all the banks in the FS-ISAC consortium, recommending prevention methods and remediation against the types of malicious traffic activity that they may face or are facing.
Network traffic analysis and monitoring help to distinguish legitimate traffic from malicious traffic. Network administrators must protect networks from intrusions. This can be done using tools and techniques that use past traffic data to determine what should be allowed and what should be blocked. In the face of constantly evolving threats to networks, network administrators must ensure their intrusion detection and prevention systems are able to analyze, monitor, and even prevent these advanced threats.
In this project, you will research network intrusion and prevention systems and understand their use in a network environment. You will also use monitoring and analysis technologies in the Workspace to compile a Malicious Network Activity Report for financial institutions and a Joint Network Defense Bulletin for a financial services consortium.
The following are the deliverables for this project:
Deliverables
•Malicious Network Activity Report: An eight- to 10-page double-spaced Word document with citations in APA format. The page count does not include figures, diagrams, tables, or citations.
•Joint Network Defense Bulletin: A one- to two-page double-spaced document.
Step 1: Create a Network Architecture Overview
You travel to the various bank locations and gain access to their networks. However, yo.
You are a member of the senior management staff at XYZ Corporation. .docxadampcarr67227
You are a member of the senior management staff at XYZ Corporation. You have historically been using a functional structure set up with five departments: finance, human resources, marketing, production, and engineering.
Create a drawing of your simplified functional structure, identifying the five departments.
Assume you have decided to move to a project structure. What might be some of the environmental pressures that would contribute to your belief that it is necessary to alter the structure?
With the project structure, you have four projects currently ongoing: stereo equipment, instrumentation and testing equipment, optical scanners, and defense communications.
Draw the new structure that creates these four projects as part of the organizational chart.
Text
Title:
Project Management
ISBN: 9780134730332
Authors: Pinto
Publisher: Pearson
Edition: 5TH 19
.
You are a member of the senior hospital administration. You become a.docxadampcarr67227
You are a member of the senior hospital administration. You become aware of a problem involving a long-time and well-respected employee, as well as the supervisor of said employee.
The employee in question is a social worker; a very competent and very conscientious professional. His wife has recently suffered a stroke with significant residual neurological deficit. This has resulted in the necessity that the social worker take days off to care for her; come in late or leave early to take her to medical, physical, or occupational therapy appointments; etc.
It is thought that, because of these demands on his time—and the taxing emotional overlay of dealing with the critical illness of a loved one, while simultaneously dealing with patients and families in similar situations—that his charting fell behind. In fact, it was discovered that he was writing social work notes 1–2 days after the fact, back-dating the notes, and placing them in the patients chart between notes of the same time frame as the date on the note.
When the social worker’s immediate supervisor became aware of this, she told him that such behavior must stop immediately. Given the circumstances, however, she opted to take no further action, did not document this in his personnel file, nor did she advise her superiors.
Other members of the staff became aware of this, and someone reported it to the CEO via a “Tell Us About Problems” Dropbox.
You have been assigned to address these multiple issues of ethics, standards of conduct, truth, and fairness. Also describe what concepts of change management theory you would apply in this situation.
Describe your answer in detail, citing references in APA format where appropriate. Your Journal entry should be at least 500 words.
.
YOU ARE A MEMBER OF THE SENIOR HOSPITAL ADMINISTRATI.docxadampcarr67227
YOU ARE A MEMBER OF THE SENIOR
HOSPITAL ADMINISTRATION.
YOU BECOME AWARE OF A PROBLEM
INVOLVING A LONG-TIME AND WELL-
RESPECTED EMPLOYEE, AS WELL AS THE
SUPERVISOR OF SAID EMPLOYEE.
THE EMPLOYEE IN QUESTION IS A SOCIAL
WORKER; A VERY COMPETENT AND VERY
CONSCIENTIOUS PROFESSIONAL. HIS WIFE
HAS RECENTLY SUFFERED A STROKE WITH
SIGNIFICANT RESIDUAL NEUROLOGICAL
DEFICIT.
THIS HAS RESULTED IN THE NECESSITY THAT
THE SOCIAL WORKER TAKE DAYS OFF TO CARE
FOR HER; COME IN LATE OR LEAVE EARLY TO
TAKE HER TO MEDICAL, PHYSICAL, OR
OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY APPOINTMENTS; ETC.
THAT HIS
CHARTING
FELL BEHIND.
IT IS THOUGHT THAT, BECAUSE OF THESE DEMANDS ON HIS
TIME—AND THE TAXING EMOTIONAL OVERLAY OF DEALING
WITH THE CRITICAL ILLNESS OF A LOVED ONE, WHILE
SIMULTANEOUSLY DEALING WITH PATIENTS AND FAMILIES
IN SIMILAR SITUATIONS—
WHEN THE SOCIAL WORKER’S IMMEDIATE
SUPERVISOR BECAME AWARE OF THIS, SHE TOLD.
IN FACT, IT WAS DISCOVERED THAT HE
WAS WRITING SOCIAL WORK NOTES 1-2
DAYS AFTER THE FACT, BACK-DATING THE
NOTES, AND PLACING THEM IN THE
PATIENTS CHART BETWEEN NOTES OF THE
SAME TIME FRAME AS THE DATE ON THE
NOTE.
GIVEN THE CIRCUMSTANCES,
HOWEVER, SHE OPTED TO TAKE NO
FURTHER ACTION, DID NOT
DOCUMENT THIS IN HIS PERSONNEL
FILE, NOR DID SHE ADVISE HER
SUPERIORS.
JOURNAL TOPIC
POST YOUR RESPONSE ON
THE UNIT 7 JOURNAL AREA.
Other members of the staff became aware of
this, and someone reported it to the CEO via a
“Tell Us About Problems” drop box.
You have been assigned to address these
multiple issues of ethics, standards of conduct,
truth, and fairness. Also describe what concepts
of change management theory you would apply
in this situation.
Describe your answer in detail, citing references
in APA format where appropriate. Your Journal
entry should be at least 500 words.
Slide Number 1Slide Number 2Slide Number 3Slide Number 4
.
You are a member of the Human Resource Department of a medium-si.docxadampcarr67227
You are a member of the Human Resource Department of a medium-sized organization that is implementing a new inter organizational system that will impact employees, customers, and suppliers. Your manager has requested that you work with the system development team to create a communications plan for the project. He would like to meet with you in two hours to review your thoughts on the KEY OBJECTIVES OF THE COMMUNICATIONS PLAN. What should those objectives be?
.
You are a member of the American Indian tribe. Think about how your .docxadampcarr67227
You are a member of the American Indian tribe. Think about how your life has changed since the English settlers (Plymouth Colonists) have settled on your land. How do you feel with them there? Are you happy? Are they happy? Write a letter to the colonists expressing your feelings. Bring in historical facts to make your letter believeable.
Your letter should include:
Describe your life before the arrival of the English settlers.
What were your first impressions on the settlers?
How has having the settlers live nearby changed your life?
Do you think the English settlers have the right to settle in Plymouth? Why or why not?
What can the settlers learn form you, and what can you learn from the settlers?
How can two cultures live together peacefully? What would you have to do to make this happen?
.
You are a juvenile justice consultant creating a proposal that w.docxadampcarr67227
You are a juvenile justice consultant creating a proposal that will be presented to the state legislature concerning the future of the juvenile justice system.
Create
a 10- to 15-slide Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation, including speaker notes, detailing your proposal. Address recommendations for all aspects of the system, including:
Community involvement
Law enforcement
Courts and sentencing
Corrections
Include
a justification for the system based on history, trends, causation theories, and potential for reform.
.
You are a journalist and you have been sent off to write a story abo.docxadampcarr67227
You are a journalist and you have been sent off to write a story about a break in at a local school. You write for the local paper entitled The Local Post. This is the information that you have got so far.
Things that were stolen include:
Five laptop computers
Money that was raised for Comic Relief
Two digital cameras
The school is called Rosedale Primary School and the Head teacher's name is Mr John Jones.
People that could be interviewed are:
The Head teacher
Mrs Milton - a parent
Mr Thompson - lives down the road
The police have investigated and viewed the CCTV footage. There are two men seen committing this crime, covered in black clothing. Police are appealing for witnesses to come forward.
.
You are a juvenile court probation officer. You have a choice of.docxadampcarr67227
You are a juvenile court probation officer. You have a choice of programs including; mandatory counseling, family counseling, removal from the home and placing in foster care, diversion, incarceration in a youth home or mandatory participation in a 10 week boot camp. You must make recommendations to the judge for sentencing. You must use all the alternatives for the group and you can’t use more than one alternative twice. Make recommendations for each juvenile and explain your rationale. Note your difficulties and what further information you would have liked. Finally what is the overwhelming need for each person and how are you addressing that in your program.
Sally is 13 and lives in the suburbs of Fort Wayne. She was caught riding in a stolen car with two friends from high school. Sally has no record – her mother tells you that Sally was a model child until last year when her father died. Since then Sally’s grades have dropped and she has become unmanageable.
John is 16 and lives in Indianapolis. He has a long juvenile record dating back to when he was 10. John’s prior offenses include arson, disorderly conduct, larceny and assault (3). John was arrested for stealing lawn ornaments worth $23.00. John is unsupervised (no parental control) and missed his last probation meeting.
Don is 14 and lives in the inner-city of Gary, Indiana. Don has no father and his mother is a crack addict. Don lives by himself for long periods of time. In the past Don was arrested for stealing food from a local bakery. Don admitted to the theft, but noted he hadn’t eaten in two days. Don was removed from home – but was returned to his mother one year later. Don was arrested for possession of crack cocaine – it was believed he was selling.
Darlene is 12 and lives in the suburbs with her mother, step-father and new baby sister. Darlene has been in juvenile court a number of times in the past year for being a runaway. She was petitioned last month by her step-father for being incorrigible. Darlene refused to follow the family rules and is defiant to her step-father. Darlene is very intelligent and is openly disrespectful to her mother and step-father.
Stephen Holmes is 16 and lives in Noblesville. His father is a salesman and his mother is an executive with General Advertising Inc. Stephen has a prior record for larceny. Last month Stephen got into a fight with his brother who is 17. After the fight was over Stephen took his father’s gun and shot his brother in the head instantly killing him.
Papers will be completed in Word Format as an attachment. The papers will be typed in Times New Roman using 12 font. Papers will be double-spaced. The papers will be at least 500 words in length. The papers will be a critical examination of a topic area chosen by the instructor. Students are encouraged to critically examine and question a topic area in detail using their book.
.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
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The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
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Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
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Hum 104, Lecture notes 2014, class VIIIChapter 23, The Contempor.docx
1. Hum 104, Lecture notes 2014, class VIII
Chapter 23, The Contemporary World, 1970-2014
Globalization, Terrorism, Postmodernism
I quote-
New York’s World Trade Center (WTC) Project- a post-modern
complex set to be completed in 2014-is a powerful symbol of
today’s complex, global world. The first WTC, sited on the
East River, just steps from Wall Street, was finished in 1973. A
modernist jewel, its twin glass towers seemed to signal two
messages: the United States is a super power and New York is a
major player in the emerging global economy. Those messages
were strengthened in 1990, with the end of the cold war and the
breakup of the Soviet Union. Even a failed bombing attack
against the WTC by Islamic radicals in 1993, only briefly
disrupted the period’s generally optimistic mood. But, on
September 11, 2011, all of that changed. Islamic radicals
brought down the Twin Towers, causing great loss of life. An
outraged nation, led by President George W. Bush, vowed to
avenge the attacks and rebuild the World Trade Center.
The destruction of the World Trade Center divides this period
into two phases: toward a new global order, 1970-2001; and the
Age of Terrorism, 1970-present. Before 9/11, the West, driven
by globalization and a booming economy, envisioned the future
as a peaceful, unified, multicultural world. After 9/11, that
global vision was challenged. Conflicts between the West and
Islamic radicals, which had been sporadic for decades, now
moved to a higher level, most notably in wars against the
Islamic states of Iraq and Afghanistan. The globalization ideal
remained dominant in cultural conversation. The global
economy boomed until the Great Recession that began in 2008.
Today, the economy, though shaky, shows many signs of
recovery-offering hope for the future. And the 2011 Arab
Spring uprisings have, once again, caused the West to rethink
its relationship to the Islamic world.
2. End of quote.
No big wars marked the 70s, but little wars continued. Ethnic
conflicts proliferated, and the globe shrank. Détente was the
word of the moment as the super-powers became more open
with each other, especially economically.
OPEC began to oppose the buying nations that had founded the
group. In 1974, they embargoed the sale of oil to the US and
Western Europe which led to gasoline shortages, high prices at
the pump, and rationing. Some states used an odd/even license
plate number to decide which day its owner could get fuel, and
some stations sold gasoline only to their regulars and then an
appointment was needed.
Presidents of the US during the age were: Richard Nixon, who
ended the war in Viet Nam; opened dialogue with China, but
wound up resigning from office because of his involvement in
the Watergate cover-up. Gerald Ford, appointed VP when Spiro
Agnew was forced to resign that office, served the rest of
Nixon’s term and brought some calm to the country’s politics.
Jimmy Carter, a peanut farmer and former governor of Georgia,
was elected during the bicentennial year of 1976. As a
Washington outsider, he had little success with legislative
efforts and was president during the entire Iran hostage crisis.
From Nixon through Carter, the US faced adversity at home and
abroad and lost much of its swagger.
That changed with the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980. He
restored the national mood by pursuing a 300 ship navy that
helped the economy and the nation’s outlook. Reaganomics
were a hit with the conservatives even though taxes increased
and the trade gap appeared. Disparity of wealth widened the
gap between rich and poor. George H. W. Bush succeeded
Reagan, invaded Iraq and freed Kuwait. Still, the economy
tanked and he lost the election to Bill Clinton in 1992. Clinton
was a great consensus builder, balanced the budget and created
a surplus, failed to pass a sweeping health care plan, and had
personal morality issues. George W. Bush was elected in 2000.
He got a major education initiative, No Child Left Behind
3. (NCLB) passed. He was surrounded by scoundrels including his
VP, Dick Cheney. He invaded Afghanistan after 9/11, but lost
focus and invaded Iraq. He spent Clinton’s budget surplus and
reduced tax income while sponsoring two wars creating a huge
budget deficit. Barack Obama became the country’s first
African heritage President. The Affordable Care Act was
passed during his first term, but an intractable stalemate with
the Republican House of Representatives and on-going budget
issues have stopped progress on many fronts.
Tension rose between the United States and Russia when the
Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan and suppressed Poland’s
Solidarity movement. Tensions were reduced when Mikhail
Gorbachev became premier. He was reasonable to work with as
he realized that the Soviet Union did not have the economic
strength to compete with the US. The Berlin Wall that had been
constructed in 1961 came down in 1989. The Soviet Union was
dissolved, but Russia retained a commonwealth arrangement
with some of the ethnic republics. After 1989, the US was the
only super-power for awhile. It did not support the UN all the
time as it chose its own alliances and actions when it suited. In
South Africa apartheid ended in 1994. In the East, Japan’s
economy had melted down on badly overvalued real estate and
was not recovering quickly. This should remind you of the US
recession’s primary cause in 2008.
Globalization, trading blocks, the Internet, and e-trading
changed everything. Dot com stocks climbed far beyond
company earnings, and driven by greed, the market crashed in
2001. Sound familiar? Globalization saw a rapid rise in out-
sourcing and off-shoring.
The Middle-East saw wars between Israel and its neighbors in
1967 and 1073. President Carter worked to create dialogue
between Egypt and Israel. In 1979, the Shah of Iran was forced
from office and replaced by a theocratic government under the
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, and Iran moved away from the
westernization experienced under the Shah. In 1980 Iran was
invaded by Iraq under Saddam Hussein, and a stalemate ensued
4. until 1988. In 1990, Hussein invaded Kuwait. The first Gulf
War followed with a US lead coalition driving his army out of
Kuwait but leaving Hussein in power. Iraq used equipment
mostly from Russia, and it proved seriously inferior to the US
hardware.
Early Modernism was maybe a golden age, but its adherents
harbored doubts about traditional ethics, morality, and religion.
It was a culture of the masses. Late Modernism was Existential
with a loss of faith in past and future. Art was stripped of all
extras.
Postmodernism in the late 70s returned to an optimistic view of
history. People tended to think good was going to happen, the
world would be stable, and man could again look to the past and
future. People went back toward the roots of western tradition.
The feeling of optimism existed until 2008 in spite of all the
world’s issues. Even terrorism such as the first attack on the
WTC in 1993, the Oklahoma City bombing of 1995, and the
second WTC attack in 2001 were brief interludes in the era’s
generally optimistic outlook that survived the terrorism, wars,
the early 1990’s recession, and AIDS. The Great Recession
beginning in 2008 seems to have tempered optimism pretty
substantially.
Advances in medicine bolstered optimism. DNA work and stem
cells offer great possibilities. Advancing science also poses
questions in areas such as cloning and genetically altered food.
Cell phones and other technology advances seriously erode
privacy, and Orwell’s, 1984, seems off mostly in its date!
Pope, now Saint, John XXIII (1958-1963) called the Second
Vatican Council to order, but he did not live to see its
conclusion. Pope Paul VI (1963-1978) saw Vatican Council II
to its conclusion and implemented many of its reforms. Pope,
now Saint, John Paul II (1978-2005) was the first non-Italian to
be Pope in 455 years. He helped hasten the fall of the USSR.
He reached out to other religions, but he was a conservative on
most gender and social issues. Pope Benedict XVI served from
April 2005 until retiring in February of 2013. Sex and financial
5. scandals rocked the church during his reign. Pope Francis of
Buenos Aries, Argentina assumed his position on March 13,
2013. His inclusionary style and care for the poor have resulted
in much acclaim as has his simplistic life style that he also
urges on the church’s bishops and cardinals.
Islamic radicalism or militarism is very active. Groups ranging
from Al Qaeda to Hezbollah, to Hamas, to the Muslim
Brotherhood, to the Taliban create pressure militarily and
politically on mainstream Islam and to the West as well. They
are alternatives for many who suffer under dysfunctional,
corrupt regimes, or who wish to raise strong voices against
Israel and the West. Russia is again saber rattling under
Vladimir Putin as Ukraine teeters on the edge of civil war.
North Korea continues to appear unstable as it seeks to have
nuclear weapons and delivery systems and as it keeps tensions
high with South Korea, Japan, and the USA.
In the arts, literature is mostly entertainment instead of classic
caliber writing though in South America, Columbian writer,
Gabriel Garcia Marquez, won a Nobel Prize in 1967.
Postmodernist painters don’t exhibit a uniform style.
Abstraction plays a major role, and much of the Neoclassicism
of the 20th century looks like Post Impressionism of the late
1800’s. Music is all over the board from rap and hip hop to
rock, in its many variations. Opera, symphonies, musical
theater, jazz and blues continue to have significant audiences.
Music can now be accessed through many forms of technology.
Hum 104, Lecture notes 2014, class VI
Chapter 21, Age of the Masses and Zenith of Modernism, 1914-
1945
This was also an age of crisis. The era began with the Great
War, followed by the Bolshevik Revolution, the Great
Depression, and another great war, World War II. It was also
the era where the common man moved onto center stage and
challenged the Bourgeoisie as they had once challenged the
aristocracy.
6. The Great War, World War I, happened because of the central
European powers’ desire to reestablish their place of
preeminence that had not been theirs for 200 years. Western
Europe was organized as the Triple Entente and was made up of
Great Britain, France, and Russia. The central powers of
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy were joined by treaty as
the Triple Alliance. The Entente had as a goal the stopping of
Germany’s expansion. Don’t forget that Germany had only
been truly unified since 1871 through the efforts of William I
(Wilhelm I), King of Prussia and his Prime Minister, Otto von
Bismarck. After Wilhelm I’s death in 1888, Wilhelm II (Kaiser
Wilhelm of War I) fired Bismarck and made the decisions that
lead Germany to the war. The Great War became the great,
expensive, deadly stalemate from 1914-1917. It was trench
warfare as the machine gun proved to be a great people killer,
and no offensive technology had yet been proven as its equal.
Mustard gas incapacitated many and left lungs scarred for life.
Fresh troops made available by the USA’s entry into the war in
1917 more than made up for Russia’s withdrawal because of the
Bolsheviks. Unrestricted submarine warfare brought the US
into the conflict. The war ended with Germany’s surrender in
1918 and the signing of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. The
site was the same as that of the 1871 treaty imposed upon
France after Prussia’s victory. France had felt humiliated then,
and Germany felt that they were being purposefully humiliated
in 1919. Their opinion was shared by John Maynard Keynes,
the English treasury’s principal representative at the treaty
conference. He withdrew from the discussions, as he thought
the resulting treaty would be too burdensome on Germany. In
addition the treaty called for a League of Nations to help
resolve issues so that no future war would take place. The
concept was strongly supported by President Woodrow Wilson,
but the League remained too weak to be effective, largely
because the US congress did not ratify the treaty and the US
never became part of the League. Hence, the seeds were sown
for another Great War.
7. In the Middle East, the Ottoman Empire ended as Turkey had
chosen the wrong side. In the early 1920s, the area was
partitioned by the victors. France established a sphere of
influence that included Syria and Lebanon. England got
Transjordan (Jordan), Palestine, and the Mesopotamian
provinces of Mosul, Baghdad, and Basra which it turned into the
Kingdom of Iraq. This fusion ignored deep differences between
Sunni and Shia Muslims and tribal and ethnic differences among
Arabs, Kurds, Persians and Assyrians. 1917’s Balfour
Declaration by Britain supported Palestine as a national home
for the Jewish people. Egypt became a British protectorate,
Greece got Thrace and the Aegean Islands; Armenia became a
free country; and Turkey emerged from the rubble of the
Ottoman Empire. Saudi Arabia was founded by Ibn Saud as a
fundamentalist Islamic State. It is a major player on the world
stage as the home of Islam’s holiest cities, Mecca and Medina,
and later (1938) because of discovering huge oil reserves. In
Egypt, the Muslim Brotherhood was founded in 1928 and had 2
million members across the Arab world by 1945.
In Great Britain and France, boom times returned, but none of
the wealth went to helping Central Europe. The United States
brought its Expeditionary Force home and returned to the
position of isolationism. Great economic boom times filled the
1920s only to be undone by “uncontrolled greed and no
government monitoring” that lead to the stock market crash of
1929. (Scenes from The Great Gatsby). This ultimately
triggered the Great Depression in the United States (Scenes
from The Grapes of Wrath) that lead to severe economic
problems in Europe. Great Britain and France scrapped free
trade but did not intervene to lower unemployment. Germany
failed to act, and the economic disaster lead to the end of the
Weimar Republic. Franklin Roosevelt fought the Depression
and its huge unemployment with a number of government
programs including the New Deal’s CCC, PWA projects, Social
Security, etc. Still, nothing brought the economy fully back
until World War II got manufacturing going full speed. As the
8. west suffered, Japan flourished. While nominally headed by
God on Earth, Emperor Hirohito, the military/industrial
complex drove a militaristic, expansionist course. While the
west was distracted, Japan invaded Manchuria and China and
later moved into the East Indies and Southeast Asia.
Socially in the United States, prohibition was ushered in by the
18th Amendment in 1920 and lasted until repealed by the 21st
Amendment in 1933. Women got the vote in 1920 as a result of
the 19th Amendment. In civil rights, separate but equal was still
in force including in the military. Women had gotten the vote
in Britain in 1918. Britain now faced issues with its Indian
colony. Mistrust between Hindus and Muslims kept dissonance
fractured until Mohandas Gandhi became leader of the National
Indian Congress in 1921. His legal training, knowledge of east
and west, and his commitment to amity between Hindus and
Muslims allowed him to lead the movement that was non-
violent and lead to Indian independence.
Politically, as of 1919 democracy was in place in most of
Europe. But by 1939 Germany, Austria, Hungary, Italy, Spain,
Bulgaria, and Rumania were totalitarian. That is, the
government made all decisions including proper art, literature,
thought, etc. It decided what was truth. Russia was communist
under Josef Stalin; Italy and Germany were Fascist under
Mussolini and Hitler respectively. Spain’s monarchy was
overthrown in the early 1930s. Conservatives, including the
Catholic Church sought to restore the monarchy, and a civil war
ensued. The conservatives won, and General Francisco Franco
assumed power in 1939. The civil war gave Germany and Italy
an opportunity to practice for the coming total war. They
supported General Franco while Russia backed the losers.
Ernest Hemmingway was moved by this conflict to write For
Whom the Bell Tolls.
Hemmingway was a fairly traditional writer who mostly enjoyed
the man sports of drinking with friends, and chasing beautiful
women. F. Scott Fitzgerald was one of that circle of authors,
including Hemmingway, with one foot in the Paris scene. Other
9. writers of the era were more prone to experiment in an effort to
control instability and impose order. Stream of consciousness
writing featured narrative of the characters’ unedited thoughts
through whom readers experienced the story. James Joyce’s
masterpiece was Ulysses, and its last 45 pages had no
punctuation. Virginia Woolf in Great Britain and William
Faulkner in the United States wrote in similar fashion. Other
writers had other approaches. D. H. Lawrence in England
expressed modernism through sexual themes such as found in
Lady Chatterley’s Lover which was about personal freedom.
The Englishman, George Orwell wrote Animal Farm to satirize
Russian communism, but he also wrote 1984 to warn about the
wider threat of repression and totalitarianism. NSA anyone?
In poetry, William Butler Yeats was a romantic writer who
began to change in 1910 and became fully anti-British after
their heavy handed response to 1916’s Easter Rebellion (The
Easter rising was an attempt by Irish republicans to free Ireland
from being part of Great Britain. The English were in the midst
of the Great War, and put the rising down with heavy weapons
that included artillery). Ex-pat American writer, T. S. Eliot
wrote The Wasteland which described the hollowness of modern
life. On the other hand, he also wrote Cats. In the US Langston
Hughes, the black modernist poet wrote of the movement of
rural blacks to the cities and to the Harlem Renaissance of the
1920s. Zora Neale Hurston wrote of a black woman’s
experience in a white male world in Their Eyes Were Watching
God. Painting in the Modernist style moved close to the
abstract. Picasso was an abstract painter while Salvador Dali
was more surreal as he added bizarre twists, often including
sexual innuendo to ordinary things. Photography continued to
evolve as an art form, and pictures began to tell stories about
ordinary people.
Mass entertainment gained a wider audience than did
Modernism. Movies went from short, silent, and humorous to
more serious topics, to full length with sound. Music moved to
swing with jazz and blues still there. All the forms reached
10. wider audiences through radio and records. Duke Ellington,
Billie Holliday, Louis Armstrong, and Ella Fitzgerald were
leaders on the scene.
We’ll talk about World War II next week.
Hum 104, Lecture notes 2014, class V
Chapter 20, Age of Early Modernism 1871-1914
Peace and prosperity in Europe hid rampant nationalism,
aggressive imperialism, and growing militarism.
This was the 40+ year beginning of the Age of Modernism.
Modernism itself would last for 100 years. Middle classes
drove change, and their political power grew every day.
The first industrial revolution of the early 19th century was
mostly England, but the emerging second industrial revolution
saw Germany and the United States challenge her position.
Science and research improved processes and products. The
internal combustion engine came into being as did the wide
spread use of electricity. Telephone and radio also appeared.
Public education became secular and nearly universal. Its role
was to better prepare youth to enter the manufacturing
economy’s work force. Women began to move into careers
outside the home that included teaching, nursing, sales, and
clerical work. Some college programs opened to women as
well. Suffrage movements grew throughout the period. After
this time, women got the vote in England in 1918 and in 1920 in
the United States. Unified Germany’s government was
paramilitary. France waffled as its republicans and monarchists
failed to reach compromise to move forward. Great Britain’s
upper and middle class ruled, but they did pass some social
legislation to help the poorest citizens.
In the US, immigration was in full bloom, and though many
immigrants were not accepted at first, most eventually entered
the mainstream and contributed to the economy and to the
culture in general.
Imperialism saw European nations fight for colonies as sources
of raw materials and as new markets for manufactured goods.
11. France and Britain got the best of the colonies, especially on the
African continent, as Germany and Italy got the leftovers.
Colonial governments were established, trading companies
founded, and raw materials exploited. Most of Africa was under
colonial rule until the second half of the 20th century. The
United States, European nations, and Japan got south Pacific
possessions and trading rights to China.
Secret alliances were the norm and were thought to help
maintain peace. Primary alliances were the Triple Entente that
included France, Great Britain, and Russia, while the Triple
Alliance was made up of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
Meanwhile, after 1830 the Ottoman Empire continued to
decline. As a result, Europe expanded its influence more deeply
into the Islamic world through trade and conflict. This
incursion into North Africa was mostly by Britain and France,
while Russia and Austria were the big players in the Balkans.
Unfortunately, greater involvement did not lead to greater
understanding. The Muslim world continued to be
misunderstood. In the minds of Europeans and Americans, it
was thought to be an exotic, forbidden area filled with squalor
and crime. This view is known as Orientalism. From 1839-
1914 three consecutive sultans tried to westernize North Africa,
but they were constantly thwarted by conservatives who wanted
to return to the old ways, and by nationalists who sought
independence from Istanbul. The colonial powers, led by
England and the Dutch, took control of the East Indies.
England tried and failed to control Afghanistan but did add
India to the empire. Russia and Great Britain squabbled over
Persia and eventually partitioned it. Russia proved to be the
Ottoman Empire’s major threat to the north against whom two
wars were fought in Crimea, and those wars showed the
weakness of counting on England and France for help. Hence,
the Ottomans moved toward alliance with Germany. When war
broke out, Turkey sided with the Germans.
The peace ended in 1914 with the outbreak of World War. In
Sarajevo, Austria-Hungary (Bosnia); Archduke Franz
12. Ferdinand, heir to the throne, and his wife, Sophia, were
assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a Serb who was part of a
movement to split the southern Slav portion of the nation away
to form a greater Serbia, later Yugoslavia. Austrians blamed
the Russian state of Serbia. Serbia’s response didn’t suit
Austria, so World War was game on.
Early modernists thought that the golden era was dawning. Self
government, good science and technology equaled a better
standard of living for many, but a mood of uncertainty was
beginning to creep in. Artists and thinkers questioned
traditional western ethics, values, and religion in general.
Artists came to believe that the creative art process was more
important than the completed work.
In psychology, Sigmund Freud challenged the Enlightenment
idea that man was fully rational. He thought that self (psyche)
was composed of the id (primitive instinctual drives and
desires, such as sex and aggression); super ego (the will of
society, i.e., conscience); and ego (the public face of the battle
between id and super ego, a balancing component). Carl Jung, a
contemporary of Freud, saw a collective universal unconscious
shared by all humans, and an individual personal unconscious.
Both Freud and Jung agreed that the conscious mind is a very
small part an individual’s personality. That belief is the
cornerstone of Modernism.
Religious groups began to work for social justice. They
supported settlement houses and soup kitchens. Some
evangelicals felt betrayed by the liberalization of US
Christianity, and became fundamentalists. They held to the
infallibility of the Bible, the need to be born again, the truth of
miracles, and belief in the resurrection. The movement led to
the founding of the Church of God, the Pentecostal Church, the
Assemblies of God, etc. They shared the belief that speaking in
tongues was a sign of the presence of the Holy Spirit.
In Germany, Bismarck tried to keep Catholics from being part
of government. When he didn’t manage that, he made peace
with the new pope. Still, his government maintained oversight
13. of priests and continued to expel Jesuits until 1917.
Literature was all over the place. French writer Emile Zola and
Russian writer Anton Chekov championed naturalism. They
wrote detailed stories about real life situations. Henrik Ibsen of
Norway wrote about middleclass life in his country and of
problems common to those people. A decadent movement in
writing was led by Oscar Wilde who wrote with a relaxed view
of moral requirements.
In science Mendel’s 1865 genetic theories were substantiated by
others. Madam Marie Curie, a Polish and naturalized French
physicist and chemist discovered the radioactive elements
polonium and radium. Nels Bohr solved for the structure of the
atom.
In engineering and architecture, carbon steel allowed taller
buildings to be constructed. Frank Lloyd Wright championed
the organic design for homes. The structure needed to fit with
its location. He designed the famous “Falling Waters” in
Pennsylvania that fit into a hillside and stream environment. A
home outside Phoenix was comfortable in its desert setting.
In art, Impressionism challenged the norms and France’s
Academy. Like the Realists it saw beauty in the everyday world
and often painted outdoors. From the Romantics, Impressionists
learned to break colors into component hues. The title,
Impressionists, started as a put down for their slapdash, messy,
non-traditional images. Monet was the most famous and
committed of the school. Manet, Georges Seurat, Paul Cezanne,
Paul Gauguin, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Vincent Van Gogh
were Impressionists, but some were also transitional to Post-
Impressionism. Cezanne moved toward abstraction and cubism.
Later, Pablo Picasso moved painting even closer to abstraction.
In music, Claude Debussy, was the Impressionist equivalent
with music that seemed to show color and mood. In the US,
jazz, blues, and ragtime appeared and were this country’s
musical contribution.
14. Hum 104, Lecture notes 2014, class IV
Chapter 18, Revolution, Reaction, and Cultural Response 1760-
1830
There were 3 major revolutions between 1760 and 1830. The
first and longest lasting was the Industrial Revolution.
Throughout the 18th century, small farm plots were
consolidated and enclosed by the wealthy land owners. This
made farming more productive. Advances in methods and
technology allowed a decrease in the number of workers, so
many farmers began moving toward towns. By the middle of
the century, conditions pushed England toward
industrialization. Population growth created workers and
markets. The era of peace and good financial management freed
money for investment. Colonies provided raw materials and
markets. The biggest changes in moving from an agricultural
and cottage industry based economy to industrialization were
the replacing of people with machines of production; replacing
people and animals as sources of power with water and steam
power; and the introduction of new and abundant raw materials
such as better coal and iron ore. Cottage industry was basically
eliminated. Furniture building, weaving, etc. moved from
workers’ homes to factories. Workers moved near the factories
and lived in squalor as capitalists had little regard for their
needs. Capitalists and workers were at extreme ends of the new
social order and relations were strained.
Adam Smith, the Scottish economist, advocated for the laissez-
faire (hands-off) system of capitalism. This classical economic
system was also advocated by Thomas Malthus and David
Ricardo who said that a free market system based on private
property would automatically regulate prices and profits to the
benefit of all. Smith based his Wealth of Nations on an
agriculture and commerce model, but business in the industrial
era saw it verifying their activities. Smith argued that the
entrepreneurs, because of enlightened self-interest, would get
rich but would also raise everyone’s standard of living if
government stayed out of business.
15. Malthus foresaw a world burdened by misery if population
continued to grow. Population grows geometrically while he
saw food availability growing arithmetically. Hence, war,
plague and other disasters were necessary to limit population.
His writing persuaded many in the middle classes that laborers
couldn’t be helped, because they were responsible for their own
thoughtless habits and deeds.
Ricardo wrote in his “iron law of wages” that laborers’ wages
would always hover around the subsistence level, and that the
workers would never be able to improve their standard of living
beyond that. Malthus and Ricardo argued that the working class
was inevitably mired in poverty.
The American Revolution saw its first skirmish between British
soldiers and colonials, who were upset with taxation without
representation, in 1775. The next year saw the Declaration of
Independence spell out what the colonials believed a nation
should look like. The war ended in favor of the colonies in
1783. The first form of government for the now independent
colonies was a confederation. It proved unsatisfactory, and a
representative democracy in republic form was instituted by
written Constitution and Bill of Rights beginning in 1789. It
featured the balance of power first advocated by John Locke
(1690) and Montesquieu (1748), and though it applied only to
free men, it was the first successful democracy since 5th
century BCE Greece.
The French Revolution began in 1789. It was much more a
class war than was its American precursor. The peasants, who
had no say in their relationships with the aristocracy, revolted.
The most violent period of time was 1792-1795 with 1793-1794
known as the Reign of Terror. The Guillotine got much of its
fearsome reputation during those years. A moderate republic
was formed in 1795, but it didn’t have power enough to
overcome the problems of unrest, a moribund economy, etc., so
they asked for help from the army. This resulted in the
republic’s overthrow by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1799. In 1804
he became emperor and remained so until 1815. Domestically,
16. he created a code of legal principles. He also invaded other
nations initiating the Napoleonic Wars. This upset Europe’s
balance of power, and caused other nations to ally against him.
His failed attempt to invade Russia in 1812, from which Hitler
learned nothing, signaled the beginning of the end. He was
defeated at Waterloo in 1815. England’s Duke of Wellington
won the land battle 10 years after Horatio Nelson’s English
fleet defeated the Franco-Spanish fleet at Trafalgar. Nelson
was killed during the battle that restricted Napoleon to the
continent.
Islam and the West
After 1699s Treaty of Karlowitz, Ottoman rule over most
Christians in the Balkans ended. Ottomans were divided
between wanting to westernize or to stay true to the Qur’an and
Islamic teachings. Sultans struggled to keep the peace at home
and fought borderland wars against Russia who was sometimes
joined by Austria. Ottoman Crimea was lost to Russia in the
late 18th century. Seeing the Ottomans as weakened, Napoleon
invaded Egypt in 1798. It came under French influence and
gave them a stage for their successful 20 year effort to take
control of Algeria. Greece gained its independence from the
Ottomans in 1830 after a brutal 9 year war.
Socially, Neoclassicism ended and Romanticism began.
Romantics thought Neoclassicism was cold and artificial. They
glorified an unruly nature, unrestrained feelings, and mysteries
of the soul. Their art was emotionally unbounded and untamed.
In music Beethoven was the best known composer. He used the
classical forms of sonata, symphony, stringed quartets, but
made them longer to show feeling.
Chapter 19, Triumph of the Bourgeoisie 1830-1871
The Bourgeoisie were the well-to-do non-aristocrats. The
Proletariat were blue collar and under employed citizens, and
the two classes would repeatedly clash during the era. Socially
and artistically, Romanticism faded and was replaced by
Realism. Stories and paintings were about real people and their
17. everyday struggles. Politically, Liberalism promoted
guaranteed free speech, but mostly the rules allowed
bourgeoisie to be free of the aristocrats. They promoted
laissez-faire and the rich got richer while tightening control
over the workers.
Repressive policies imposed on France by the Congress Of
Vienna in 1815 after Napoleon’s defeat lead to revolt in 1830
(no one learned much from this come 1918). The revolt tossed
the last Bourbon king, but the new government became a tool of
the rich. Only male property owners could vote. In February of
1848, little revolutions began in Paris that overthrew rulers in
many European nations. But armies, aristocrats, and the church
rallied together to defeat usually disorganized rebels. Many
former rulers returned to power. After the failed revolutions,
the idealism of liberals, reformers, and nationalists gave way to
the unsentimental vision of politics backed by force known as
Realpolitik or power politics. Napoleon III, nephew of
Napoleon I, ruled with the help of the well-to-do middle class
and provided social services and subsidies to the poor.
Otto von Bismarck, Prime Minister of Prussia and future
architect of a unified Germany, said that only power could rule.
Britain, reached its apex. A liberal coalition extended voting
rights to many more, but it was still required to own some
property.
German states tended to reject liberalism and to embrace
militant nationalism. There was a real competition between
Austria and Prussia for control of central Europe. William I
became King of Prussia in 1861 and Bismarck was appointed
Prime Minister. In 1866 he united the German states and
principalities around Prussia at the expense of France and
Austria. Bismarck started a crisis that forced France to declare
war. Prussia won and in 1871 the first Treaty of Versailles
proclaimed the German Empire and sowed the seeds for World
War I.
Industrialization and technology began to shrink the world.
Railroads and steam boats connected people physically and
18. telegraph did the same verbally. Advances allowed raw
materials and factories to be located far apart. In 1866 a
telegraph cable crossed the Atlantic. National postal services
started. Steam ships shrunk the oceans, and the Suez Canal
opened making trips around the Horn of Africa unnecessary,
further shrinking the globe.
Class struggles continued as the rich again got richer and the
poor got slums. More white men got to vote, but not all could,
and only aristocrats were able to get some government posts.
Liberalism advocated for all individuals to have freedom from
external controls. People should have written guarantee to
freedom of speech and religion. Suffrage and laissez-faire
economics were the rule in England, France, and Belgium.
They were not the norm in Italy, Central and Eastern Europe,
and in tsarist Russia. Liberalism supported bourgeois values,
but socialism seemed the way of the future to many workers and
intellectuals. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels became authors
of the Communist Manifesto which became the bible of
socialists. Marx foresaw a revolt by the proletariat and their
initiation of a classless society.
Mainstream religions became evangelical. Protestant
evangelical movements affected all of the US traditions except
Lutheran and Episcopalian. In England Methodists were at the
core. All evangelicals focused on being reborn and on
sanctification, the redeeming of sinners by the Holy Spirit. The
movement became holiness which stressed living right after
being reborn. The YMCA, YWCA, and the Salvation Army got
their starts then as non-sectarian, self-help programs.
German Christians started to see that the Bible was written by
humans and was therefore capable of error and open to some
interpretation.
Science also seemed to assail the church teachings. The story
of creation in 6 days was more an interpretation than an error.
Darwinism was harder to reconcile. Louis Pasteur’s science
improved health by honoring the germ theory. He introduced
the importance of sanitation and using sterile technique to
19. prevent most infection and much disease. Art moved from
neoclassic to romantic to Realism. Bourgeois were not really
enlightened, so the liked less refined art. France created the
Royal Academy of Painting that certified whether a work met
their rules.
In writing Realism began to appear in the 1840s. It focused on
ordinary people without idealizing them. Art became a truth
instead of cold like Neoclassicism or exaggerated like
Romanticism. Hugo wrote of Jean Val jean in Les Miserables.
The Bronte sisters wrote Wurthering Heights (Emily) and Jane
Eyre (Charlotte). Transcendentalism, which was critical of
formal religion, rose in the US. Its adherents felt that the
divinity is accessible without it as the Divine Spirit is
everywhere in everything. Henry David Thoreau’s most
influential work, Walden, is the virtual bible of the green
movement. In Russia the Realists, Leo Tolstoy, War and Peace,
Anna Karenina, and Fydor Dostoyevsky, Crime and Punishment,
The Brothers Karamozov, were the literary elite. In the USthe
slave narrative, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas by
Douglas broke new ground. A new art form appeared, and it
was called photography.
Hum 104, Lecture notes class III
Chapter 16 Baroque II, Revolutions in Science and Politics
The time had arrived for the geocentric theory of the universe to
be found not valid. The first of the age to espouse the
heliocentric model was Polish thinker and astronomer,
Copernicus (1543). It was over a century later in 1687 that Sir
Isaac Newton proved it using mathematics. This age tried to
use simpler proofs to prove theories. Galileo used lenses from
Dutch lens grinders to make a telescope that could see stars not
visible to the naked eye. This technology ended theories such
as the moon having a smooth surface and only earth having a
moon when 4 of Jupiter’s could be seen. The theory of inertia
came into being, and Newton used math to prove the theory of
20. gravity.
Little happened in medicine, because the church still prohibited
the violation of a corpse. Hence, there were no dissections.
Technology produced a vertical clock with an hours and a
seconds pendulum. This was the most precise clock to that
time.
In political philosophy, Thomas Hobbs theorized absolutism.
He thought that an authority figure was needed to keep man’s
destructive impulses in check. John Locke believed man’s
nature was potentially good and that man could govern on his
own.
Don’t forget that exploration and expansion are in full bloom.
Ideas began to be spread among all interested and educated
people. Royal academies were founded in England and France
for that purpose.
Chapter 17, Age of Reason (1700-1789)
There were 4 major trends as the age began. They were:
continued growth in power for the sovereign, centralized states
of France, Great Britain (England and Scotland from 1707),
Prussia, Austria, Russia, and the Netherlands; return to
prominence of the aristocracy; rise of the middle class
politically and culturally; and the intellectual and cultural
movement of the enlightenment. The enlightenment saw truth
sought through math and science, rationalism, empiricism,
skepticism, and the scientific method.
In art, music and architecture the movement was from Baroque
to Rococo and then to Neoclassical. Movement was also away
from religious themes and toward the secular.
Politically, the era was pretty calm with no wars in Europe from
1715-1789. Don’t forget, however, that the American
Revolution involved Great Britain and, to a lesser extent,
France from 1775-1783. There was reasonable economic
growth, partly because of exploration and colonies. Population
had begun to shift from rural to urban. Aristocrats made up 3%
of the population, but they had most of the money and power.
21. The wealthier merchants were increasing and had the next
largest slice of the money.
Great Britain had turned to the German Hanoverian kings after
Queen Anne’s death in 1714. The House of Hanover, rulers of
the Hanover principality, stemmed from a great grandson of
James I. Of these kings, George I ruled from 1714-1727. His
primary interest was in Germany, and he allowed Parliament to
exercise most power in England. George II was king from
1727-1760. He, along with Austria and Prussia, got kind of
suckered into a 7 year war with France, but won. Great Britain
got France’s North American and Indian possessions. Great
Britain found itself on center stage in European affairs until the
early 20th century. George III (1760-1820) spent much time
quarreling with Parliament, and this distraction hastened the
American Revolution.
In France the monarchy began to be seen as inefficient as taxes
increased to support bureaucrats and armies. France lost wealth
and territory as a result of the 7 years war. This trend
continued after France supported the American colonies during
that revolution. French aristocrats began a resurgence during
the reign of Louis XV (1715-1774) and worked against him.
The commoners suffered under the pressure on Louis’ reign by
the aristocrats. Louis XVI (1774-1792) tried to begin social
reform, but it was too little too late. Most groups united against
the crown and aristocrats and the French Revolution began in
1789 and raged on for 10 years.
In Central Europe Prussia, Russia, and Austria were the power
players. Frederick II, known as Frederick the Great, made
Prussia into a first class power. In Austria under Maria Theresa
(House of Hapsburgs) and her son, Joseph, a fully fair tax and
economic system was created that modernized the nation. Much
of this progress was undone after Joseph’s death by his
successors who restored the aristocracy because of being scared
by the French Revolution.
Peter the Great started reform in Russia and made it a power.
Catherine the Great tried to continue the path, but the vastness
22. of Russia and its problems allowed autocrats to stop reform for
a century.
Neoclassicism after 1750 replaced Rococo. It looked it back to
antiquity with interest being generated by the unearthing of
Pompeii from Mt. Vesuvius’ lava. Grand history subjects
became favored.
This was also the age of the Philosophes.
Hum 104, Lecture notes 2014, class II
The High Renaissance and Early Mannerism
The High Renaissance lasted only about 26 years (1494-1520)
before giving way to Early Mannerism that lasted only until
1564. Both saw continued world exploration and colonization.
In addition these 70 years were one of the most brilliantly
creative periods in western history. The artists; Leonardo Da
Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo flourished as painters and
sculptors. Machiavelli wrote his famous, The Prince, where he
shifted the view of politics from being framed in religious and
moral terms to one that made it human and not necessarily
conforming to a higher plane. He believed in some form of
absolute monarchy where the well to do, or the nobles, or even
middle class men could play a role, but all final determinations
would be solely the responsibility of the monarch.
Of the great artists of the era, Michelangelo considered himself
a sculpture first, and then a painter, poet, and architect. As an
artist from Florence, he was a true Renaissance man for most of
his career. His painting of the Sistine Chapel showed the hope
for man that marked that age. His sculpture, David, also
showed that in the classic style with the clean body lines and
indications of strength. The pose was natural and free. His
statue, Pieta’ (Mary holding the crucified body of Jesus), done
in that timeframe had similar attributes.Twenty-five years later,
his painting of the Last Judgment and his later sculpture, Pieta’
, showed the anguish he felt after the Medici were forced to sign
a treaty that made Florence’s ruling family puppets of a foreign
power. The painting also reflected the tension between the
23. halves of the divided church, militant Protestant versus the
church now the Roman Catholic Church. The anguish also
reflected Michelangelo’s mourning of his own sinfulness and
man’s future doom.
Politically, the shift was toward states maintaining a balance of
power so that no one nation could be allowed to dominate.
Wars great and small were basically always present with only
the players changing from time to time.
Chapter 14
After the High Renaissance which lasted from the French
invasion of Italy in 1494 until the deaths of Da Vinci in 1519
and Raphael in 1520 ended, Early Mannerism began and lasted
until 1564. The sack of Rome by Charles V in 1527 and the
theological storm of the Reformation ushered Mannerism to the
front. It is a term recognized by far fewer people than many of
the other periods. Mannerist painters, sculptors, and architects
left the Renaissance’s imitation of nature and its devotion to
classical themes and ideals. Instead, odd perspectives and
renderings showcased the artists’ technical expertise and their
ideas of beauty. In general, the school rejected the idealist
version of man and espoused a negative image of human nature.
In this time of artistic change, events in Germany were leading
to the questioning of the church and to the Reformation.
Religiously, Martin Luther challenged the Roman Church and
created a permanent schism. His 95 theses dealt with the
indulgences and other church corruption. His goal was to
reform the one church, but the outcome went far beyond that
and led to several wars between the Holy Roman Empire and the
secular nation states. The events and writings of the period
were more widespread more quickly than those that went before
because of the invention of the printing press with movable type
in 1450. The Bible and other religious texts were among the
first available to a wider audience.
The religious upheaval caused a look to the past. Protestant
views saw the church unencumbered by the hierarchy and
bureaucracy of the Church at Rome. Martin Luther’s movement
24. saw the dawn of Northern or Christian Humanism. The
Protestants held that mankind was adrift in the universe but that
they could communicate with God through prayer. The basic
tenet was one of returning to the teachings of Jesus, and that
anyone of humble heart could pray directly to God. That led to
Protestants focusing on the Resurrection while the Catholic
Church continued to focus on the Crucifixion. The Roman
church continued to believe that it needed to protect mankind
from itself and be an intermediary between man and God.
The Dutch scholar, Desiderius Erasmus, was the most
outstanding of the early continental Humanists. He also spent
time in England with his English counterpart, Lord Chancellor,
Sir Thomas More. There, Humanists believed in the classic
education model of the Roman, Cicero, who emphasized study
of the classics and in a church modeled after Christ’s Sermon on
the Mount. Erasmus believed in man’s freewill which
contradicted Luther’s philosophy that only God’s grace could
save a man.
When the Reformation split the church, two basic causes were
found. One, western society had been changing since about
1350. The second was the timeless spiritual yearnings of
humans. The Reformation and split were inevitable because of
corruption inside the church, the rise of sovereign nations, the
decay of Medieval thought, and the revival of humanism. The
Church at Rome might have been able to stem the tide if it had
given doing so its full attention by getting the clergy in line, but
the 16th century popes were distracted by Italian politics and
worldly interests. Also, French and English monarchs had made
their churches basically free from papal authority. Germany
was still fractured, but many princes used church reform as a
rallying cry to weaken the control of Charles V and to make
their lands independent states outside papal jurisdiction. Unlike
the Roman Catholic Church, the Protestant movement never had
one vision and always had several sects and traditions. The
Church of England’s Anglicanism steered a course between
Catholicism and the strict, angry god of John Calvin. With the
25. Church of England being the country’s state religion, neither
Catholics nor Calvinists could be part of English government or
other public life for almost 275 years.
A counter-reformation launched under Pope Paul III (1534-
1549) saw the now called Roman Catholic Church regain much
of its moral ground and new monastic orders sprang up to meet
the needs of both the church and its adherents.
Differences between the Lutheran rebels and the Roman Church
resulted in war between Charles V’s Spanish forces and
Lutheran forces from 1546-1555. In 1556 Phillip II became the
Spanish king and champion for the Roman Catholic cause.
Catholic leaders ruled Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Austria.
Protestants ruled the Scandinavian countries. England was
ruled by Catholic Queen Mary, but in 1558 her Protestant half
sister, Elizabeth, ascended to the throne. Elsewhere, religious
allegiance was still a toss-up. Phillip, flush with new world
riches, dominated European politics. He was also able to expel
the Muslim Ottomans from Spain. His expansion was halted by
the defeat of his grand armada when he sought to invade
England in 1588. Phillip died that same year and Spanish
fortune began to decline. All of Europe was divided into many
states following various Christian religions and sects.
This time period from 1564-1600 is referred to as Late
Mannerism. The Spaniard, El Greco, who had also been
influenced by Venice and Crete was the most recognized
painter. Also in Spain, Miguel Cervantes was writing, and Don
Quixote was by far his best known work.
England enjoyed its Golden Age throughout the reign of
Elizabeth from 1558-1603. In English literature, the works of
William Shakespeare dominated. They have the staying power
of classic literature and are still taught, read, and produced
today.
Chapter 15
The next age is now known as the Baroque Age, and it lasted
from 1600-1715. The term was originally coined by 18th
century artists to put down 17th century artists. Like Gothic
26. before it, Baroque no longer has any negative connotation.
By 1600 Europe was no longer concerned with popes and Italian
city states. New secular rulers had absolute power. The
continent had 5 major and balanced powers: England, France,
Austria, Prussia, and Russia. They none shared power with any
church. The 5 nations developed professional bureaucrats, and
the powers of nobles decreased. Professional diplomats became
the norm as did standing armies. France was the first among the
equals. Ruled by Henry IV, the Bourbon Dynasty was pretty
benign, but the king was assassinated, and the real power went
to Cardinal Richelieu. He moved toward absolute power into
the rule of King Louis XIV. Cardinal Richelieu was succeeded
by the equally powerful Cardinal Mazakahn, but upon his death,
King Louis took all power. Louis XIV was the state.
In England after Elizabeth died, King James I (1603-1625)
(James VI of Scotland) ruled, but parliament had some power of
check and balance. James was succeeded by Charles I (1625-
1649) who was forced from the throne by the Puritans who
began a republican form of government, the Commonwealth,
under Oliver Cromwell. He became a military dictator, was
forced from control and succeeded by Charles II. Charles II
was forced to abdicate and was followed by his daughter Mary
II and her husband, William III (1689-1702). They ruled
together and established a limited monarchy sharing power with
a parliament.
On the European mainland four powers fought the 30 Years
War. It was the last great continental war between Roman
Catholics and Protestants. France profited most and Germany
suffered most as the largest part of the war was fought on her
soil. They basically lost a generation. That became a habit!
Prussia emerged as a great power, but Germany remained
divided. France struggled against Catholic Spain through
another series of wars until defeated by most of the rest of
Europe in 1713. Remember balance of power. France kept
conquests to its present border; Prussia gained territory; and
England got Gibraltar. (This turns out to be a really big deal!)
27. England also got French Canada and became the world’s trading
power. Militarily, rifles with bayonets replaced bows and pikes
as infantry weapons. Feudal lords as people of power
disappeared.
In households heavy painted Gothic furniture was replaced by
the refined Italian look. Much decorative stuff was imported
from China. Furniture pieces had specific functions. Fireplaces
for cooking were built into kitchen walls and replaced open
wood fires. Art moved back to church themes as the churches
were the artists’ major patrons. Sculpture again became part of
architecture. Much of it decorated niches and recessed bays or
stood on pedestals in religious structures. Secularly, Louis XIV
had the palace and garden at Versailles designed specifically for
himself, the Sun King!
In Calvinist lands, restrained Baroque was much more simple
and in line with their democratic sentiments and common human
experiences. The Calvinist Netherlands was the center for
painting until about 1675 when military defeats ended their
economic capabilities, and they became also rans. The greatest
of their painters was Rembrandt.
Baroque theater was very controlled as it had once been in
Greece. Plays had to represent no more than one 24 hour day;
there could be no scene changes; and there needed to be a
single, uncomplicated plot. None of them survived!
In England, John Milton (1608-1674), a solid Puritan, was a
professional bureaucrat to Oliver Cromwell. As a poet, his
greatest work was Paradise Lost, which told of Lucifer and the
rebellious angels; Adam and Eve’s fall from grace; and Christ’s
redemption of humanity. It was partially a response to Dante’s
(1265-1321) Divine Comedy, the three book length tale of his
imagined journey through Christian after-life and testified to
man’s freewill. As different as Milton and Dante were, both
believed that man’s destiny depended on man’s decisions.
28. Dr. William Cohee
Lecture notes: Humanities 104, Class I
What do we know?
From about 6000-3000 BCE, man mined and used copper. By
3000 BCE bronze was being produced, and gold and silver were
being worked. Around 2000 BCE iron and steel came into use.
By 500 BCE, most weapons were made from them. No army
was victorious using other metals for weapons.
Writing developed in several places including Sumeria in
Mesopotamia around 3000 BCE. Since history is written
record, this is the beginning of recorded history. The same
civilization introduced the lunar calendar, a math computation
system, etc. Remember, this course is western cultures; China
introduced much at similar time or earlier.
Hammurabi’s Code emerged around 1700 BCE. Judaism
emerged about 2000 BCE, and became the first religion to
recognize the God of Abraham as the God.
The Hellenic Age of Greece began around 479 BCE and is the
first of the classical civilizations in the west. Democracy
appeared in this age but disappeared by the beginning of the
Roman rule over the known western world in 148 BCE when
Rome defeated Macedonia a 4th and last time. The Roman
Republic lasted from 509 BCE until 44 BCE and the Empire
lasted until 476 CE in the west and until 1453 CE in the east.
Christianity, the second religion to follow the God of Abraham
began when BCE moved to CE. The third religion of the God of
Abraham was begun by The Prophet Mohammed in 622 CE.
Philosophy and Man
Scholasticism began to develop around 1100 CE. It was a move
educationally from art to logic as a focus for schools and
universities. Instead of turning to the church for answers to
problems of understanding, human reasoning began to be
applied. The major issue of philosophy in this time was the
question of universals or not: ie do general concepts, such as
29. human being and church exist in reality or only in the mind.
The schools of thought were known as realism and nominalism.
The realists thought that the universals existed independent of
physical objects or the human mind. Nominalists say only
particular objects are real, so things like human being and
church exist only in particular instances. Peter Abelard said
that extreme realism denied individuality and was contrary to
the bible. His form of realism was moderate and held that
universals existed, but only as mental concepts and devises to
sharpen and focus thinking. When new translations of Aristotle
became available, his thinking supported much of Abelard’s.
Much of Aristotle’s (384-322 BCE) work became available via
Latin translations of medieval Arabic translations from the
original Greek.
In the 12 hundreds, Scholasticism continued to grow. Learning
and law were systemized. Leading practitioners were Gratian,
who catalogued a manual for canon law with more than 4000
entries. Peter Lombard wrote 4 books cataloging most of
Christian faith under the Trinity, Creation and Sin, the
Incarnation, and the Virtues, and the Sacraments. Islamic
thinker, Rushd or Averroes was an Aristotle scholar who wrote
major commentaries on Aristotle’s beliefs concerning the
eternity of matter and the denial of individual immortality.
Scholars reading these commentaries in Paris believed that
these writings could be reconciled with Christian doctrine. By
1255, there was dispute over the teaching of Aristotle’s
Metaphysics and writings on natural science. Averroists wanted
to keep philosophy and theology separate, but others said this
was a double truth approach. Thomas Aquinas reconciled the
breach with the middle way which gave Aristotle a central role
in theology while honoring traditional beliefs. He advocated
the study of nature and natural phenomena as ways to discover
God’s purposes. Hence, with some exceptions, a tradition of
rational thought that arose in Hellenic Greece and passed
through medieval Islam, was introduced to Renaissance thought
and lead toward the Scientific Revolution that would introduce
30. modern times.
By the late middle ages, Aquinas’ via media (Thomism) was
being attacked and called the Via Antiqua. The Via Moderna
made a complete separation between faith and reason. Via
Antiqua disappeared then until the 19th century. Via Moderna
was championed by William Ockham who felt that faith and
reason were both valid but separate paths to truth. Humans can
have clear, distinct knowledge only of the physical world. No
real knowledge of the spiritual world can be gained through
reason or the senses. 14th century scholars such as Robert
Grosseteste, and Roger Bacon refined the experimental
scientific method and foreshadowed the approach of modern
science.
The Middle Ages were once called the Dark Ages on the basis
of the feeling that light had disappeared from the world with the
fall of the Roman Empire in the west in 476 CE. The time is
now called Middle or Medieval and has no basic negative
connotation. As the Medieval period ended at different times in
different places, the Renaissance began to emerge.
In the early Renaissance, most of the 15th century, Italy
consisted of separate states including the Republic of Venice,
the Duchy of Milan, the Republic of Florence, The Papal States,
and the Kingdom of Naples. They warred among themselves for
the first half of the 15th century. Florence, the capital of
Tuscany, was most prominent. It went from republic, to
oligarchy, to autocracy (Medici family).
The Papacy had reunited in Rome after having been split
between Rome and Avignon, France. It brought artistic wealth
to the era but lowered its morale standing by accepting bribes
for church offices. Pius II was most representative of
Renaissance popes because of his interest in Greek and Roman
classicism, the arts, and his ability to wage war or to depend on
diplomacy. Sixtus IV had the Sistine Chapel built and then
adorned with the efforts of Botticelli, Perungi, and
Michelangelo.
Philosophy began to move toward individual fulfillment instead
31. of social and religious conformity. Humanism gained influence
and scope. It implied a concern with things Greek and Roman,
but it also expressed itself in history, rhetoric, poetry, and
philosophy. Schools sprang up throughout Italy that expressed
the Renaissance ideal of education which was to free or liberate
the mind. They read classic literature and practiced rhetoric.
Art returned to being light and beautiful. The female nude was
reintroduced, though always modestly posed, for the first time
since Greece and Rome. Botticelli was the first to move in that
direction. Sculpture and painting became art forms independent
of architecture. Filippo Brunelleschi invented linear
perspective. It provided a math based formula to allow a two
dimensional surface to show the third dimension, depth. In the
1800s, early cameras proved his equation. The Cathedral Dome,
built between 1420-1436 in Florence, was done by Brunelleschi
and rises 367’ above the floor. Mail nudes reappeared in
sculpture with Donatello’s bronze David. The marble David of
great fame was done by Michelangelo beginning in 1501.
Leanardo Da Vinci was one of the great minds and talents of the
era. His painting of the Last Supper brought fame during his
lifetime while the Mona Lisa was discovered after his death. It
brings him recognition as an immortal of western art.