What is literature ?
Literature is a term use to describe written or spoken material. The term is most commonly used to refer to words of the creative imagination including works of poetry, drama, fiction and non-fiction. Literature is the art of written works. It is the body of written works of a language period or culture. Literature is published in written works in a particular style or particular subject. Literature is the mirror of life. Our life and all the subject are related to our life is the subject matter or element of literature. So we can get the touch of our life trough literature.Etymologically, literature has to do with letters,the written as opposed to the spoken word, though not everything that is written down is literature.
What is the function of literature ?
As based conception, Aristoteles in “poetic’ that the function of literature is called “catharsis the primary functions of literature are to delight the reader, and heighten his awareness of life. The subsidiary functions are ‘propaganda’, ‘release’ and ‘escape’; but they are subordinated to the primary creative functions of literature.Propaganda literature’ must be distinguished from mere propaganda in which there is nothing creative. The writer of mere propaganda is simply concerned to popularize facts, ideas, and emotions with which he is familiar. But propaganda that is literature is a creative influence irradiating and transforming the writer’s experience.‘Release literature’ is that in which the dominant motive of the writer is simply the assuagement of starved needs, the release of pent-up forces in the personality. Romances, detective stories, thrillers, poems etc.
Literature also provides ‘escape’ from the grim realities of life, and many people read to escape boredom. The higher type of literature helps the reader to escape from trivial reality into significant reality.
Element of Narrative
Conceptual elements ( surface facts )
Actions – events and the sequence ( plot )
Character ‘ agent of motivation
setting – point of reference
Mode of narration ( expressive devices )
Point of view - focus of the narrator knowledge and values
Style - focus of the author’s atittudes and values
What is literature ?
Literature is a term use to describe written or spoken material. The term is most commonly used to refer to words of the creative imagination including works of poetry, drama, fiction and non-fiction. Literature is the art of written works. It is the body of written works of a language period or culture. Literature is published in written works in a particular style or particular subject. Literature is the mirror of life. Our life and all the subject are related to our life is the subject matter or element of literature. So we can get the touch of our life trough literature.Etymologically, literature has to do with letters,the written as opposed to the spoken word, though not everything that is written down is literature.
What is the function of literature ?
As based conception, Aristoteles in “poetic’ that the function of literature is called “catharsis the primary functions of literature are to delight the reader, and heighten his awareness of life. The subsidiary functions are ‘propaganda’, ‘release’ and ‘escape’; but they are subordinated to the primary creative functions of literature.Propaganda literature’ must be distinguished from mere propaganda in which there is nothing creative. The writer of mere propaganda is simply concerned to popularize facts, ideas, and emotions with which he is familiar. But propaganda that is literature is a creative influence irradiating and transforming the writer’s experience.‘Release literature’ is that in which the dominant motive of the writer is simply the assuagement of starved needs, the release of pent-up forces in the personality. Romances, detective stories, thrillers, poems etc.
Literature also provides ‘escape’ from the grim realities of life, and many people read to escape boredom. The higher type of literature helps the reader to escape from trivial reality into significant reality.
Element of Narrative
Conceptual elements ( surface facts )
Actions – events and the sequence ( plot )
Character ‘ agent of motivation
setting – point of reference
Mode of narration ( expressive devices )
Point of view - focus of the narrator knowledge and values
Style - focus of the author’s atittudes and values
sound of devices in poetry
definition sound devices
rhythm
definition and example
rhyme
definition and example
alliteration
definition and example
assonance
definition and example
consonance
definition and example
onomatopea
definition and example
thank you
sound of devices in poetry
definition sound devices
rhythm
definition and example
rhyme
definition and example
alliteration
definition and example
assonance
definition and example
consonance
definition and example
onomatopea
definition and example
thank you
Different Levels of Stylistics Analysis 1.Phonological level 2.Graphologic...RajpootBhatti5
Levels of stylistics analysis
1.Phonological level
2.Graphological level
3.Grammatical level
Language of newspaper headlines
4.Pragmatics level
5.Conversation or discourse analysis
Presented
by
Ata ul ghafer & shoiba sabir
Department of Applied linguistics
GCUF
An introduction to elements of poetry
Significance of elements in a poem
How to analyse a poem using these elements?
Comprehend language through literature
How to appreciate a poem?
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2. WHAT IS POETRY ANYWAY?
• Meaning: what makes it poetry and not
something else?
• Answer: Canned Soup?
3. Sometimes the job of the poem is to come closer to saying
what cannot be said in other forms of writing, to suggest an
experience, idea, or feeling that you can know but not
entirely express in any direct or literal way.
How does it evoke that feeling?
• Word and line
arrangements
• Sounds and rhythms
• Meanings of words
(literal and figurative
language)
4. Examining a Poem
1. Before reading a poem there are a few things you
can do:
• Look at the title
• Examine its shape (lines, line breaks, and the way
lines are broken into groups= stanzas)
• And the length of lines (dense- on a physical level)
• Does it look like other poems by this writer?
5. Reading a Poem
• Before anything else, you gotta read it.
• Poetry is meant to be heard, so use your voice
and your ears!
6. How do you read a poem?
• Lines
–
–
–
–
–
Meaning
Sound
Rhythm
Breath
Typography/Font styles
– But what if its not so obvious??
7. What if it’s not so obvious?
• End-stopped lineslines that end with
punctuation
• Lineation- grammar,
breath, and line
breaks
• Reading to the end of
a line or following
breath.
8. What if I don’t have a good ear for this?
Tricks in punctuation marks
10. Harlem
by Langston Hughes
What happens to a dream deferred?
Does it dry up
like a raisin in the sun?
Or fester like a sore—
And then run?
Does it stink like rotten meat?
Or crust and sugar over—
like a syrupy sweet?
Maybe it just sags
like a heavy load.
Or does it explode?
16. Examining 5. Sound/Form
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Line Breaks
Broken mid-clause (aka. enjambment)
End-stopped (pauses or caesuras)
First and last words
Rhyme/rhythm
Stanza length/breaks
Repetition
Traditional Forms (ballad, sestina, sonnet, etc.)
18. Here are a few general questions that you
might ask when approaching a poem for the
first time:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Who is the speaker?
What circumstances gave rise to the poem?
What situation is presented?
Who or what is the audience?
What is the tone?
What form, if any, does the poem take?
How is form related to content?
Is sound an important, active element of the poem?
Does the poem spring from an identifiable historical moment?
Does the poem speak from a specific culture?
Does the poem have its own vernacular?
Does the poem use imagery to achieve a particular effect?
What kind of figurative language, if any, does the poem use?
If the poem is a question, what is the answer?