This document summarizes literature on economic load dispatch problems. It begins with an introduction to economic load dispatch and its goal of generating required power at minimum cost. It then provides a literature survey summarizing 12 papers on optimization techniques applied to economic load dispatch, including methods like particle swarm optimization and grey wolf optimization. The document also discusses India's overall power generation scenario and Tripura's scenario. It defines the economic load dispatch problem formulation and constraints considered like power balance, generator capacity, and prohibited operating zones. The document concludes that the proposed enhanced colliding bodies optimization technique efficiently solves the economic load dispatch problem.

2. CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 LITERATURE SURVEY
 ALL INDIA POWER GENERATION SCENERIO
 POWER GENERATION SCENERIO OF TRIPURA
 ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH
 NECESSITIES
 ECONOMIC DISPATCH PROBLEM FORMULATION
 DIFFERENT CONSTRAINTS IN ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH
 SIMULATION RESULT
 CONCLUSION
 FUTURE SCOPE
 REFERENCES
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3. INTRODUCTION
 In power generation our main aim is to generate the
required amount of power with minimum cost.
 Economic load dispatch means that the generators real
and reactive power is allowed to vary within the
certain limits so as to meet a particular load demand
with minimum fuel cost
 This allocation of loads are based on some constraints
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4. LITERATURE SURVEY
SL NO. AUTHOR NAME YEAR SUMMARY
01 Kuntal Bhattacharjee [1] 2014 It presents a Real Coded Chemical Reaction
Algorithm approach to solve the economic
emission load dispatch problem of thermal
generators of power system.
02 Barun Mandal [2] 2014 It presents a new & efficient krill herd
algorithm to solve both convex & non convex
ELD problem of thermal power units
considering valve point loading, multiple fuel
operation, transmission losses & constraints.
03 Sumit Banerjee [3] 2015 It presents a novel teaching learning based
optimization technique to solve economic
load dispatch of the Thermal unit without
considering transmission losses.
04 Rakesh Vasani [4] 2015 It presents Economic load dispatch gives the
best saving in cost for any power generation
plant operation in which the methodology can
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5. LITERATURE SURVEY
SL NO. AUTHOR NAME YEAR SUMMARY
5. Naser Ghorbani [5] 2016 It presents exchange market
algorithm for solving economic
load dispatch problems. Exchange
market algorithm is a new, robust
& strong algorithm to extract the
optimal point for global
optimization.
6. Moumita Pradhan
[6]
2016 It presents a new evolutionary
optimization approach named
grey wolf optimization (GWO),
which is based on the behaviour of
grey wolves, for the optimal
operating strategy of economic
load dispatch (ELD).
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6. LITERATURE SURVEY
SL.N
O.
AUTHOR NAME YEAR SUMMARY
7. Pudi Sekhar [7] 2016 This paper propose a Meta-heuristic algorithm
known as the cuckoo search algorithm for
contingency in order to relieve transmiaaion line
overloading. The power system security
enhancement deals with finding out the secure and
insecure state operating states.
8. P. Girish [8] 2018 This paper affords about the numerous optimization
techniques to solve the financial load dispatch
problems occurring at some stage in the
transmission. In few papers the proposed approach
is compared with the preceding strategies and
reveals a higher system to solve the monetary
dispatch problems.
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7. LITERATURE SURVEY
SL.N
O.
AUTHOR NAME
YEAR
SUMMARY
9. Masoud Javadi [9] 2019 This paper develops a new look ahead dynamic security-
constrainted economic dispatch model, further considering
frequency stability constraints. The aim is to optimize the
cost of power generation subject to operation and frequency
stability constraints under normal & contingency condition.
10. Farhad Nazari-Heris
[10]
2019 It preesents a new optimiztion model based on mixed-
integer non-linear programming (MINLP). The main goal of
this paper is t0 find the optimal solution of ELD of micro
grids in power systems in which technical constraints like
AC powerflow limitations are taken into account.
11 Dr. Eberhart and Dr.
Kennedy
1995 The paper presents a swram based optimization algorithm
namely Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The algorithms
inspired by social behavior of bird flocking or fish schooling.
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8. LITERATURE SURVEY
SL.NO. AUTHOR NAME YEAR SUMMARY
12. Kazem Zare [12] 2016 This paper presents heuristic modified group
search optimization (MGSO) algorithm for
solving multi-objective combined economic
power and emission dispatch problem. Some
modifications are applied on the conventional
GSO method to improve its convergence
characteristics.
13. Hassan Barati [13] 2016 Hence, in this paper, a new hybrid method
based on modified particle swarm optimization
and genetic algorithm (MPSO-GA) is proposed
to solve complicated problem such as Valve-
point effect, the ramp rate limits, prohibited
operation zones (POZs), Multiple-fuel and
transmission losses make the ED a complicated,
non-linear constrained problem.
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9. ALL INDIA POWER GENERATION
SCENERIO
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10. POWER GENERATION SCENERIO
OF TRIPURA
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11. What is “Economic Dispatch?”
 Economic dispatch (ED) determines the least cost
dispatch of generation for a system.
 Economic Dispatch (From EPACT 1992)
The operation of generation facilities to produce energy
at the lowest cost to reliably serve consumers,
recognizing any operational limits of generation and
transmission facilities.
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12. To minimize total system generating cost, relationships between
cost of power output and operating costs, input has been
modeled
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Body of
water
Stack
Thermal Turbine
G
Generat
or
Cooling
Tower
Condenser
Pump
Boile
r
Coal
feed
er Burner

13. NECESSITIES
 Economic dispatch is the short term
determination of the optimal output of
the number of electricity generation
facilities, to meet the system load, at the
lowest possible cost.
 The purpose of economic dispatch is to
determine the optimal power generation
of the units participating in supplying
load.
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14. Economic Dispatch: Problem Formulation
• The goal of economic dispatch is to determine the
generation dispatch that minimizes the instantaneous
operating cost, subject to the constraint that total
generation = total load + losses
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(1
)
(2)

15. Continued…
ELD problem considering valve point effects-
The generation units with multi steam valve
create more variations in plant cost
function. Since the existence of steam
valve leads to ripple creation in plants
characteristics, the cost function would
have a more non linear formula.
Therefore, the cost function should be
replaced by the following cost functions
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(3)

16. DIFFERENT CONSTRAINTS IN
ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH
 CONSTRAINTS
Power Balance Constraints:
𝑖=1
𝑁
𝑃𝐺𝑖 = 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 + 𝐷 (4)
The total power loss in the transmission line network
which may be represented as below:
𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑖=1
𝑁
𝑗=1
𝑁
𝑃𝐺𝑖 𝑇𝑖𝑗𝑃𝐺𝑖 + 𝑖=1
𝑁
𝑇𝑖0 𝑃𝐺𝑖 + 𝑇00 (5)
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Capacity Constraints:
𝑃𝑖
𝑚𝑖𝑛
≤ 𝑃𝑖 ≤ 𝑃𝑖
𝑚𝑎𝑥
(6)
Prohibited Operating Zone:
Generating units can have the prohibited operating zones.
So in economic power dispatch the prohibited operating
zone has broken cost fuel curve and hence in economic load
dispatch the prohibited operating zones having the
operation border values of generation units as shown
𝑃𝑖
𝑚𝑖𝑛
≤ 𝑃𝑖 ≤ 𝑃𝑖,1
𝐿𝐿
𝑃𝑖,𝑗−1
𝑈𝐿
≤ 𝑃𝑖 ≤ 𝑃𝑖,𝑗
𝐿𝐿
𝑗 = 2,3, … . 𝑛𝑝𝑖
𝑃𝑖,𝑛𝑝𝑖
𝑈𝐿
≤ 𝑃𝑖 ≤ 𝑃𝑖
𝑚𝑎𝑥
(7)

18. CONCLUSION
 In this work, an efficient and comparatively new algorithm named ECBO is
proposed to solve the economic load dispatch problem taking the valve
point loading effect into consideration. The proposed method is efficiently
and effectively applied on 4 different test systems which are 3,5,13 and
18 generating units. The governing law from the physics gives a
theoretical foundation to the ECBO algorithm. After two bodies collide,
having specified masses and velocities, these agents are separated from
each other with new velocities to explore the design space. Numerical
results show that ECBO method has superior features, superior solution
quality, robustness, and better convergent characteristics with less
computational efforts.
 Due to its promising performances, the ECBO method seems to be an
important tool for solving several other complex power system
optimisation problems.
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19. FUTURE SCOPE
Despite of the present work there is some scope to work further and these
can be summarized as follows:
 The present work has been done considering the conventional energy
sources. In future the work can be done considering renewable energy
sources.
 Although ECBO shows promising results still there is some scope of further
improvement. So ECBO can be hybridized with other algorithm to make it
more powerful optimization tool.
 In the present work static ELD problem has been solved. In future dynamic
ELD problem along with load uncertainty can be chosen for further study.
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20. Publication:
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“Enhanced colliding bodies optimization towards the solution of
economic load dispatch problem”, European Journal of Electrical
Engineering,(Under review)

21. REFERENCES
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[1] Bhattacharjee, K, Bhattacharya, A and Halder nee Dey, S. (2014). “ Solution
of economic emission load dispatch problems of power system by real coded
chemical reaction algorithm”, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy
Systems, vol.59, pp.176-187.
[2] Mandal, B, Roy, P.K. and Mandal, S. (2014). “ Economic load dispatch using
krill herd algorithm”, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems,
v ol.57,pp.1-10.
[3] Banerjee, S, Maity, D and Chanda, C.K.(2015). “ Teaching Learning based
optimization for economic load dispatch problem considering valve point
loading effect”, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems,
vol.73,pp.456-464.
[4] Vasani, R, (2015).“An Advancements Review paper on Economic Load
Dispatch” , Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research
(JETIR),vol.2,pp.2349-5162.
[5] Ghorbani, N and Babaei, E. (2016). “ Exchange market algorithm for
economic load dispatch”, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy
Systems, vol.75, pp.19-27.
[6] Pradhan, M, Roy, P.K. and Pal, T (2016).“Grey wolf optimization applied to
economic load dispatch problems”, ”, International Journal of Electrical Power &
Energy Systems, vol.83,pp. 325–334.

22. REFERENCES
[7] Sekhar, P and Mohanty, S (2016). “An enhanced cuckoo search algorithm
based contingency load dispatch for security enhancement,” International
Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems,vol.75,pp.303-310.
[8] P, Girish, T, Yuvaraj and R, Hariharan (2018). “ Solution For Economic Load
Dispatch Problem Using Optimization Algorithm-Review”, International
Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol.119,pp.263-269.
[9] Javadi, M and Capitanescu, F (2019). “Look ahead dynamic security
constrainted economic dispatch considering frequency stability and smart
loads”, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems,
v0l.108,pp.240-251.
[10] Heris, F.N. and Nazarpour, D (2019). “Network constrainted economic
dispatch of renewable energy and CHP based microgrids”, International
Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol.110,pp.144-160.
[11] Kennedy, J. and Eberhart, R. C. Particle swarm optimization. Proc. IEEE int'l
conf. on neural networks Vol. IV, pp. 1942-1948. IEEE service center,
Piscataway, NJ, 1995.
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23. REFERENCES
[12] Daryani, N and Zare, K (2016). “Multiobjective power and
emission dispatch using modified group search optimization
method”, Ain Shams Engineering Journal,pp.319-328.
[13] Barati, H and Mohammad, S, (2016). “An efficient hybrid
MPSO-GA algorithm for solving non-smooth/ non-convex
economic dispatch problem with practical constraints”, Ain
Shams Engineering Journal,pp.1279-1287.
[14] Mallikarjuna, B, Reddy, K.H. and Hemakeshavulu, O, (2014). “
Economic Load Dispatch with valve- point result employing a
binary bat formula”, International Journal of Electrical and
Computer Engineering, vol-4, pp.101-107.
[15] Roy, P.K, Bhui, S and Paul, C, (2013). “Solution of economic
load dispatch using hybrid chemical reaction optimization
approach”, Applied Soft Computing Journal of Electrical
Engineering,vol-24,pp.109-125.
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24. THANK YOU
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