This is a presentation on the Microsoft exFAT file system, given at HTCIA International Conference 2014 which was held in Austin Texas at the Hyatt Regency Lost Pines Resort and Spa.
Introduction to the Microsoft Extended File System (exFAT)
This session will examine the internals of the Microsoft Extended FAT file system (nicknamed FAT64) which was designed for use with removable storage devices and is the exclusive file system of the new SDXC digital media standard. This new format creates many challenges for the forensics examiner. With minimal documentation on the internals of exFAT, and with exFAT experiencing a very high adoption rate, the forensics examiner needs guidance on how to navigate the filesystem. This session will explain the various internal tables and directory formats and show the differences from previous legacy forms of FAT, such as FAT12/16 and FAT32.
Htcia an introduction to the microsoft ex fat file system 1.01 final
1. HTCIA 2014 International Conf
Hyatt Lost Pines Resort, Austin Texas
Tuesday August 26, 2014 8:00am
Introduction to the Microsoft exFAT
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
File System
Robert Shullich
CPP, CISSP, CRISC, GSEC, GCFA, CEH, CHFI, CCFP-US
2. Agenda
• About me, the paper and the presentation
• The need for a new generation of FAT
• Digital Forensics Relevance
• Exponents and Standards
• exFAT Overview
• Linux Development
• Memory Cards & Flash Memory
• exFAT File System Internals
• Closing
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
3. About me, the paper and the presentation
About Me
About the Presentation
About the SANS Paper
A Gold Standard
Another Paper Reference
Disclaimer
EXFAT
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
4. About Me
• I have been in the IT field for 40+ Years, and in
InfoSec for over 20 Years
• I carry many IT and InfoSec certifications
• This research was originally for a class term
project towards my D4CS MS degree
• I then expanded that term paper into a practical
paper for my SANS “Gold” GCFA certification
• Links to the SANS paper and my blog are
provided at the end of this presentation
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
5. About the Presentation
What I call the exFAT Road Show
• The New York Forensics Computer Show 4/20/2010
• Techno Security and Digital Investigations 6/7/2010
• SANS What Works in Forensics and IR Summit 7/8/2010
• HTCIA International Training Conference & Expo 9/20/2010
• The New York Forensics Computer Show 4/19/2011
http://techchannel.att.com/play-video.cfm/2011/8/16/Conference-TV-Computer-
Forensics-Show:-Introduction-to-exFAT
• NYC4SEC 6/11/2014
• HTCIA International Training Conference & Expo 8/26/2014
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
6. About the SANS Paper
• Consider it “exFAT – the missing manual”
• Very little published about exFAT today
• Two current forensics books mention exFAT:
• Wiley - Mastering Windows Network Forensics and Investigation
• Sybex - EnCase Computer Forensics - The Official EnCE: EnCase
Certified Examiner
“For those seeking an in-depth understanding of the exFAT file
system, you should read the SANS paper entitled “Reverse
Engineering the Microsoft Extended FAT File System (exFAT) by
Robert Shullich”
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
7. A Gold Standard
• 2005 Book considered the
authority on different file
systems
• The book’s Author
developed the open-source
TSK forensics tools (The
Sleuth Kit) & Autopsy
• This year adding exFAT to
TSK
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
9. Disclaimer
• The released specification and implementation is Release
1.00 of exFAT
• The specification mentions additional features that were
not implemented yet, but may at a future time/ Some of
these are Windows CE holdovers
• Both may be presented today
• Some directory entries will be skipped
• Focus is Microsoft Desktop/Server implementation
• Will talk about Flash/Solid State, but high level
• For exFAT, tried to stay with the patent terminology
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
10. The need for a new generation
Legacy FAT
Why do we need a new file system?
Why do we need Faster I/O and Higher Capacity?
Hi-definition movie recording MPEG-4. H.264
EXFAT
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
11. Legacy FAT
• FAT 8
• 1977 Bill Gates and Marc McDonald
• Floppy based
• FAT 12
• 1980
• FAT 16
• 1984 with release of PC/AT & MS DOS 3
• FAT 16B
• 1987 Compaq DOS 3.31
• FAT 16X
• 1995 PC DOS 7.0/Win 95 – LBA Addressing
• FAT 32
• 1996 Windows 95 OSR2, 98, ME, MS DOS 7.1 – CHS Addressing
• FAT 32X
• LBA Addressing
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
12. Why do we need a new file system?
• Current Limits Exhausted (Ran Out of Bits!)
• Larger volumes (>2TB) (Scale to Larger Capacity)
• Larger files sizes (>4GB)
• Faster I/O
• (UHS-I: 104 MB/s - UHS-II: 312MB/s)
• Removable Media
• Flash/Solid State Media
• Flexibility
• Extensibility (Difficult to add new features)
• NTFS Features without the overhead
• Easier to implement FS in firmware
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
13. Why do we need Faster I/O and
Higher Capacity?
http://www.cnet.com/news/what-is-4k-uhd-next-generation-resolution-explained/
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
14. Hi-def movie recording MPEG-4. H.264
2 GB 4 GB 8 GB 16 GB 32 GB
Fine mode
(13Mbps/CBR)
20 min 40 min 80 min 160 min 320 min
Normal Mode
(9Mbps/VBR)
30 min 60 min 120 min 240 min 480 min
Economy mode
(6Mbps/VBR)
45 min 60 min 180 min 360 min 720 min
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
15. Digital Forensics Relevance
Relevance to Forensics Study
What happens when you have exFAT formatted media and no
exFAT support?
Forensics Challenges in 2009
Forensics Challenges Today
EXFAT
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
16. Relevance to Forensics Study
• Digital Evidence Extraction
• Finding the evidence
• Including the hiding places
• Validation
• Completeness
• Daubert Expert Testimony
• Need to know and understand file org
• Establish Credibility
• New Media (SD Cards) will drive exFAT adoption, and
the potential for CP investigations.
• Larger Media Capacity also driving exFAT adoption
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
18. What happens when you have exFAT
formatted media and no exFAT support?
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
19. Forensics Challenges 2009
• In 2009, in regards to exFAT:
• No tools (RAW)
• No documentation or Training
• No expertise
• Evidence backlog
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
20. Forensics Challenges Today
Today
• exFAT Misunderstood
• Linux OS Support
• Tuxera drivers may help (Embedded)
• FUSE and No-FUSE hacks
• Most Distributions – No native support
• Mac OS Support (Nov 2010) OS/X 10.6.5+
• Implementation Deviations, No Standards
• Open Source Tools
• Commercial Tools
• Encase (6.14.3 Dec 2009)
• Encase (6.18.0.59) NIST Test March 2014
• FTK (3.2 Oct 2010)
• FTK (3.3) NIST Test April 2014
• Cross Vendor Compatibility
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
21. NIST Computer Forensics Tool Testing
• Cyber Fetch
• AAFS-2013 Conference 02/21/2013
• Deleted File Recovery Tool
Testing Results
• One Summary Item:
Support for ExFAT, ext3 &
ext4 is sometimes lacking.
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
22. Test Results for Deleted File Recovery and
Active File Listing
• 17 Basic Tests
• March 12, 2014 – Encase 6.18.0.59
• MAC differed by 9 hours
• April 3, 2014 – FTK 3.3.0.33124
• MAC differed by 4 hours
• The exFAT partition and HFS+ created on OS/X 10.6
• exFAT: ctime meta-data replaced with the time of
file deletion [I was unable to recreate]
• Vendor Tool or Apple Implementation?
• Who Validates the Test?
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
23. Who Validates the Validator?
Superman: Easy, Miss, I've got you
Lois Lane: You...you've got me, who's got you?
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
24. Exponents and Standards
Base 2 or 10?
Exponents
International System of Units (SI) Table
IEC 60027-2
Reference Standards
Endian
Microsoft Math
More Math – exFAT
WinCE
EXFAT
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
27. International System of Units (SI)
Table
• File System in
powers of 2
• Device
characteristics in
power of 10
Shorthand Longhand Nth Bytes
KiB Kibibyte 210 1024
MiB Mebibyte 220 1024 KiB
GiB Gibibyte 230 1024 MiB
TiB Tebibyte 240 1024 GiB
PiB Pebibyte 250 1024 TiB
EiB Exbibyte 260 1024 PiB
ZiB Zebibyte 270 1024 EiB
YiB Yobibyte 280 1024 ZiB
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
28. IEC 60027-2
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
Prefixes for binary multiples
Factor Name Symbol Origin Derivation
210 kibi Ki kilobinary: (210)1 kilo: (103)1
220 mebi Mi megabinary: (210)2 mega: (103)2
230 gibi Gi gigabinary: (210)3 giga: (103)3
240 tebi Ti terabinary: (210)4 tera: (103)4
250 pebi Pi petabinary: (210)5 peta: (103)5
260 exbi Ei exabinary: (210)6 exa: (103)6
Examples and comparisons with SI prefixes
one kibibit 1 Kibit = 210 bit = 1024 bit
one kilobit 1 kbit = 103 bit = 1000 bit
one mebibyte 1 MiB = 220 B = 1 048 576 B
one megabyte 1 MB = 106 B = 1 000 000 B
one gibibyte 1 GiB = 230 B = 1 073 741 824 B
one gigabyte 1 GB = 109 B = 1 000 000 000 B
http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/binary.html
29. How far off are we?
When we say but mean we're this far off
1 kilobyte 210 bytes 2.4%
1 megabyte 220 bytes 4.9%
1 gigabyte 230 bytes 7.4%
1 terabyte 240 bytes 10.0%
1 petabyte 250 bytes 12.6%
1 exabyte 260 bytes 15.3%
http://cnx.org/content/m13081/1.1/
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
30. Reference Standards
• Bits are numbered right to left
76543210
• Decimal Offsets (zero based)
• Little-Endian numbers
• Unsigned numbers
• Sectors vs. Clusters
• Strings are 16 bit Unicode
• Strings not Terminated
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
31. Endian
• Numbering order may vary based on processor
type, is determined by the order the data bytes
are read from the register.
• A 32 bit number is read as 4 8-bit bytes
• If I have the number 0x11 22 33 44
• Big-Endian will store it as:
0x 11 22 33 44
• Little-Endian will store it as:
0x 44 33 22 11
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
32. Microsoft Math
KB184006 Limitations of FAT32 File System
The maximum possible number of clusters on a volume using the
FAT32 file system is 268,435,445. With a maximum of 32 KB per
cluster with space for the file allocation table (FAT), this equates to a
maximum disk size of approximately 8 terabytes (TB).
512B Sectors in a 32 KB cluster = 64
228 (268,435,445) * 26 (64) * 29 (512) = 243 = 8,796,093,022,208
Size of FAT32 FS specified in BPB as sectors (32 bit number)
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
33. More Math, exFAT
KB955704
Description of the exFAT file system driver update package
• Support for volumes that are larger than 32 GB, the theoretical
maximum volume size for FAT32 in Windows XP
• The theoretical maximum volume size is 64 ZB.
• The recommended maximum volume size is 512 TB.
• Support for files that are larger than 4 GB, the theoretical maximum
file size for FAT32 in Windows XP
• The theoretical maximum file size is 64 ZB.
• The recommended maximum file size is 512 TB.
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
34. WinCE
Version Released End of Support
1.0 November 18, 1996 December 31, 2001
2.0 September 29, 1997
2.11 September 30, 2002
2.12 September 30, 2005
3.0 June 15, 2000
4.X October 9, 2007
4.0 January 7, 2002 July 10, 2012
4.1 January 8, 2013
4.2 July 9, 2013
5.X August 2004 October 14, 2014
6.0 September 2006 April 10, 2018
7.0 March 2011 April 13, 2021
2013 June 2013 October 10, 2023
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
35. Overview
Features of exFAT 1.00
4K (4096) Sector Size
Supported Cluster Sizes
Features of exFAT 1.00 (cont’d)
Future Features of exFAT
MBR Partition Limitations
Advantages of exFAT
Disadvantages of exFAT
OS Support for exFAT
Key Dates for exFAT
EXFAT
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
36. Features of exFAT 1.00
• Maximum Volume Size (Increased Capacity)
• Architectural ≈ 128 PiB (232-11 * 225)
• Implementation = 512 TiB
• Sector sizes from 512 [SF] to 4096 bytes [AF]
• Clusters sizes to 32MiB (225)
• Subdirectories to 256MiB (Root not restricted)
• Maximum files on volume ≈ 232
• Maximum File Size 16 EiB-1
• Built for speed, less overhead than NTFS
• Catches up with some NTFS features
• Template-based metadata structures
• On-disk storage of file Valid Data Length (VDL)
• Speeds up storage allocation processes
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
39. Features of exFAT 1.00 (cont’d)
• OEM Parameters Sector for device dependent parameters
• 12 sector VBR, support of larger boot program
• Up to 2,796,202 files per sub-subdirectory
• File Names max to 255 Characters
• 16-Bit Unicode File Names and Volume Labels
• Optimized for Flash Memory
• Device Boundary Alignment
• No FAT32 minimum cluster (65,525) restriction
• No 8.3 file name support (only LFN)
• UTC Timestamp Support
• Vista/Server 2008 SP2+, XP/Server 2003 with KB
• Native in Windows 7, 8, 8.1, Server 2008 R2, 2012
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
40. Future Features of exFAT
• TexFAT (To be released later)
Exists in Windows CE
Transaction Safe exFAT
• ACL (To be released later)
Exists in Windows CE
• Compression & Encryption Support?
Not announced, but would be easy to add
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
41. MBR Partition Limitations
• Microsoft File Systems are limited when stored in
a MBR partition
• A partition is defined by a Master Boot Record
• A MBR uses a 4 byte value for number of sectors
• LBA as 32 bit # times 512 Sector limits to 2TiB
• To get the maximum volume size, exFAT cannot
be created within a MBR partition, Need GPT
GUID Partition, or Super floppy Mode
• ExFAT on GPT works on Mac
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
42. Advantages of exFAT
• Large volume, file and directory sizes
• Handle growing capacities in media, increasing capacity
to >32 GB.
• > 1000 files in a single directory.
• Speeds up storage allocation processes.
• Breaks file size 4 GB barrier.
• Supports interoperability with future desktop OSs.
• Provides an extensible format.
• Large cluster sizes
• Metadata integrity with checksums
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
43. Disadvantages of exFAT
• Not all Windows CE features implemented
• No direct conversion to or from other FS
• Cannot use CONVERT command to NTFS
• No Floppy Support
• Mostly a Microsoft Desktop and Server World
• No Support for Older MS systems (Pre-XP)
• Support for other devices, surfacing
• No Information Sector “Hint”
• Like all FAT – Finding Stuff is via brute force
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
44. OS Support for exFAT
• Windows XP & Server 2003
• KB955704 (requires SP2 or SP3)
• Vista & Server 2008 SP1
• Vista & Server 2008 SP2
• (Adds UTC timestamp support)
• Windows 7/Server 2008 R2 and later:
• RTM
• Mac OS/X 10.6.5 and later
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
45. Key Dates for exFAT
• September 2006 – Windows CE 6.0
• March 2008 – Windows Vista Service Pack 1
• January 2009 – Announcement at CES of SDXC specification
• January 2009 – Windows XP Drivers Available
• May 2009 – Windows Vista Service Pack 2
• August 2009 – Tuxera Signs File System IP Agreement with
Microsoft
• March 2009 – Pretec Releases first SDXC Cards
• December 2009 – Microsoft (re)announces exFAT license program
for third-parties
• December 2009 – SDXC laptops due soon
• December 2009 – Diskinternals releases exFAT recovery utility
• December 2009 – Encase support
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
46. More Key Dates for exFAT
• December 2009 Sony, Canon & Sanyo License
• January 2010 Funai License (LCD TV)
• February 2010 Panasonic License
• February 2010 Panasonic 64/48GB SDXC
• February 2010 Sony Memory Stick XC
• February 2010 SanDisk Ultra SDXC 64GB Card 3.0 Spec $350
• April 26, 2010 DCF Version 2.0 (Edition 2010)
• June 1st 2010 Tuxera Releases Linux & Android exFAT drivers
• June 3rd 2010 Kingston Releases Class 10 SDXC 64GB Card 60 MB/s
read, 35 MB/s write.
• October 11th, 2010 FTK 3.2 with exFAT support announced
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
47. More Key Dates
• Mar 16th 2011 Lexar Releases SDXC 128GB
• May 3rd, 2011 e.solutions (Volkswagen)
• Aug 8, 2012 Sharp for Android Smart Phones
• Sep 18, 2012 RIM (Blackberry) Smartphones
• Nov 7, 2012 Sharp, Sigma, NextoDi, Black Magic and Atomos Global
• Jan 16, 2013 BMW
• April 30, 2014 PS4 V1.7 update – hidden new feature: exFAT
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
49. Linux Development
• Open Source community developing FUSE
• FUSE – File System in User Space
• Samsung accidently leaks native exFAT
implementation, dubbed NO-FUSE
• Samsung source code on GitHUB with GPL
License
• Still legal issues because of patent protection
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
52. Memory Cards (Including SSD)
Applications (IOT)
exFAT Gone Wild
SD Card Association
Compact Flash
SDXC Storage Capabilities
Standard vs. Non-Standard
General Flash Notes
SD Card Notes
EXFAT
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
53. Applications (IOT)
• Camera (Still, Video)
• Entertainment Systems (Home, Plane, Train, & Automobiles)
• GPS, Navigation Systems
• Smart Phones, Audio/MP3 players
• Laptop, Monitor, Printers
• Handheld Computers (Tablets, Netbooks, Mobile)
• Smart TVs, Home Theaters
• Automatic inflight infotainment systems
• Game Consoles
• Medical Devices
• Measuring Equipment
• Other Consumer Electronics
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
54. exFAT Gone Wild
• Adoption Rate ↑
• Prevalence ↑
• Media Prices ↓
Storage Media larger than 32GB is being shipped out of the
factory door pre-formatted with the exFAT file system
NTFS, FAT32, and HFS+ are still used in some cases but to
a lesser degree
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
55. SD Card Association
• New Memory Card SDXC
• Consumer Appliances
• Follows SDHC
• Specification for 2TB
Maximum Capacity
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
57. Market for SD Cards to Reach
$21.3 Billion by 2018
The SD technology is employed by over 400
brands across numerous product categories
and over 8,000 models, making it the de-facto
industry standard. SD memory cards have been
able to meet the requirements of high-end
consumer devices.
http://www.storagenewsletter.com/rubriques/market-reportsresearch/global-industry-analysts-sd-cards/
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
58. Compact Flash
• Small Market
• Specification 5.0 (Feb 2010)
• Specification 6.0 (Nov 2010)
• 48-Bit Addressing
• Max Size 144PB (Up from 137GB)
• UltraDMA 7 (167MBytes/s)
• FAT32 won’t do (2TB Limit)
• SanDisk factory preformats 256GB CF using exFAT
• Not Sure Where the file system support will go, but
expect that exFAT will also become a FS of choice for
other media
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
59. SDXC Storage Capabilities
• From 32GB to 2TB on a card
• Exclusively exFAT File System
• 312 MB/s I/O Transfer (UHS-II)
• Storage (examples)
4,000 RAW images (14mb file size/64GB)
136,000 fine-grade photos
100 HD movies
480 hours of HD recording
On a single 2TB SDXC card
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
60. Standard vs. Non-Standard
• SDXC is supposed to be exFAT
• In computer, you can format as anything
• Many devices, will enforce standard
• Formatting SD card with OS Format has
issues and differences
• Don’t assume FS based on card type
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
61. General Flash Notes
• Write Endurance (Program Erase Cycles)
• Write Cliff
• Wear Leveling
• Pages (Unit of a write)
• Blocks (Unit of an erase)
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
62. SD Card Notes
• SDXC Maximum set at 2TB
• Two FAT Partitions within MBR
• “Protected Area” and “User Area”
• WinHex – Partition Offset ≠ 0
• VBR differences on format/factory
• AU (Allocation Unit) same as Cluster Size
• Max AU = 64MiB
• RU (Recording Unit) 16KB+
• FAT Write Cycle {FAT1/FAT2/DIR}
• exFAT Write Cycle {FAT/ABM/DIR}
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
63. File System Internals
Regions
FAT
VBR
Directories
Volume Label
Allocation Bit Map
UP Case Table
File Directory Entry Sets
EXFAT
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
64. File System Integrity
• Version Verified
• 4 Checksums
• VBR
• UP-Case Table
• Directory File Set entry
• Directory GUID entry
• Critical Directory Entries
• Other Checks and Balances
• File System should NOT mount if failures
• File System may mount R/O when dirty
• Dirty flags in VBR, not in the FAT
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
65. Data Hide Alert!
• FAT32 max cluster 64KiB
• exFAT max cluster 32MiB
This is an increase of 512 fold
• Potential for massive slack space
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
66. Volume Space Layout
• The Main Boot Region
• Contains main VBR
• The Backup Boot Region
• Contains backup VBR
• The FAT Region
• Contains FAT Table(s)
• The Data Region (Cluster Heap)
• This is where data resides
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
68. VBR – Volume Boot Record
• Contains 12 sectors
1 sector main boot sector
• Jump Code (3 bytes)
• Must be Zero (53 bytes)
• BPB (BIOS Parameter Block)
• Boot Strap Code
8 sectors main extended boot sectors (MEBS)
1 sector OEM parms
1 sector reserved
1 sector VBR Checksum
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
69. Boot Parameter Block (BPB)
• OEM Label “EXFAT ”
• Volume Length (64-bit) [sector]
• FAT Location & Size [sector]
• Heap Location & Size [sector, cluster]
• Volume Serial Number
• Location of Root Directory [cluster]
• Volume Flags
• Sector and Cluster Sizes [2-shift]
• Percent in use
• File System Revision (0x0010=1.00)
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
70. Sectors & Clusters
• A 2-Shift is a power of 2
• Another name for exponent
• Sector size and sectors per cluster
• Each stored in 1 byte
• Theoretical maximum is 2255
• Sector Size Maximum 212
• Sectors per cluster is derived
• Cluster Size Maximum is 225
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
71. Executable Boot Code
• First 3 bytes of Main Boot Sector
• Jump Code
• 0xEB7690
• Offset 120 size 390
• Remainder of boot code
• Offset 510
• End signature marker
• 0xAA55 = “55AA”
• Offset 512
• Unused if defined
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
72. More Bootable Code
• Up to 8 Main Extended Boot Sectors
• FAT32 had 3 sector VBR with 1 MEBS
• Entire sector can be used for boot code
• Last 8 bytes of sector is marker
• 0xAA550000 = “000055AA”
• Larger capacity for boot virus!
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
73. VBR Checksum Sector
• The 12th sector of the VBR
• Repeating 4 byte checksum
• Checksum of previous 11 sectors
• Flags and Percent excluded
• These are volatile and change often
• Boot Sector Virus & Checksum
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
75. FAT – File Allocation Table
• When it is used, same as legacy FAT
• Not used when file contiguous
• Never used for cluster allocation
• FAT 32 has 32 bit cells, uses 28 bits (LBA-28)
• exFAT has 32 bit cells, uses 32 bits (LBA-48)
• There is no 64 bit FAT
• Maximum clusters is 232-11
• With TexFAT – 2 FAT Tables (2 Bitmaps)
• 1st Addressed by pointer in VBR, 2nd Immed Follows
• Size stored in VBR
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
76. Reserved Cluster Index Values
• 0x00000000 – No significant meaning
• 0x00000001 – Not a valid cell value
• 0xFFFFFFF6 – Largest Value
• 0xFFFFFFF7 – Bad Block
• 0xFFFFFFF8 – Media Descriptor
• Fixed Disk
• 0xFFFFFFF9-0xFFFFFFFE – Not Defined
• 0xFFFFFFFF – End of Cluster Chain (EOC)
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
79. Allocation Bitmap
• Keeps track of cluster allocation status
• Zero – Free Cluster
• One – Allocated Cluster
• 1 Byte = Tracking of 8 Clusters
• Bit Zero – Byte Zero = Cluster 2
• Cluster 0 & Cluster 1 are not defined
• Addressed by Directory Entry
• With TexFAT – 2 of these (FAT Pairing)
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
80. Legacy FAT vs. exFAT Chains
• When deleting a file in a legacy FAT FS
the cells are wiped out
• When deleting a file in the exFAT FS the
cells are not touched, regardless whether
there is data in the cell
• If a file is fragmented, and is deleted,
then the FAT may be still have the chain
intact
*Some exFAT implementations might do it the legacy way
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
81. Data Hide Alert!
• The Allocation Bitmap and the UP-Case
Table are stored as files, and provide
hiding space in the metadata
• These files are static, typically won’t
move, and have slack space.
• Nothing prevents someone from moving
these files elsewhere in the cluster heap,
and actually making them larger
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
83. Directories in exFAT
• Root (VBR Pointer)
• Contains certain critical entries
• Almost unlimited in size
• Subdirectory (by File Entry)
• Contains file sets
• 256MiB Max size
• No physical “.” or “..” entries
• Uses 16 Bit Unicode for strings
• Every Entry 32 bytes in size
• Entry 0x00 is end of directory
• Has capabilities for user entries
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
84. Data Hide Alert!
• Manipulation of the Allocation Bitmap, and
creation of user directory entries provides
the capability of hiding file within the file
system
• It may also be possible to hide data within
the directory metadata itself
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
85. Entry Type
Type Field Offset (Bits) Size (Bits)
In Use 7 1
Category 6 1
Importance 5 1
Code 0 5
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
86. Entry Type
• In Use:
• 0 – Not in Use, 1- In Use
• Category:
• 0 – Primary, 1 – Secondary
• Importance:
• 0 – Critical, 1 – Benign
• Code: Identifies the entry
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
87. Volume Label Directory Entry
• 0x83 or 0x03 Entry
• Primary Entry
• Only resident in Root Directory
• Contains the Volume Label
• 16 bit Unicode
• 0x03 means no volume label (Blank Label)
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
88. Volume Label Directory Entry
Offset 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
00000000 83 0A 65 00 78 00 46 00 41 00 54 00 2D 00 31 00 ƒ.e.x.F.A.T.-.1.
00000010 32 00 38 00 4B 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 2.8.K...........
Type
Volume Name Length (10)
Volume Label (exFAT-128K)
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
89. Allocation Bitmap Directory
Entry
• 0x81 Entry
• Primary Entry
• Only resident in Root Directory
• Points to the Allocation Bitmap
• If TexFAT, then 2 of these
• Flag bits says which FAT/Bitmap
• Cluster Address of Bitmap
• Size of Bitmap
• NO flag for INVALID FAT
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
90. Allocation Bitmap Directory
Entry
Offset 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
0000 81 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
0010 00 00 00 00
Type
Cluster Address (Cluster 2) Size (63 bytes)
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
91. UP-Case Table Directory Entry
• 0x82 Entry
• Primary Entry
• Only resident in Root Directory
• File names are case insensitive
• Used to fold file name
• Table has a checksum (32 bits)
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
92. UP-Case Table Directory Entry
Offset 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
0000 82 00 00 00 0D D3 19 E6 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
0010 00 00 00 00
Type Cluster Address (3)
Length (0x16CC = 5,836)
Table Checksum
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
93. File Directory Entry Set
• Used to define a file
• May have 3 to 19 entries, or more
• 1 Primary, many Secondary
• Is considered an array
• Must be in order
• Must be contiguous (no gaps)
• Entire Set has Checksum
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
94. File Directory Entry
• 0x85 or 0x05 Entry
• Primary Entry
• Set Checksum (16 bits)
• Not modified on file delete
• Secondary Count
• # Secondary entries that follow
• File Attributes
• Timestamps
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
95. Timestamps & Time Zones
• 3 Timestamps (MAC)
• 32 bit DOS Date/Time
• Local Machine Time
• 10ms Offset (MC)
• TZ Offset (MAC)
• 15 minute increments
• 7 bit signed number
• ±16 hours
• Present with UTC support
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
96. Timestamp Accuracy
• FAT32 – Last Access – Date only
• exFAT – Last Access – Date/Time
• All DOS DATE/TIME Double Seconds
• 10ms adds 0-1990 ms to time
• 10ms only for Create/Modify
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
97. Timestamps
Timestamp EXFAT
CreationTime
Stored in UTC if available, else in
local time
10 millisecond granularity
LastAccessTime
Stored in UTC if available, else in
local time
2 second granularity
ChangeTime Not Supported
LastWriteTime
Stored in UTC if available, else in
local time
10 millisecond granularity
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
98. Timestamp Reliability
• Timestamps appear to be updated when
the file is created or modified.
• Last Accessed Timestamp appear to be
updated when file is created or modified.
• Last Accessed Timestamp appear NOT
modified on file read.
• Forensics Implication on MAC time
analysis
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
100. File Directory Entry
Type # Secondary Entries
Set Checksum (0x92D4)
Attributes (0x0020 = Archive)
Create
Offset 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
0000 85 04 D4 92 20 00 00 00 F1 62 BA 3A
0010 A8 00 EC EC EC 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Modified
TZ Offset CMA EC = GMT-5
Accessed
Modified 10ms
Create 10ms
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
101. Formatted File Directory Entry
Root Entry Type Read is: 85 Directory Entry Record
Checksum: 92D4
Calculated Checksum is: 92D4 Size Directory Set (bytes): 160
Secondary Count 004
File Attributes: 0020 Archive
Create Timestamp: 3B866244 12/06/2009 12:18:08
Last Modified Timestamp: 3ABA62F1 05/26/2009 12:23:34
Last Accessed Timestamp: 3B866244 12/06/2009 12:18:08
10 ms Offset Create A8 168
10 ms Offset Modified 00 0
Time Zone Create EC 236 Value of tz is: GMT -05:00
Time Zone Modified EC 236 Value of tz is: GMT -05:00
Time Zone Last Accessed EC 236 Value of tz is: GMT -05:00
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
102. Stream Extension Directory
Entry
• 0xC0 or 0x40 Entry
• Secondary Entry
• Length of Name
• Length of File (2 of them)
• Cluster address of first data block
• Name Search Hash value
• Secondary Flag
• FAT Invalid
• Allocation Possible
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
103. Stream Extension Directory
Entry
Entry Flags (Alloc Possible/Fat Invalid)
Length of File Name (0x28= 40)
Name Hash (0x3CAD)
Offset 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
0000 C0 03 00 28 00 00 00 00 00 00
0010 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Cluster (5)
Data Length 0x011d461f = 18,695,711
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
104. Parameters for Samples
Bytes Per Sector: 2 to the 09 power is: 512
Sectors Per Cluster: 2 to the 08 power is: 256
Bytes per Cluster: 131072 (128K)
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
105. Formatted Stream Extension
Root Entry Type Read is: C0 Directory Entry Record,
Stream Extension
Secondary Flags: 03
Flag Bit 0: Allocation Possible
Flag Bit 1: FAT Chain Invalid
Length of UniCode Filename is: 40
Name Hash Value is: AD3C
Stream Extension First Cluster 5
Cluster 5 is Allocated
Stream Extension Data Length 18695711 Bytes
Slack: 83487 Clusters Used: 143
Stream Extension Valid Data Length 18695711 Bytes
Slack: 83487 Clusters Used: 143
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
106. File Name Extension Directory Entry
• 0xC1 or 0x41 Entry
• Secondary Entry
• Secondary Flags
• Allocation not possible
• FAT Invalid
• 15 Characters (30 bytes) of Name
• Name in 16 Bit Unicode
• In order (FAT32 LFN was reversed)
• Up to 17 max, total 255 character
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
108. Significance of “not in use” flag
• 0x05, 0x40 & 0x41 Entries
• “Not in use” may mean deleted files
• May also be reallocated rename
• Set Checksum not changed when entries
marked “not in use”
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
109. Closing
Problems Observed
Summary
Q&A
Contact Information
References
EXFAT
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
110. Problems Observed
• Looking at Forum Posts
• Google Dork on “exFAT”
• People getting thrown into exFAT and Lost
• Conversion between exFAT & Fat32/NTFS, How-to
• Corruption between Windows and Mac
• Should File Defragmentation be done?
• Repartitioning
• Timestamp differences, and incompatibilities
• Vendor cross compatibility
• Chkdsk not cleaning disk
• Users want large files (>4GB) not Large Volumes
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
111. Summary
• exFAT is still a relatively new FS
• Need for exFAT support in forensics tools ↑
• Inconsistent Implementations of exFAT
• Compatibility across OS needed
• Tools & Utilities Need Improvement
• Need to Tool Up
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
115. ReFS
Resilient File System
Coming to a Windows System soon
http://blogs.msdn.com/b/b8/archive/2012/0
1/16/building-the-next-generation-file-system-
for-windows-refs.aspx
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
116. References
Sans Reading Room:
http://www.sans.org/reading_room/whitepapers/forensics/rss/reverse_eng
ineering_the_microsoft_exfat_file_system_33274
SANS Summit ExFAT Presentation:
exFAT (Extended FAT) File System – Revealed & Dissected
Jeff Hamm & Robert Shullich, July 2010
https://digital-forensics.sans.org/summit-archives/2010/10-exfat-ham.pdf
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
117. References
Microsoft Patent US8583708, “Extensible File System”
Retrieved June 9, 2014 from
https://www.google.com/patents/us8583708
Microsoft Patent US8321439, “Quick Filename Lookup
Using Name Hash”. Retrieved 06/09/2014 from
https://www.google.com/patents/US8321439
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
118. References
Microsoft Patent US8606830, “Contiguous file
allocation in an extensible file system” retrieved
06/09/2014 from
http://www.google.com/patents/US8606830
Microsoft Patent US8024383, “Fat directory structure
for use in transaction safe file System” retrieved
06/09/2014 from
https://www.google.com/patents/US8024383
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
119. References
ExFAT overview
http://ntfs.com/exfat-overview.htm
Data Recovery Concept: Extended File System
(exFAT)
http://www.active-undelete.com/xfat_overview.htm
CIPA Standard DC-009-2010 (DCF)
http://www.cipa.jp/std/documents/e/DC-009-2010_E.pdf
CIPA Standard DC-008-2012 (Exif)
http://www.cipa.jp/std/documents/e/DC-008-2012_E.pdf
Comparison of File Systems
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_file_systems
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014
120. References
The Extended FAT file system - Differentiating with
FAT32 file system - Keshava Munegowda , Venkatraman
S, Dr. G T Raju
http://events.linuxfoundation.org/images/stories/pdf/lceu11_mune
gowda_s.pdf
File System Functionality Comparison
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/
library/windows/desktop/ee681827(v=vs.85).aspx
HTCIA 2014 Conf - Aug 26, 2014