This study examined the effect of varying levels of whole grain diet on human fecal metabolite composition. 39 male subjects aged 25-30 and over 50 were divided into 4 groups based on 0%, 15%, 30%, and 45% whole grain diets. Metabolomics analysis identified 42 metabolites that were grouped using factor and cluster analysis. Statistical tests found metabolite composition was significantly affected by diet but not age. Discriminant analysis separated subjects on 0-15% diets from 30-45% diets based on metabolite differences. Higher whole grain diets produced metabolites like methylamine and propionate that could be linked to diseases if absorbed systemically.
Effect of Piper crocatum Extract Against Weight Loss and Liver Enzyme Levels ...iosrphr_editor
Piper crocatum is one of Indonesian medicinal plant that contain flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins. Aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of Piper crocatum aqueous extract against a decrease in body weight (BW) and the activity of enzymes involved in lipid metabolism (AMPK, ACC, FAS) in liver obese rats. This study used four groups of Sprague dawley rat (n = 6), including normal group (N), obese controls (OC), Piper crocatum extract dose 1260 mg/kgBW (PcA), and Piper crocatum extract dose of 1890 mg/kgBW (PcB). Measurement of metabolic liver enzyme levels (AMPK, ACC, FAS) are using ELISA kit (CusabioTM). Results of this study showed that the PcA group produce the highest reduction in body weight (4.52%), and the lowest levels of ACC (9.13 ng/g) and FAS (360.68 ng/g) which was significantly different from obese control group (95% CI). Piper crocatum extract can't activate AMPK. The highest levels in rat liver AMPK is in N group with 8.42 ng/g, but this value is not significantly different from other groups.
Rapamycin reduces Drosophila longevity under low nutritioniosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Edible Bird’s Nest Attenuates Procoagulation Effects of High-Fat Diet in RatsElabscience
Edible bird’s nest (EBN) is used traditionally in many parts of Asia to improve wellbeing, but there are limited studies on its
efficacy. We explored the potential use of EBN for prevention of high fat diet- (HFD-) induced insulin resistance in rats.
Grape Seed Extract : A potential Cancer suppressing agent sudharani028
Natural Polyphenol "Resveratrol" present predominantly in the grape seed plays an very important role in the treatment of devastating disorder Cancer (diseases involving abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cell with the potential to spread to other parts of the body)
Efficacy of Anti-Melanogenic and Anti-Ageing Properties of Glutathione with A...IJSRP Journal
Widespread concerns regarding the rise in prevalence of skin cancer and the adverse effects of both acute and chronic photo-damage due to exposure to UV rays, has led to various modes of treatment. The latest development in this regard is the findings about Glutathione and Polypodium dry extract as potential treatment components for skin conditions. Glutathione plays pivotal role in protecting cells against oxidative stressinduced cellular damage and in detoxifying Xenobiotics and drug metabolism. The added photo-protective effects of oral Polypodium with its antioxidant, immunoregulatory and antiinflammatory properties aid also in prevention of chronic skin damage, photoaging, and skin cancer led by UV exposure. Its decreased levels are associated with the common features of aging as well as of a wide range of pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders.
Effect of Piper crocatum Extract Against Weight Loss and Liver Enzyme Levels ...iosrphr_editor
Piper crocatum is one of Indonesian medicinal plant that contain flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins. Aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of Piper crocatum aqueous extract against a decrease in body weight (BW) and the activity of enzymes involved in lipid metabolism (AMPK, ACC, FAS) in liver obese rats. This study used four groups of Sprague dawley rat (n = 6), including normal group (N), obese controls (OC), Piper crocatum extract dose 1260 mg/kgBW (PcA), and Piper crocatum extract dose of 1890 mg/kgBW (PcB). Measurement of metabolic liver enzyme levels (AMPK, ACC, FAS) are using ELISA kit (CusabioTM). Results of this study showed that the PcA group produce the highest reduction in body weight (4.52%), and the lowest levels of ACC (9.13 ng/g) and FAS (360.68 ng/g) which was significantly different from obese control group (95% CI). Piper crocatum extract can't activate AMPK. The highest levels in rat liver AMPK is in N group with 8.42 ng/g, but this value is not significantly different from other groups.
Rapamycin reduces Drosophila longevity under low nutritioniosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Edible Bird’s Nest Attenuates Procoagulation Effects of High-Fat Diet in RatsElabscience
Edible bird’s nest (EBN) is used traditionally in many parts of Asia to improve wellbeing, but there are limited studies on its
efficacy. We explored the potential use of EBN for prevention of high fat diet- (HFD-) induced insulin resistance in rats.
Grape Seed Extract : A potential Cancer suppressing agent sudharani028
Natural Polyphenol "Resveratrol" present predominantly in the grape seed plays an very important role in the treatment of devastating disorder Cancer (diseases involving abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cell with the potential to spread to other parts of the body)
Efficacy of Anti-Melanogenic and Anti-Ageing Properties of Glutathione with A...IJSRP Journal
Widespread concerns regarding the rise in prevalence of skin cancer and the adverse effects of both acute and chronic photo-damage due to exposure to UV rays, has led to various modes of treatment. The latest development in this regard is the findings about Glutathione and Polypodium dry extract as potential treatment components for skin conditions. Glutathione plays pivotal role in protecting cells against oxidative stressinduced cellular damage and in detoxifying Xenobiotics and drug metabolism. The added photo-protective effects of oral Polypodium with its antioxidant, immunoregulatory and antiinflammatory properties aid also in prevention of chronic skin damage, photoaging, and skin cancer led by UV exposure. Its decreased levels are associated with the common features of aging as well as of a wide range of pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders.
Background and objectives: the 5’nucleotidase (5’NT) is one of
hydrolytic enzymes present in different organs which catalyze
hydrolysis of 5’ nucleotides to ribonucleosides and phosphate.
Malondialdehyde (MDA) is the end product of lipid peroxidation
by oxidative stress (free radicals).
The aim of present study was to measure the serum activity of
5’NT, and MDA concentration in breast tumors.
Material and method: A prospective study was carried out from
May to December 2013 by clinical biochemistry department in
College of Medicine-Hawler Medical University on (30) healthy
female individuals, (group 1) and (30) females with breast tumor
(group 2).
Results: The mean value of serum MDA was significantly higher
in females with breast tumors (group 2), than that of healthy
female individuals, (group 1) (p<0.01),><0.01).
Conclusion: Based on findings of the present study it can be
concluded that breast tumors can cause release of the enzyme
5’NT from tumor cells, and lipid peroxidation by reactive oxygen
species (ROS), which cause elevation of MDA.
Curcumin, the compound responsible for the yellow color of turmeric has much more to offer than just its color. Curcumin comes with a plethora of health benefits which makes it a hot topic in the nutraceutical industry. Unleash the world of curcumin and see the reasons why you need to spice it up!
Evaluation of Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitory Potential of Biofield Energy Tre...Crimsonpublishers-IGRWH
Evaluation of Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitory Potential of Biofield Energy Treated DMEM by Determining cGMP Level in Human Endothelial Cell Line by Snehasis Jana
Weight reduction with improvement of serum lipid profile and ratios of Sesamu...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Development of novel natural dietary adjunct/agent with significant therapeutic effects on metabolic disease conditions such as obesity and heart disease raises concern in recent times. We studied chronic toxicity of the combined active ingredients present in the sesame leaves and their interaction on the fasting serum lipid profiles with their ratios in thirty adult male non-obese Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Such that, both treated groups received 14.0 and 28.0 mg/kg body weight doses of aqueous leaves extract of Sesamum radiatum respectively on a daily basis via gastric gavage, while, the control received equal volume of normal saline daily for six weeks. Significant (P < 0.05) weight loss observed in the treated groups was associated with significant (P < 0.05) reductions in both serum cholesterol and triglycerides (TG). The effect on the serum lipoprotein cholesterol components and ratios were significant in a dose related manner, such that increase in HDL accompanied a corresponding decrease in both LDL and LDL/HDL ratio. In addition, to increased in TG/HDL ratio. However, no significant differences in the relative reduction level of VLDL and triglycerides in the treated groups were found compared to control. Thus, LDL/HDL ratio is significantly a better indicator than the TG/HDL ratio in assessing the impact of sesame treatment with evidence of weight loss and hypolipidaemia especially in hypertensive heart diseases.
A Randomized, Masked, Controlled Study of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ...James Nelson
The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of an 8-week dietary supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; i.e., fish oil) compared to monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA; i.e., safflower oil) on intrahepatic fat content measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy, serum aminotransferases, fasting lipids, insulin resistance, resting metabolic rate and proinflammatory cytokines in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
ABSTRACT- Previous studies have suggested an association between vegetarian persons and non-vegetarian persons, although this relationship
positive correlation significant. The present study was designed to investigate comparative study of lipid profile levels in vegetarian and nonvegetarian
person. The lipid profile is used to determine the risk of obesity, heart disease in myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis and help in deciding
treatment has borderline or high risk. the present study was undertaken to compare case and control produce effect on individuals lipid profile, the
parameters of lipid metabolism i.e. cholesterol, tri-glyceride, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein of the age of 20-85 years and early
aged 50 years and above males and females, divided categories i.e. vegetarian and non- vegetarian persons. the study was done on 20 cases in 10
control (non-vegetarians) and 10 cases (vegetarians) diet was significantly found to reduce the values of all the parameter lipid metabolism except
HDL-Cholesterol(45.02± 9.595; p<0.0001).when><0.0001 ) from this study, it can be concluded
that along with diet, sex and age factor also influence parameters of lipid metabolism.
Key words- Vegetarian persons, non-Vegetarian, Lipid profile
evaluation of storage capacity of iron fortifiedIJEAB
Yogurt has gained widespread consumer acceptance. It is excellent source of calcium and protein and other nutrients but it contains very little iron. In this study yogurt was fortified with ammonium ferrous sulfate in three different concentrations (20mg, 30mg, 40mg/kg iron). Yogurt samples were analyzed physico-chemically, chemically and microbiologically at 1st,3rd, 5th day of storage. Physicochemical and chemical result shows that there was significant difference between storage period and different sample concentration. Iron in the fortified samples had no significant effect in Lactobacillus count.The results suggest possibility ofmaking good quality yogurt by fortifying milk with ammonium ferrous sulfate.
Amelioration of Gentamicin Induced Dyslipidemia in Guinea Pigs by Curcumin a...Scientific Review SR
The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of curcumin, and Rosemary as a natural
source of antioxidants to minimize the harmful effects of gentamicin induced dyslipidemia in Guinea pigs.
Guinea pigs were divided into five groups. The first group (control) was injected intraperitoneal with saline.
The 2
nd
group was injected intraperitoneal with gentamicin at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight /day. The 3
th
,
4
th
, and 5
th
groups were injected intraperitoneal with gentamicin (100 mg/kg b. wt /day) concurrently with
curcumin, rosemary, and curcumin with rosemary at the doses of 200 mg, 220 mg, and 200 mg with 220 mg
/kg body weight /day respectively orally by gavage for 10 days . Blood samples were obtained for assessment
of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipids, low density lipids, and very low density lipids
concentrations. Gentamicin treatment induced dyslipidemia. Guinea pigs that injected intraperitonally with
gentamicin at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight daily for 10 days had significantly (p<0.05) increase the
concentrations of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipids cholesterol, very low density lipids
cholesterol concentrations, and the atherogenic ratios based on lipid profile parameters (Castelli’s Risk Index
I, Castelli’s Risk Index II, Atherogenic Coefficient and Atherogenic Index of Plasma) and decreased the
serum high density lipids cholesterol concentration. Co-administration of rosemary and/or curcumin with
gentamicin significantly improved of all lipid profile parameters and atherogenic ratios parameters. It can be
concluded that, gentamicin had adverse effects on lipid profile parameters, and the atherogenic ratios
parameters. Rosemary and/or curcumin supplementation showed a remarkable amelioration of these
abnormalities in gentamicin treated male Guinea pigs. It is recommended that the use of gentamicin must be
limited and use of rosemary and curcumin as antioxidants to prevent the dyslipidemia. Further studies are
necessary to elucidate exact mechanism of protection of hyperlipidemia, atherogenic and potential usefulness
of rosemary and curcumin as a protective agent against gentamicin induced dyslipidemia and atherogenic in
clinical trials
Investigating Chemical Chaperones that can improve the stability of Lysozymes...oyepata
Investigating Chemical Chaperones that can improve the stability of Lysozymes
under high thermal temperature.
Sabastine Aliyu Zubairu1, Joseph Oyepata Simeon2, Isaac Ralph Elon1, Mahdi
Mohammed1, Sunday Blessing
According to the data released by the NSO for the Financial Year 2021-22 on 31st May, 2022, the real GDP grew at the rate of 8.7 per cent. Thus, the growth rate of real GDP for India was higher than most of the other big economies. This is a clear indication that the Indian Economy is now on the path to recovery. But, challenges still remain in its way. The retail inflation is almost 8 per cent. The number of poor people is very high, the unemployment rate is at an alarming level, and a big part of the population is still grappling with malnutrition and undernutrition. According to the 'Report on Currency and Finance' published by the Reserve Bank of India on 28th April 2022, it will take another 10 years or more for the Indian Economy to recover fully from the adverse effects of COVID-19. All these issues have been adequately discussed in this 40th revised and updated edition of the book.
The organisation, structure and contents of the present edition are as follows:
Part I of the book 'Economic Development: A Theoretical Background' is divided into three chapters. It discusses the concepts of economic growth and development, common characteristics of underdeveloped countries, the role of economic and non-economic factors in economic development, the concept of human development, human development index, gender inequality index, multidimensional poverty index, etc., and issues concerning the relationship between environment and development.
Part II discusses the 'Structure of the Indian Economy' and consists of thirteen chapters. It is devoted to the discussion of various issues relating to the nature of the Indian economy including the natural resources and ecological issues, infrastructural development, population problem, unemployment and poverty (including a discussion on universal basic income), income growth and inequalities, etc.
Part III of the book 'Basic Issues in Agriculture' consists of nine chapters. It starts with a discussion of the role, nature and cropping pattern of Indian agriculture and then takes up for discussion the issues in Indian agricultural policy (including a review of the new global opportunities and challenges facing Indian agriculture in the wake of the various agreements concluded under WTO). We then proceed to a discussion of agricultural production and productivity trends, progress and failures in the field of land reform, green revolution and its impact on the rural economy of the country, agricultural finance and marketing, agricultural prices and agricultural price policy, the food security system in India, and agricultural labour.
Part IV on 'The Industrial Sector and Services in Indian Economy' consists of ten chapters. It starts with a discussion of industrial development during the period of planning and then proceeds to discuss some major industries of India. This is followed by a discussion of small-scale industries, industrial policy, role and performance of public sector enterprises, the issue o
Background and objectives: the 5’nucleotidase (5’NT) is one of
hydrolytic enzymes present in different organs which catalyze
hydrolysis of 5’ nucleotides to ribonucleosides and phosphate.
Malondialdehyde (MDA) is the end product of lipid peroxidation
by oxidative stress (free radicals).
The aim of present study was to measure the serum activity of
5’NT, and MDA concentration in breast tumors.
Material and method: A prospective study was carried out from
May to December 2013 by clinical biochemistry department in
College of Medicine-Hawler Medical University on (30) healthy
female individuals, (group 1) and (30) females with breast tumor
(group 2).
Results: The mean value of serum MDA was significantly higher
in females with breast tumors (group 2), than that of healthy
female individuals, (group 1) (p<0.01),><0.01).
Conclusion: Based on findings of the present study it can be
concluded that breast tumors can cause release of the enzyme
5’NT from tumor cells, and lipid peroxidation by reactive oxygen
species (ROS), which cause elevation of MDA.
Curcumin, the compound responsible for the yellow color of turmeric has much more to offer than just its color. Curcumin comes with a plethora of health benefits which makes it a hot topic in the nutraceutical industry. Unleash the world of curcumin and see the reasons why you need to spice it up!
Evaluation of Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitory Potential of Biofield Energy Tre...Crimsonpublishers-IGRWH
Evaluation of Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitory Potential of Biofield Energy Treated DMEM by Determining cGMP Level in Human Endothelial Cell Line by Snehasis Jana
Weight reduction with improvement of serum lipid profile and ratios of Sesamu...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Development of novel natural dietary adjunct/agent with significant therapeutic effects on metabolic disease conditions such as obesity and heart disease raises concern in recent times. We studied chronic toxicity of the combined active ingredients present in the sesame leaves and their interaction on the fasting serum lipid profiles with their ratios in thirty adult male non-obese Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Such that, both treated groups received 14.0 and 28.0 mg/kg body weight doses of aqueous leaves extract of Sesamum radiatum respectively on a daily basis via gastric gavage, while, the control received equal volume of normal saline daily for six weeks. Significant (P < 0.05) weight loss observed in the treated groups was associated with significant (P < 0.05) reductions in both serum cholesterol and triglycerides (TG). The effect on the serum lipoprotein cholesterol components and ratios were significant in a dose related manner, such that increase in HDL accompanied a corresponding decrease in both LDL and LDL/HDL ratio. In addition, to increased in TG/HDL ratio. However, no significant differences in the relative reduction level of VLDL and triglycerides in the treated groups were found compared to control. Thus, LDL/HDL ratio is significantly a better indicator than the TG/HDL ratio in assessing the impact of sesame treatment with evidence of weight loss and hypolipidaemia especially in hypertensive heart diseases.
A Randomized, Masked, Controlled Study of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ...James Nelson
The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of an 8-week dietary supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; i.e., fish oil) compared to monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA; i.e., safflower oil) on intrahepatic fat content measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy, serum aminotransferases, fasting lipids, insulin resistance, resting metabolic rate and proinflammatory cytokines in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
ABSTRACT- Previous studies have suggested an association between vegetarian persons and non-vegetarian persons, although this relationship
positive correlation significant. The present study was designed to investigate comparative study of lipid profile levels in vegetarian and nonvegetarian
person. The lipid profile is used to determine the risk of obesity, heart disease in myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis and help in deciding
treatment has borderline or high risk. the present study was undertaken to compare case and control produce effect on individuals lipid profile, the
parameters of lipid metabolism i.e. cholesterol, tri-glyceride, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein of the age of 20-85 years and early
aged 50 years and above males and females, divided categories i.e. vegetarian and non- vegetarian persons. the study was done on 20 cases in 10
control (non-vegetarians) and 10 cases (vegetarians) diet was significantly found to reduce the values of all the parameter lipid metabolism except
HDL-Cholesterol(45.02± 9.595; p<0.0001).when><0.0001 ) from this study, it can be concluded
that along with diet, sex and age factor also influence parameters of lipid metabolism.
Key words- Vegetarian persons, non-Vegetarian, Lipid profile
evaluation of storage capacity of iron fortifiedIJEAB
Yogurt has gained widespread consumer acceptance. It is excellent source of calcium and protein and other nutrients but it contains very little iron. In this study yogurt was fortified with ammonium ferrous sulfate in three different concentrations (20mg, 30mg, 40mg/kg iron). Yogurt samples were analyzed physico-chemically, chemically and microbiologically at 1st,3rd, 5th day of storage. Physicochemical and chemical result shows that there was significant difference between storage period and different sample concentration. Iron in the fortified samples had no significant effect in Lactobacillus count.The results suggest possibility ofmaking good quality yogurt by fortifying milk with ammonium ferrous sulfate.
Amelioration of Gentamicin Induced Dyslipidemia in Guinea Pigs by Curcumin a...Scientific Review SR
The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of curcumin, and Rosemary as a natural
source of antioxidants to minimize the harmful effects of gentamicin induced dyslipidemia in Guinea pigs.
Guinea pigs were divided into five groups. The first group (control) was injected intraperitoneal with saline.
The 2
nd
group was injected intraperitoneal with gentamicin at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight /day. The 3
th
,
4
th
, and 5
th
groups were injected intraperitoneal with gentamicin (100 mg/kg b. wt /day) concurrently with
curcumin, rosemary, and curcumin with rosemary at the doses of 200 mg, 220 mg, and 200 mg with 220 mg
/kg body weight /day respectively orally by gavage for 10 days . Blood samples were obtained for assessment
of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipids, low density lipids, and very low density lipids
concentrations. Gentamicin treatment induced dyslipidemia. Guinea pigs that injected intraperitonally with
gentamicin at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight daily for 10 days had significantly (p<0.05) increase the
concentrations of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipids cholesterol, very low density lipids
cholesterol concentrations, and the atherogenic ratios based on lipid profile parameters (Castelli’s Risk Index
I, Castelli’s Risk Index II, Atherogenic Coefficient and Atherogenic Index of Plasma) and decreased the
serum high density lipids cholesterol concentration. Co-administration of rosemary and/or curcumin with
gentamicin significantly improved of all lipid profile parameters and atherogenic ratios parameters. It can be
concluded that, gentamicin had adverse effects on lipid profile parameters, and the atherogenic ratios
parameters. Rosemary and/or curcumin supplementation showed a remarkable amelioration of these
abnormalities in gentamicin treated male Guinea pigs. It is recommended that the use of gentamicin must be
limited and use of rosemary and curcumin as antioxidants to prevent the dyslipidemia. Further studies are
necessary to elucidate exact mechanism of protection of hyperlipidemia, atherogenic and potential usefulness
of rosemary and curcumin as a protective agent against gentamicin induced dyslipidemia and atherogenic in
clinical trials
Investigating Chemical Chaperones that can improve the stability of Lysozymes...oyepata
Investigating Chemical Chaperones that can improve the stability of Lysozymes
under high thermal temperature.
Sabastine Aliyu Zubairu1, Joseph Oyepata Simeon2, Isaac Ralph Elon1, Mahdi
Mohammed1, Sunday Blessing
According to the data released by the NSO for the Financial Year 2021-22 on 31st May, 2022, the real GDP grew at the rate of 8.7 per cent. Thus, the growth rate of real GDP for India was higher than most of the other big economies. This is a clear indication that the Indian Economy is now on the path to recovery. But, challenges still remain in its way. The retail inflation is almost 8 per cent. The number of poor people is very high, the unemployment rate is at an alarming level, and a big part of the population is still grappling with malnutrition and undernutrition. According to the 'Report on Currency and Finance' published by the Reserve Bank of India on 28th April 2022, it will take another 10 years or more for the Indian Economy to recover fully from the adverse effects of COVID-19. All these issues have been adequately discussed in this 40th revised and updated edition of the book.
The organisation, structure and contents of the present edition are as follows:
Part I of the book 'Economic Development: A Theoretical Background' is divided into three chapters. It discusses the concepts of economic growth and development, common characteristics of underdeveloped countries, the role of economic and non-economic factors in economic development, the concept of human development, human development index, gender inequality index, multidimensional poverty index, etc., and issues concerning the relationship between environment and development.
Part II discusses the 'Structure of the Indian Economy' and consists of thirteen chapters. It is devoted to the discussion of various issues relating to the nature of the Indian economy including the natural resources and ecological issues, infrastructural development, population problem, unemployment and poverty (including a discussion on universal basic income), income growth and inequalities, etc.
Part III of the book 'Basic Issues in Agriculture' consists of nine chapters. It starts with a discussion of the role, nature and cropping pattern of Indian agriculture and then takes up for discussion the issues in Indian agricultural policy (including a review of the new global opportunities and challenges facing Indian agriculture in the wake of the various agreements concluded under WTO). We then proceed to a discussion of agricultural production and productivity trends, progress and failures in the field of land reform, green revolution and its impact on the rural economy of the country, agricultural finance and marketing, agricultural prices and agricultural price policy, the food security system in India, and agricultural labour.
Part IV on 'The Industrial Sector and Services in Indian Economy' consists of ten chapters. It starts with a discussion of industrial development during the period of planning and then proceeds to discuss some major industries of India. This is followed by a discussion of small-scale industries, industrial policy, role and performance of public sector enterprises, the issue o
We are what we eat - The role of diets in the gut-microbiota-health interactionNorwich Research Park
Lecture at Summer School Nutrigenomics in Camerino Italy Sept. 2016.
The (small) intestine has increasingly been recognized to play a key role in the early phase of pro-inflammatory disturbances e.g. by enhanced overflow of dietary components to the distal intestine (ileum, colon) and affecting the gut microbiota & their metabolites (e.g. bile acids, short chain fatty acids). Transcription factors e.g. PPARγ, FXR, AHR or NRF2 are involved in host sensing mechanisms of microbial metabolites. Strong impact of dietary composition on small and large intestinal microbiota and their metabolic functions.
Targeting the (small) intestine and its microbiota with (plant) foods, bioactives, probiotics and drugs will improve gut and liver functions with strong implications for human health during life.
Gut Microbiota: The Missing Link in Obesity Induced Nonalcoholic Liver DiseaseIOSRJPBS
Background and objective: Recent research has elucidated a close association between intestinal microbiota, obesity, insulin resistance and nonalcoholic hepatic injury. Various studies have also indicated an increase in hepatic marker enzymes in obesity. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the association of gut microbiota with obesity, insulin resistance and hepatic marker enzymes. Material and Method: This case-control study was conducted during March 2015 to October 2016 At S.C.B Medical College, Cuttack, Odisha. The study included 186 subjects (86 irritable bowel syndrome patients as per the Rome III criteria and hundred matched controls). Plasma fasting glucose, serum lipid profile, hepatic marker enzymes were analysed by commercial kits adapted to automated clinical chemistry analyser and serum fasting insulin was estimated by kits adapted to Lisa Scan. Observation: Compared to controls the Irritable bowel syndrome patients had significantly higher Body mass index (20.9± 5.6 vs 30.1±0.22), Waist-hip ratio (0.9 ± 0.11 vs 1.02 ± 0.06), lipid profile, hepatic marker enzymes and insulin resistance. Conclusion: IBS patients were obese, and exhibited dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, elevated hepatic enzymes suggesting development of NAFLD.
Effects of milk supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid (isomers cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12) on body composition and metabolic syndrome components
Development of fiber rich powder and effect of supplementation on constipationSukhveerSingh31
Constipation is common health problem of youngsters and their cure is possible through change in food habits. Inclusion of dietary fibers in the diet reduces the constipation and its complications like overweight, cancer etc.
Development of fiber rich powder and effect of supplementation on constipation
hp7301 PROJECT-ABHISHEK JAIN
1. 1
INTERDISCIPLINARY GRADUATE SCHOOL
Human nutrition and Disease -A study of Whole Grain Diet-Induced
Metabolic Changes in Human
Doctor of Philosophy
Name: Abhishek Jain
Submitted To: Prof HO Moon-Ho Ringo
Date of submission: 18 November, 2016
2. 2
Human nutrition and Disease-Astudy of Whole Grain Diet-InducedMetabolic
Changes in Human
Introduction
Increasing evidence indicates that changes in the composition of the human gut microbiota
affect host metabolism and are associated with a variety of diseases. Changes in diet have been
shown to rapidly affect the composition of the gut microbiota Furthermore, microbiota-diet
interactions impact host physiology through the generation of a number of bioactive metabolites
For example, short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs),which are generated by microbial fermentation of
dietary polysaccharides in the gut, are an important energy source for colonocytes and also
function as signaling molecules, modulating intestinal inflammation and metabolism By
quantifying the release and consumption of metabolites by the gut microbiota, it may be possible
to elucidate interactions between the gut microbiota and host metabolism This information would
allow identification of diagnostic biomarkers and may provide insight into the role of the gut
microbiota in disease progression. However, gut microbiome and metabolite composition have
been shown to be affected by some other factors such as age, sex, etc.
The aim of this study was to monitor the effect of whole grain diet on human faecal
metabolites. In order to examine the effect of whole grain on human faecal metabolite, samples
from 39 human male subjects of two different age groups (25-30 and more than 50) were collected.
These 39 subjects were divided into 4 different groups based on the percentage of whole grain in
their diets. The description is shown in the table
3. 3
Table 1: Description of 39 Human Subjects in this Study
No of subjects Diet Whole grain percentage age
5 Diet 1 0% 25-30
4 >50
5 Diet 2 15% 25-30
5 >50
5 Diet 3 30% 25-30
5 >50
5 Diet 4 45% 25-30
5 >50
Results:
FactorAnalysis of Human Faecal Metabolites
42 metabolites were obtained after GC-MS and LC-MS metabolomics profiling of human
faecal samples, collected from 39 subjects. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to reduce
the number of variables and to group the similar metabolites together.
Figure 1 and Table 2 shows the three important factor extracted in this study. Factor I
represents the metabolite separating groups with low percentage of whole grain (i.e. 0% and 15%)
4. 4
diet from groups with higher percentage of whole grain diet (i.e. 30% and 45%). Factor 2
represents the class of metabolites which shows higher concentration in diet4 (whole grain 45%)
than other diet groups with lower percentage of whole grain. Factor 3 represents the class of
metabolites which shows lower concentration in diet4 (whole grain 45%) than other diet groups
with lower percentage of whole grain.
Table2: Factor Loading based on Factor Analysis for
metabolites from 39 human subjects with different percentage
of whole grain diet
Factors
Metabolites
separate 0%
& 15% whole
grain diet
group from
30% and 45%
Metabolites
which have
greater
concentration
in 45% whole
grain diet
Metabolites
which shows
lesser
concentration
in 45% whole
grain diet
1,3-D
3-HB .480
3-HP .458
3-PP .479
Acetate .612
Benzoate .733
Butyrate .515
Caffeine .787
Choline .658
Dimethylamine .586
Ethanol .586
Formate .680
Glutamate .929
Glycine .981
Histidine .478
Hypoxanthine
Isoleucine .913
Isovalerate .535
Lactate .919
5. 5
Leucine .942
Lysine .480
Maltose .733
Methanol .565
Methylamine .916
NDMA .762
Nicotinate .446
PAG .710
Proline .553
Propionate .815
Ribose .752
Tyrosine .768
Uracil .533
Valerate .712
Valine .895
Xanthine .572
Endotoxin .476
Glucose .873
Succinate .686
Extraction Method: Principal Axis Factoring.
Rotation Method: Promax with Kaiser Normalization.
Metabolite which belongs to the same category were grouped together and represented by
one significant metabolite of that class. Benzoate, formate, Histidine and ribose all belong to acidic
class of molecules so they are represented by most significant metabolite Benzoate. Methanol
reacts with ammonia for the formation of dimethylamine and methylamine. These three metabolite
are the part of same pathway and therefore represented by most significant metabolite
methylamine.
Similarly, 3-HB, Caffeine, Choline and NDMA are represented by NDMA. The group of
three amino acids Proline Tyrosine and Valine is represented by Valine.
6. 6
Figure 1: Factor Analysis of Human Faecal Metabolomic Profile
Manova confirms metabolite compositionis affectedby diet but not age
Manova was performed to examine the main and interaction effect of diet and age on faecal
metabolite composition. Statistical findings proves that metabolite composition is significantly
different based on diet, F=75,21.79=11.4, p<.005; Wilk’s Ʌ =.000, partial η2
=0.975) .On the other
hand age (F=25,7=1,60,p>.005; Wilk’s Ʌ =.148,partial η2
=0.85) and interaction between age and
diet (F=75,21.79=1.4,p>.005; Wilk’s Ʌ =.005,partial η2
=0.83) could not produce significant effect
on metabolite composition.
Manova test of between subjects effect results are presented in table 3 to determine the
significant effect of diet, age and interaction of diet and age on individual metabolite composition.
Table 3: Manova Test of between Subjects effect
10. 10
Methylamine 3 .340 .797
NDMA 3 4.017 .016
Nicotinate 3 2.291 .098
Propionate 3 2.496 .078
Uracil 3 1.977 .138
Valerate 3 1.872 .155
Valine 3 2.304 .096
Xanthine 3 .306 .821
Endotoxin 3 2.441 .083
Glucose 3 .503 .683
The results in the table above shows that the composition of most of the metabolites
except,3-HP, Benzoate, Glycine, Isovalerate and Maltose differs significantly amongst different
dietary group. On contrary to this, only four metabolites Benzoate, Glycerol, Lysine and NDMA
are significantly affected by difference in age group. Similarly, Interaction between diet and age
also shows significant effect only on four metabolites namely Glutamate, glycine, leucine and
NDMA.
Thus we can conclude that metabolite composition is primarily depending on dietary habits
Discriminant Analysis separates human subjects with 0 and 15% whole grain diet from 30
and 45 % Whole grain diet
Discriminant analysis was performed to explore the difference in metabolite composition
within different dietary group and age group. Three statistically significant canonical discriminant
11. 11
functions with acceptable classification accuracy of 87% separates the dietary groups based on the
difference in faecal metabolite composition. It can be observed from figure that responses of
human with 0% and 15% whole grain diet were clustered together and these can be clearly
separated from the human with 30% and 45% whole grain diet. Even human with 30% whole grain
diet are clustered far apart from human with 45% whole grain diet.
The importance of metabolite discriminating within different dietary group was also
analysed by standardized discriminant function coefficient and it was found that all the tested
metabolite played significant role in separation except acetate.
Discriminant analysis results based on age, group showed insignificant discriminant
function so it can be concluded that metabolite composition in human is not influenced by age
factor.
12. 12
Figure 2: Discriminant Analysis results of Different Dietary Groups
HierarchicalCluster Analysis
Separate Cluster analysis for 39 human subjects (Figure 4) and 25 metabolites (Figure 3)
obtained from factor analysis were performed to confirm the findings of factor analysis and
discriminant analysis results. Most of the compounds present in cluster one and two are similar to
the metabolites explained by factor 1 and 2 in factor analysis. These results show the accuracy of
factor analysis results.
Figure 4 precisely separates human of diet1, diet2 and diet3 from diet4. All the human with
45% whole grain in their diet are clustered together and differentiated themselves from human
13. 13
with lower percentage of whole grain diet. These results confirm the finding of discriminant
analysis done in the previous section of this report.
Figure 3: Cluster Analysis of Metabolites
Yellow - Higher Concentration
Green - Intermediate Concentration
Blue - Lower Concentration
Cluster1
Cluster2
15. 15
Discussion:
In this study, GC-MS and LC-MS based metabolomics was performed on human faecal
samples to analyse whether varying percentage of whole grain in diet and difference in age group
would affect the faecal metabolite composition. We also wanted to investigate whether this whole
grain diet induced faecal metabolites have relationship with any disease in human.
From the statistical analysis of data, it can be clearly seen that 39 human subjects are distinguished
from each other based on the different concentration of whole grain in their diet but metabolite
composition is not significantly affected by age factor.
Specifically, some metabolites like Methylamine, Propionate, Xanthine, Glucose, Acetate,
Endotoxin and Butyrate are present in higher concentration in human eating 45% whole grain diet.
On the other hand, human subjects with 0% and 15% whole grain diet are grouped together with
lower concentration of NDMA, Valine, Leucine, Nicotinate and higher concentration of 3-PP.
The increasing concentration of methylamine in Diet group 3 and 4 (i.e 30 and 45% whole
grain) gives an important link in relation to human disease. Methylamine are produced from
degradation of amino acids by gut bacteria. If these methylated amines are absorbed in the blood
circulation they might be converted into toxic metabolites such as Hydrogen peroxide and HCHO
both of which are associated with human disease such as diabetes, vascular disorders.
We also observed the elevated level of NDMA in diet groups with 30% and 45% whole grain.
NDMA is Suspected to be human Carcinogen.
Another group of metabolite consist of Xanthine, Endotoxin, Uracil showed higher
concentration with increasing percentage (i.e. 30 and 45%) of whole grain in the diet. These
16. 16
metabolite decreases the PH of gut environment which is responsible for death of some beneficial
gram positive and gram negative bacteria of human gut.
The appropriate amount of whole grain in human diet is a debatable issue among human
nutritional scientists. On one hand, Whole grain has variety of health benefits and also an optimum
amount of grain in our diet keeps us away from various health diseases. Whereas, Human faecal
metabolite data from this study clearly suggests that diets containing 30 and 45% whole grain
generate a variety of metabolites which might be associated with human disease such as Diabetes,
Alzheimer's, Celiac.