Provides an overview of the types of water features including design considerations for traditional and
sequenced solutions, as well as a discussion of the history and development of water features and the influences that have impacted today's designs.
Blue Thumb is a Michigan-based company that manufactures and distributes water feature equipment and supplies. It was founded in 2000 and has since expanded from a 3,200 square foot space to over 50,000 square feet. The presentation discusses the history of water features from ancient times to modern day and how their design has evolved. It also provides an overview of different types of water features including koi ponds, water gardens, fountains, and wetlands. The role of plants and other natural elements in successful water feature design is emphasized.
TRAPS AND ITS TYPES USED IN A BUILDING BISHAL KHANAL
This document discusses plumbing and traps. It defines plumbing as the system of pipes, drains, and devices installed in a building for water distribution and waste removal. Traps prevent sewer gases from entering buildings by maintaining a water seal. The document describes different types of traps like P-traps, S-traps, and floor traps. It explains how traps can lose their seals and discusses requirements for effective trap design.
Japanese garden architecture | Link to download: https://dimpstrail.gumroad.c...Dimple Poddar
Japanese gardens originated from Chinese landscape gardens and first appeared in Japan during the Asuka period. They were inspired by Japanese religious beliefs and designed to be peaceful spaces for meditation. Key elements include water, rocks, sand, and an emphasis on natural asymmetry, simplicity, and contrast between elements. Major garden types include pond gardens, dry rock gardens, tea gardens, and stroll gardens, each incorporating the design principles of naturalness, asymmetry, and open interaction between elements.
Water features can take many forms, including water gardens, ponds, fountains, streams, waterfalls, pools, and reflecting pools. They vary in size and purpose, from small decorative elements to larger habitats. Plantings also vary between submerged, floating, and marginal varieties suited to the water depth and purpose of the feature. Beyond aesthetics, water features can provide habitat and food for wildlife like fish, crustaceans, snails, amphibians, reptiles, and birds. Proper design is needed to support any animals involved.
Water supply systems in Architecture By Minal PalveMinal Palve
This document discusses the key stages and components of a water supply system, including sources, demand assessment, treatment, and distribution to both towns and individual buildings. It covers the treatment process from screening and sedimentation to disinfection. Distribution systems can use gravity, pumping, or a combination, with layouts like grid iron or circular patterns. Building supply involves tapping main lines, meters, storage tanks, and distribution within the building.
This document summarizes various sanitary fittings and accessories used in buildings. It describes fittings like wash basins, sinks, bathtubs, urinals, water closets, and showers. It provides details on their types, materials, sizes and placement. It also covers flushing cisterns and faucets. Finally, it discusses common bathroom accessories like towel bars, shelves, baskets and mirrors.
Deep casestudy of sports The centrum club located in Mumbai. Casestudy for the understanding architecture spaces of sports and events club. Circulation within two spaces, climatic factor,concept and zoning all the info available in this pdf.
The document discusses the concept and design of Persian gardens. Some key points:
1. Persian gardens were designed to resemble paradise, with order, tranquility, and rich vegetation to contrast the dry climate outside. They featured shade, the sounds of water and birds, and fragrant flowers.
2. In Islam, the Quran depicts paradise as a garden with shade, water, milk, wine and honey, influencing the design of Persian gardens.
3. A key Persian garden design is the "Chahar Bagh" or four gardens divided by water channels, intended to provide different settings for relaxation.
4. Elements like centralized water features, shade structures, and dividing paths and gre
Blue Thumb is a Michigan-based company that manufactures and distributes water feature equipment and supplies. It was founded in 2000 and has since expanded from a 3,200 square foot space to over 50,000 square feet. The presentation discusses the history of water features from ancient times to modern day and how their design has evolved. It also provides an overview of different types of water features including koi ponds, water gardens, fountains, and wetlands. The role of plants and other natural elements in successful water feature design is emphasized.
TRAPS AND ITS TYPES USED IN A BUILDING BISHAL KHANAL
This document discusses plumbing and traps. It defines plumbing as the system of pipes, drains, and devices installed in a building for water distribution and waste removal. Traps prevent sewer gases from entering buildings by maintaining a water seal. The document describes different types of traps like P-traps, S-traps, and floor traps. It explains how traps can lose their seals and discusses requirements for effective trap design.
Japanese garden architecture | Link to download: https://dimpstrail.gumroad.c...Dimple Poddar
Japanese gardens originated from Chinese landscape gardens and first appeared in Japan during the Asuka period. They were inspired by Japanese religious beliefs and designed to be peaceful spaces for meditation. Key elements include water, rocks, sand, and an emphasis on natural asymmetry, simplicity, and contrast between elements. Major garden types include pond gardens, dry rock gardens, tea gardens, and stroll gardens, each incorporating the design principles of naturalness, asymmetry, and open interaction between elements.
Water features can take many forms, including water gardens, ponds, fountains, streams, waterfalls, pools, and reflecting pools. They vary in size and purpose, from small decorative elements to larger habitats. Plantings also vary between submerged, floating, and marginal varieties suited to the water depth and purpose of the feature. Beyond aesthetics, water features can provide habitat and food for wildlife like fish, crustaceans, snails, amphibians, reptiles, and birds. Proper design is needed to support any animals involved.
Water supply systems in Architecture By Minal PalveMinal Palve
This document discusses the key stages and components of a water supply system, including sources, demand assessment, treatment, and distribution to both towns and individual buildings. It covers the treatment process from screening and sedimentation to disinfection. Distribution systems can use gravity, pumping, or a combination, with layouts like grid iron or circular patterns. Building supply involves tapping main lines, meters, storage tanks, and distribution within the building.
This document summarizes various sanitary fittings and accessories used in buildings. It describes fittings like wash basins, sinks, bathtubs, urinals, water closets, and showers. It provides details on their types, materials, sizes and placement. It also covers flushing cisterns and faucets. Finally, it discusses common bathroom accessories like towel bars, shelves, baskets and mirrors.
Deep casestudy of sports The centrum club located in Mumbai. Casestudy for the understanding architecture spaces of sports and events club. Circulation within two spaces, climatic factor,concept and zoning all the info available in this pdf.
The document discusses the concept and design of Persian gardens. Some key points:
1. Persian gardens were designed to resemble paradise, with order, tranquility, and rich vegetation to contrast the dry climate outside. They featured shade, the sounds of water and birds, and fragrant flowers.
2. In Islam, the Quran depicts paradise as a garden with shade, water, milk, wine and honey, influencing the design of Persian gardens.
3. A key Persian garden design is the "Chahar Bagh" or four gardens divided by water channels, intended to provide different settings for relaxation.
4. Elements like centralized water features, shade structures, and dividing paths and gre
Swimming pool construction involves several steps:
1. Designing the pool shape and dimensions.
2. Excavating the area and grading the ground for the pool walls and floor.
3. Framing the walls with metal bars and installing plumbing, electricity, and the concrete floor.
4. Pouring and finishing the concrete walls, adding a moisture barrier, backfilling outside the walls, and filling the pool.
Coffered ceilings and slabs are rigid, planar structures that use a series of intersecting ribs to distribute loads across a space. The document discusses the history and architectural uses of coffered ceilings. It also describes different types of coffered slab structures like waffle slabs and drop slabs that are used for their load bearing capacities in long span structures like schools and hospitals. Various coffered slab construction techniques are outlined, including the use of precast elements and how services can be run through the coffered spaces.
08 Building Water Supply and Sanitary Fixturesakashpadole
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University.
Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates.
Thank you :)
Aasri Pools provides complete water management services including swimming pool design, construction, and water treatment. They have over 10 years of experience and offer high quality equipment like filters, pumps, and covers. Their team can design and build pools of any shape or theme. They also provide spa equipment and water treatment solutions for drinking water, industrial uses, and more.
COMPLETE MARKET SURVEY OF WATER PROOFING MATERIALS INCLUDING EXPLANATION OF TYPES OF WATER PROOFING MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES AND THEIR APPLICATION.
LIVE MARKET SURVEY AT CHAWRI BAZAAR, PAHARGANJ NEW DELHI-110025
The document provides details about the English garden landscape design style. It discusses how the English garden style shifted from formal, symmetrical gardens to a more natural, irregular style inspired by painting. Key elements of English gardens included lakes, rolling lawns, tree groves, sculptures, ha-has, and grottoes. The document also lists 10 iconic English gardens worth studying, including Rousham House known for its theatrical design by William Kent using trees and statues, and Trentham Gardens which incorporates both historic and modern design elements.
The document discusses Islamic gardens, which were designed based on the concept of paradise described in the Quran. Key elements included courtyards, water features like channels and pools, and trees and flowers. Water was essential both practically for irrigation and symbolically, representing life. Typical layouts had a central pavilion surrounded by quadrants divided by water channels. Walls provided protection, and gates and towers were decorative features. Overall, Islamic gardens were oases that blended architecture, nature, and religious symbolism to create tranquil retreats for royalty and nobility.
This document discusses plumbing services for a building, including water supply and distribution systems. It covers the cold water system, direct and indirect supply systems, and hot water supply methods. The direct system supplies water directly from mains to fixtures, while the indirect system uses a storage cistern. Centralized hot water systems store and circulate hot water, while localized systems heat water at the point of use. Solar water heaters also utilize energy from the sun.
This document provides information on piping, fittings, and fixtures used in water supply systems. It discusses various types of pipes used such as galvanized iron, PVC, steel, copper pipes and their characteristics. It also describes common pipe fittings like elbows, tees, reducers, couplings, unions, plugs and end caps. Valves used to regulate water flow such as gate valves, globe valves, ball valves, butterfly valves and check valves are also outlined. The document provides a comprehensive overview of key components for building water supply systems.
The document provides an overview of Japanese garden history and design principles. It discusses how early Japanese gardens were influenced by Chinese styles and featured lakes and islands. The basic design principles of Japanese gardens emphasize naturalness, asymmetry, simplicity and the use of triangles. Gardens typically include elements like water, rocks, bridges, lanterns and trees/flowers arranged according to seasonal changes. Different garden styles are also summarized, including pond, paradise, tea and courtyard gardens.
Water supply, sanitation and rainwater harvestingAyushi Agrawal
A water supply system typically includes a drainage basin, water collection point, water purification facilities, water storage facilities such as tanks or towers, pressurizing components such as pumps, and a pipe network for distribution. There are three main types of water distribution systems: direct pumping, overhead tank, and hydro-pneumatic. A direct pumping system uses tanks elevated to provide water pressure without additional pumps. An overhead tank system stores water in elevated tanks but may require booster pumps for upper floors. A hydro-pneumatic system uses pressure tanks instead of elevated water tanks.
Know about different types of Swimming Pools from this presentation by Arvind Raj (Certified Sports Engineer-Trainee) of Sports & Management Research Institute (SMRI).
In this presentation we had shown all types of metal and steel doors.If you want to know more about steel doors then you can visit at web portal of tradeindia.
The document discusses various sanitary fixtures used in buildings for waste water removal. It describes wash basins, bathtubs, water closets, urinals, and showers. It provides details on the types of each fixture, including pedestal, corner, and wall-mounted basins; corner, drop-in, and free-standing bathtubs; Indian, European, and Anglo-Indian water closets; and different styles of urinals and showers. It also covers plumbing fixtures such as pipes, taps, joints, and valves that are part of the plumbing system to distribute water and remove waste water from buildings.
The document discusses various aspects of Japanese garden design including:
1. The philosophy of Japanese gardens which aims to highlight natural beauty and inspire reflection through minimalism.
2. The different historical periods of Japanese garden design from early Japan to the modern era, noting the influences of Buddhism, Zen Buddhism, and the Edo period.
3. The main types of Japanese gardens classified by terrain including hill gardens, dry gardens, tea gardens, and study gardens.
The document discusses various elements of landscape design including lighting techniques, paving materials, fencing options, and uses of stone and wood. It provides details on outdoor lighting fixtures and how they are used to illuminate paths, architectural features, steps, and trees. It also discusses paving materials like stone, brick, concrete, and asphalt and how they are used for pathways. Different fencing styles including wrought iron, vinyl, stacked stone, and picket fencing are outlined. Common uses of stone and wood in landscaping like retaining walls, flagstone, boulders, and mulch are also summarized.
This document provides information about plumbing systems and components. It begins with definitions of plumbing and discusses the history of plumbing from ancient civilizations. It then describes the basic plumbing components found in modern buildings, including water supply pipes, fixtures and traps, soil and waste pipes, and storm drainage. The document provides details on water supply systems, drainage systems, and plumbing fixtures and fittings. It also discusses plumbing codes and regulations from the National Building Code of India. Finally, it includes examples of plumbing system designs for apartments and case studies.
An Islamic garden is meant to be a cool, restful place that reminds visitors of paradise. There are different types of Islamic gardens serving different purposes, such as bustan formal gardens with pools and canals, jannah orchards with palms and vines, and rawdah vegetable gardens. A key design element is the chahar bagh, featuring four water canals meeting at a central pool, representing the four rivers of paradise. Examples include the gardens of Dar al-Bahar in Algeria, with its lake and terraced courtyards, and the famous Shalimar gardens found in Lahore, Kashmir, and Delhi, meant to evoke a sense of "abode of bliss." Home
This document is the Indian Standard specification for drinking fountains from 1973. It outlines the materials, construction requirements, and finishes that drinking fountains used in public places like schools and parks should meet. It specifies that basins should be one-piece with sloped sides for drainage and designed to prevent splashing. Jet mechanisms should issue water at an angle to prevent backflow and be protected by guards. Water supply should be controlled by a self-closing tap. The standard aims to ensure drinking fountains are hygienic and perform properly.
The document discusses various types of home accessories and bedding items. It describes top sheets, bottom sheets, coverlets, bedspreads, blankets, comforters, duvets, decorative pillows, bolster pillows and more. It also discusses factors that influence the selection of designs for home furnishings, including end use, size of room, type of room, types of arrangement, type of furniture and geographical location. UK bed sizes and corresponding bed linen sizes are also listed.
Swimming pool construction involves several steps:
1. Designing the pool shape and dimensions.
2. Excavating the area and grading the ground for the pool walls and floor.
3. Framing the walls with metal bars and installing plumbing, electricity, and the concrete floor.
4. Pouring and finishing the concrete walls, adding a moisture barrier, backfilling outside the walls, and filling the pool.
Coffered ceilings and slabs are rigid, planar structures that use a series of intersecting ribs to distribute loads across a space. The document discusses the history and architectural uses of coffered ceilings. It also describes different types of coffered slab structures like waffle slabs and drop slabs that are used for their load bearing capacities in long span structures like schools and hospitals. Various coffered slab construction techniques are outlined, including the use of precast elements and how services can be run through the coffered spaces.
08 Building Water Supply and Sanitary Fixturesakashpadole
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University.
Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates.
Thank you :)
Aasri Pools provides complete water management services including swimming pool design, construction, and water treatment. They have over 10 years of experience and offer high quality equipment like filters, pumps, and covers. Their team can design and build pools of any shape or theme. They also provide spa equipment and water treatment solutions for drinking water, industrial uses, and more.
COMPLETE MARKET SURVEY OF WATER PROOFING MATERIALS INCLUDING EXPLANATION OF TYPES OF WATER PROOFING MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES AND THEIR APPLICATION.
LIVE MARKET SURVEY AT CHAWRI BAZAAR, PAHARGANJ NEW DELHI-110025
The document provides details about the English garden landscape design style. It discusses how the English garden style shifted from formal, symmetrical gardens to a more natural, irregular style inspired by painting. Key elements of English gardens included lakes, rolling lawns, tree groves, sculptures, ha-has, and grottoes. The document also lists 10 iconic English gardens worth studying, including Rousham House known for its theatrical design by William Kent using trees and statues, and Trentham Gardens which incorporates both historic and modern design elements.
The document discusses Islamic gardens, which were designed based on the concept of paradise described in the Quran. Key elements included courtyards, water features like channels and pools, and trees and flowers. Water was essential both practically for irrigation and symbolically, representing life. Typical layouts had a central pavilion surrounded by quadrants divided by water channels. Walls provided protection, and gates and towers were decorative features. Overall, Islamic gardens were oases that blended architecture, nature, and religious symbolism to create tranquil retreats for royalty and nobility.
This document discusses plumbing services for a building, including water supply and distribution systems. It covers the cold water system, direct and indirect supply systems, and hot water supply methods. The direct system supplies water directly from mains to fixtures, while the indirect system uses a storage cistern. Centralized hot water systems store and circulate hot water, while localized systems heat water at the point of use. Solar water heaters also utilize energy from the sun.
This document provides information on piping, fittings, and fixtures used in water supply systems. It discusses various types of pipes used such as galvanized iron, PVC, steel, copper pipes and their characteristics. It also describes common pipe fittings like elbows, tees, reducers, couplings, unions, plugs and end caps. Valves used to regulate water flow such as gate valves, globe valves, ball valves, butterfly valves and check valves are also outlined. The document provides a comprehensive overview of key components for building water supply systems.
The document provides an overview of Japanese garden history and design principles. It discusses how early Japanese gardens were influenced by Chinese styles and featured lakes and islands. The basic design principles of Japanese gardens emphasize naturalness, asymmetry, simplicity and the use of triangles. Gardens typically include elements like water, rocks, bridges, lanterns and trees/flowers arranged according to seasonal changes. Different garden styles are also summarized, including pond, paradise, tea and courtyard gardens.
Water supply, sanitation and rainwater harvestingAyushi Agrawal
A water supply system typically includes a drainage basin, water collection point, water purification facilities, water storage facilities such as tanks or towers, pressurizing components such as pumps, and a pipe network for distribution. There are three main types of water distribution systems: direct pumping, overhead tank, and hydro-pneumatic. A direct pumping system uses tanks elevated to provide water pressure without additional pumps. An overhead tank system stores water in elevated tanks but may require booster pumps for upper floors. A hydro-pneumatic system uses pressure tanks instead of elevated water tanks.
Know about different types of Swimming Pools from this presentation by Arvind Raj (Certified Sports Engineer-Trainee) of Sports & Management Research Institute (SMRI).
In this presentation we had shown all types of metal and steel doors.If you want to know more about steel doors then you can visit at web portal of tradeindia.
The document discusses various sanitary fixtures used in buildings for waste water removal. It describes wash basins, bathtubs, water closets, urinals, and showers. It provides details on the types of each fixture, including pedestal, corner, and wall-mounted basins; corner, drop-in, and free-standing bathtubs; Indian, European, and Anglo-Indian water closets; and different styles of urinals and showers. It also covers plumbing fixtures such as pipes, taps, joints, and valves that are part of the plumbing system to distribute water and remove waste water from buildings.
The document discusses various aspects of Japanese garden design including:
1. The philosophy of Japanese gardens which aims to highlight natural beauty and inspire reflection through minimalism.
2. The different historical periods of Japanese garden design from early Japan to the modern era, noting the influences of Buddhism, Zen Buddhism, and the Edo period.
3. The main types of Japanese gardens classified by terrain including hill gardens, dry gardens, tea gardens, and study gardens.
The document discusses various elements of landscape design including lighting techniques, paving materials, fencing options, and uses of stone and wood. It provides details on outdoor lighting fixtures and how they are used to illuminate paths, architectural features, steps, and trees. It also discusses paving materials like stone, brick, concrete, and asphalt and how they are used for pathways. Different fencing styles including wrought iron, vinyl, stacked stone, and picket fencing are outlined. Common uses of stone and wood in landscaping like retaining walls, flagstone, boulders, and mulch are also summarized.
This document provides information about plumbing systems and components. It begins with definitions of plumbing and discusses the history of plumbing from ancient civilizations. It then describes the basic plumbing components found in modern buildings, including water supply pipes, fixtures and traps, soil and waste pipes, and storm drainage. The document provides details on water supply systems, drainage systems, and plumbing fixtures and fittings. It also discusses plumbing codes and regulations from the National Building Code of India. Finally, it includes examples of plumbing system designs for apartments and case studies.
An Islamic garden is meant to be a cool, restful place that reminds visitors of paradise. There are different types of Islamic gardens serving different purposes, such as bustan formal gardens with pools and canals, jannah orchards with palms and vines, and rawdah vegetable gardens. A key design element is the chahar bagh, featuring four water canals meeting at a central pool, representing the four rivers of paradise. Examples include the gardens of Dar al-Bahar in Algeria, with its lake and terraced courtyards, and the famous Shalimar gardens found in Lahore, Kashmir, and Delhi, meant to evoke a sense of "abode of bliss." Home
This document is the Indian Standard specification for drinking fountains from 1973. It outlines the materials, construction requirements, and finishes that drinking fountains used in public places like schools and parks should meet. It specifies that basins should be one-piece with sloped sides for drainage and designed to prevent splashing. Jet mechanisms should issue water at an angle to prevent backflow and be protected by guards. Water supply should be controlled by a self-closing tap. The standard aims to ensure drinking fountains are hygienic and perform properly.
The document discusses various types of home accessories and bedding items. It describes top sheets, bottom sheets, coverlets, bedspreads, blankets, comforters, duvets, decorative pillows, bolster pillows and more. It also discusses factors that influence the selection of designs for home furnishings, including end use, size of room, type of room, types of arrangement, type of furniture and geographical location. UK bed sizes and corresponding bed linen sizes are also listed.
Looking to shop online from a home décor sale? You've come to the right area! Here you will find a selection of home décor & other decorations to design your home.
Upholstery involves padding and covering furniture, especially seats, with materials like fabric or leather. There are different types of upholstery work including traditional, automobile, commercial, and marine upholstery. Roller blinds are used in windows and come in various materials like fabric to provide functions like privacy, aesthetics, and protection from elements. Natural and artificial fabrics are used in interior design and upholstery with different properties and applications for areas like furniture, curtains, and wall coverings.
This is a home trend presentation I created to demonstrate how the Tudor Romance trend in fashion can be translated to home decor design. Through use of textured fabrics such as brocades, jacquards, velvets, and leather, and a rich, deep color palette, a decadent, extravagant feeling is conveyed.
Interior designers work indoors decorating and designing spaces to meet clients' needs and tastes. They must be creative and knowledgeable about colors, textures, trends and different climates. Interior designers typically need a bachelor's degree with courses in art and design and can expect to earn an average salary of $43,000 annually or $20 per hour, with potential to earn up to $82,800. The field is expected to grow 21% between 2010-2020.
The document outlines an interior design presentation that defines an interior designer as someone who works with architects and contractors to cultivate a client's ideas into a functional and aesthetically pleasing design. It discusses why to use an interior designer by noting they have knowledge of construction, budgets, and can guide the design process. Tips provided include making a plan, defining your style, creating a focal point, and adding personality. Current design trends and resources are also mentioned.
In nature, water moves through the environment in an endless variety of ways. There are a multitude of water movement techniques available to the designer.
This presentation about mars ice house. This construction can be completed before the arrival of astronauts . It is based on a simple concept that is the physics phase change. This is a 3D printed habitat in mars.
1) The document provides instructions for assembling and operating a ripple tank device used to investigate wave motion properties like reflection, refraction, interference, and diffraction.
2) Key components of the ripple tank include a glass bottom tank, light source, wave generator, and viewing screen. Experiments are conducted using pulses or periodic waves generated in water of variable depth contained in the tank.
3) Initial experiments describe investigating single pulse waves and plane waves, observing properties like speed and reflection off barriers. Further experiments examine the relationship between wave speed, frequency, and wavelength in varying water depths using a stroboscope.
Experimental analysis of dew drain waterIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental analysis of dew drain water. The author built dew traps of different sizes to collect condensed water from the inside of clear plastic coverings. Over 7 days, about 2 liters of water was collected and tested for various quality parameters including pH, hardness, turbidity, dissolved solids, acidity, alkalinity, chlorides, sulfates, dissolved oxygen, and biochemical oxygen demand. The results of these tests were then compared to drinking water standards, finding the dew drain water met all requirements after purification treatments. Collecting dew drain water was concluded to be an effective way to overcome environmental water issues and scarcity concerns, especially as these problems are expected to worsen in the
Water-Energy NEXUS_ISDRS_Australia_Talib E. Butt.pptxMuhammadAli732496
This document summarizes a lecture on sustainability and the water-energy nexus. It discusses:
- The natural water cycle and urban water cycle, introducing the concept of a "built environment water-energy cycle" that considers the energy used to maintain water quantity and quality within human systems.
- Knowledge gaps in considering the total energy and carbon footprint of water for specific buildings and developments, from abstraction and treatment to distribution and wastewater management.
- Opportunities for more sustainable approaches like on-site water recycling, rainwater harvesting, and using renewable energy to decarbonize water systems and help mitigate climate change impacts like flooding.
- The interconnections between water quantity, quality, and
IRJET- Review Paper-Development and Testing of Solar StillsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the development and testing of solar stills. Solar stills are simple devices that use solar energy to produce distilled water through evaporation and condensation. Researchers are working to improve the efficiency and productivity of different solar still designs. One study found that lowering the water level in a conventional single basin solar still from 60mm to 10mm increased productivity by 12%. Another study enhanced a solar still by adding an external solar collector and phase change material to store thermal energy, allowing the still to operate continuously day and night. A third study examined pyramid-shaped solar stills, finding they can increase productivity over conventional designs by 25% when using forced convection with a fan.
The document describes a series of eco-friendly products for a hotel called Aegon. It includes Waterella, an umbrella stand that waters plants using water from umbrellas. Sprilla includes a shower mat and showerhead that filter and purify water from showers to water plants. Drola is a spiral ceramic sculpture that collects and filters rainwater and recycled water to flow through its path. The hotel focuses on collecting and recycling water through these products and its rainwater collection system.
The intent here is to present an overview of the basics and fundamentals of design theory as related to water features. These fundamentals are: context, form/line, materials/textures, light/colour, motion/movement, sound, wind and concealed components.
Lighting and aeration are important for maintaining healthy ornamental fish in home aquariums. Proper lighting provides energy, oxygen, and visual stimulation for fish and plants. Different lighting types include fluorescent, T5 HO fluorescent, and LED lights. Aeration ensures sufficient oxygen levels in the water by using devices like filters, powerheads, air stones, and spray bars that increase surface area for gas exchange. Maintaining optimal lighting and oxygenation is necessary for fish survival and well-being in confined aquarium environments.
This document discusses water on the land and how rivers change from their source to their mouth. It explains that rivers have a steep gradient and narrow channels near their source, carrying large angular material. Downstream, the gradient gentles, channels widen and deepen, and material transported is smaller and more rounded. Floodplains also become wider and flatter towards the river mouth as the channel capacity increases.
This document provides a summary of a project report on water testing and distribution for a civil engineering diploma. It discusses various aspects of the project including water sources, treatment processes, and distribution systems. Specifically, it examines intake wells and surface water sources, the treatment plant and processes for filtration, and the use of gravity-fed distribution to supply consumers. Water quality tests covered include pH, turbidity, hardness, chlorine residual, chlorides, and sulfates. The report also discusses infiltration works, groundwater sources, and pump houses and treatment works.
- Past civilizations built cities near water sources like rivers and lakes for sustenance, transportation, and recreation. Water remains an important factor in modern city design and quality of life.
- Over time, humans developed water structures like canals, fountains, and ponds to benefit from the aesthetic, psychological, and vital qualities of water. These structures provide potable water, regulate temperature, control noise, and enable recreation.
- The document discusses water's role in architecture and urban planning, as well as theories and measurement techniques for various forms of precipitation. It also outlines architectural solutions for managing heavy rainfall, snowfall, fog, and humidity.
Solar distillation is a process that uses sunlight to purify water through evaporation and condensation. Approximately 97% of the world's water is salt water found in oceans, and solar distillation provides a simple way to purify this water for drinking. There are two main types of solar distillation systems - active systems that use extra thermal energy to increase evaporation rates, and passive systems that rely directly on sunlight. The document then discusses the history, basic concepts, components like basins and covers, energy transfer mechanisms, efficiency equations, design objectives, examples of large installations, advantages, and disadvantages of solar distillation systems.
This document summarizes a presentation given by Yusuf Arsiwala of RootBridge C O L L A B on restoring water-related eco-systems in Delhi. It discusses issues with Delhi's existing water bodies like pollution, waste disposal, and sediment buildup. It then presents a model for restoring Rajokari Lake in the village of Rajokari by cleaning the water, removing sludge, restoring the catchment area, and creating ecologically designed landscapes. The proposal includes using SWAB technology for wastewater treatment, natural bio-swales and rain gardens for landscaping, and standardizing restoration processes. The restoration of Rajokari Lake improved the local ecology and groundwater, created a community space
This document describes a water purification system designed for rural villages in Northern Thailand. The system begins by collecting water from a local river using an improved water intake design. The water then flows into a slow sand filtration system. Finally, UV-C light is used to disinfect the water and kill any remaining bacteria or viruses, producing clean drinking water. The overall goals are to create a low-cost, sustainable system that is simple for villagers to operate and maintain, in order to provide a reliable source of safe water.
IRJET- Parameters Affecting the Clogging of Recharge Wells in Different Soil ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the parameters affecting the clogging of recharge wells in different soil types. The study examined how total suspended solids (TSS) concentration and water head affect recharge well efficiency over time in sandy soil. Experiments were conducted with a model recharge well system using three water tanks. Results showed that in sandy soil, a change in water head affected efficiency from 20% to 31%, while a change in TSS concentration affected efficiency from 70% to 80%. Higher water head and TSS concentration led to a faster decrease in the flow rate from the well over time. It is recommended to use low TSS concentrations for recharging sandy soil to maintain better long-term flow.
This document discusses sea water desalination processes. It describes the basic principle of desalination, which removes mineral components from saline water. The major processes used are reverse osmosis and thermal distillation. Reverse osmosis is most common due to its lower costs. The document outlines the treatment process, including pretreatment, desalination via reverse osmosis, and post-treatment. It discusses trends in desalination, such as increasing water scarcity due to climate change driving more projects, and technological innovations and renewable energy reducing costs and environmental impacts. The future of desalination is promising with expectations that technology advances will significantly reduce water costs over the next 20 years.
This document discusses sea water desalination processes. It describes the basic principle of desalination, which removes mineral components from saline water. The major processes used are reverse osmosis and thermal distillation. Reverse osmosis is most common due to its lower operational costs. The document outlines the treatment process, including pretreatment, desalination via reverse osmosis, and post-treatment. It also discusses trends in desalination, such as increasing water scarcity due to climate change driving more projects, technological innovations improving efficiency and lowering costs, and greater use of renewable energy. The future of desalination is promising with continued technology advances expected to significantly reduce water costs over the next 20 years.
RPWORLD offers custom injection molding service to help customers develop products ramping up from prototypeing to end-use production. We can deliver your on-demand parts in as fast as 7 days.
1. H O W T O B U I L D A F O U N T A I N
A B R I E F T E C H N I C A L O V E RV I E W O F
S I M P L E F O U N TA I N D E S I G N
C R Y S T A L F O U N T A I N S 6 0 S N O W B O U L E V A R D C O N C O R D , O N T A R I O C A N A D A L 4 K 4 B 3
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2. HOW TO BUILD A FOUNTAIN 1.1
BRIEF TECHNICAL OVERVIEW
INTRODUCTION:
At Crystal Fountains we happen to think that water is one of the most beautiful and exciting
materials on the planet. We have been working with it for over 35 years; designing large
and small water features and manufacturing fountain components. While many of you may
create beautiful swimming pools, our goal is to help you create beautiful water features. In
the following, we will give an introduction to the simple design and construction principals
of a fountain. In many respects, building a fountain is based upon many of the same prin-
ciples as building as swimming pool. Whether it is your first time or you are attempting a
more complex water feature, Crystal Fountains can be relied on to give you expert advice.
Factors which need to be considered when designing a feature are:
• Climate
• Setting
• Scale
• Nature of the required effect
• Maximum acceptable noise level
• Standard of cleanliness that is required
• Frequency of Maintenance
• Accuracy of the water level control system
• Wind problems (do not place a water feature in a high wind area)
• Splash
• Availability of water
• Securing the power supply cables
• Correct Mechanical Design - pump sizing, pipe sizing, pressure and
flow requirements
• Correct Electrical Design - power requirements, NEC codes/regulations,
panel design
• Budget
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3. 1.2 HOW TO BUILD A FOUNTAIN
BRIEF TECHNICAL OVERVIEW
D E S I G N C O N S I D E R AT I O N S :
The modern water feature can be formal, traditional, organic/natural or stylized. The chal-
lenge is to determine the client's desires, assess the site, consider the installation, architec-
tural references and operational requirements to produce a water feature that is both work-
able and beautiful.
General characteristics of water are its plasticity, movement, sound and reflectivity.
PLASTICITY
It is plastic because its shape is determined by the size, color, texture and location of its
container.
MOVEMENT
Water's movement can be classified as either static, as in a placid pond or pool, or dynamic
which is energetic and used as a design focal point.
SOUND
An oft-forgotten quality of water is its sound. Depending on the amount of movement and
volume of water involved, numerous sounds can be created. Attention to the audible
aspects of water are important; too little, like a dripping faucet, can be irritating and too
much, in smaller spaces, can be overpowering.
REFLECTIVITY
In a quiet setting, water in its static state can be used to reflect its environment.
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4. HOW TO BUILD A FOUNTAIN 1.3
BRIEF TECHNICAL OVERVIEW
D E S I G N C O N S I D E R AT I O N S :
Factors that influence water are light, temperature, wind, slope, shapes and surfaces. These
all can play a role in considering the final design concept:
LIGHT
A well-lit water feature transforms a dark mass of water into a glittering, sparkling element.
New technology ( fiber optic illuminators) allow water to carry a range of colors as well.
T E M P E R AT U R E
When water changes from its liquid to solid state in colder weather, it will create a dramatic
change in the water. Moving water will freeze and create unique sculptural formations
which can be especially dramatic when lit.
WIND
Wind can make a flat surface of water change from a mirror-plane to stormy white-capped
waves. Vertical water features will spray outside of the pool in high wind situations.
SLOPE
Any slope will cause water to move. With higher rates of movement, the sound and attrac-
tion generated will increase.
SHAPES AND SURFACES
Water takes on the shape of any container in which it is placed. For instance, a constant
volume of water will appear placid in a wide container, but quite turbulent when channeled
through a narrow opening because of increase resistance. This same water will move more
slowly and appear more turbulent if the surface is highly textured.
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5. 1.4 HOW TO BUILD A FOUNTAIN
BRIEF TECHNICAL OVERVIEW
T Y P E S O F WAT E R F E AT U R E S :
FOUNTAINS
While a fountain can be a focal point, it can also be used to divide a space. Whether using
a single jet or multiples, always consider combining it with light. Few features can compare
with a pool in which a fountain is illuminated at night.
Most designers agree it prudent to restrict the jet height to half the radius of the pool.
Although practical, this may not always produce a very appealing feature. Height can be
added by using statuary or sculptures or if the area is low-wind, the jet of water can be
equal to the radius of its pool or basin.
Types of fountains are:
F L O AT I N G
This is an easy and fast way to install a large water feature. Just
float the water feature to the desired location in the pool or lake.
The body of floating fountains are filled with foam which allow the
fountain to float just below the surface of the water.
D E C O R AT I V E
These can be classified into three types dependent on which
element plays the dominant role; the water, the hardscape
(the surrounding area including landscape and architecture)
or an equal combination of the two.
SEQUENCED
Current tastes in public water features are becoming more
technological. Elaborate fountains that can be programmed
and 'dance' to music are popular. Individual nozzles create
patterns of water that vary height, sound and color. These
fountains require a sequence control panel.
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6. HOW TO BUILD A FOUNTAIN 1.5
BRIEF TECHNICAL OVERVIEW
C A S C A D E S A N D WAT E R WA L L S
When it comes to creating dramatic effects, waterfalls
and cascades offer great opportunities. The power of
water as it tumbles over a surface creates elements of
great beauty that can be further enhanced by the
effect of light on the moving surface of water.
Many materials are suitable for waterwalls but slate and marble should be avoided in areas
with freeze/thaw cycles. A constant, continuous flow of water sent over a lip evenly and
cleanly is vital for a satisfactory effect. A drip channel will be required in the underside of
any flat stone to prevent the water from running back under. Recessed reglets or channels
at each end of the waterwall are often required to prevent the water from tracking out over
adjacent surfaces.
RILLS AND CHANNELS
These features suggest visual and physical movement. They
lead the eye in a given direction. Rills are narrow (often only
12" or so across) which compresses the water to create a feel-
ing of tension. For a rill to be effective, it should be as long
as possible and lead from one larger area of water to another.
Channels are also long and narrow, but on a large scale.
They often move large volumes of water.
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7. 1.6 HOW TO BUILD A FOUNTAIN
BRIEF TECHNICAL OVERVIEW
T E C H N O L O G I C A L C O N S I D E R AT I O N S :
The principle of fountain technology is to move water to create beautiful, eye-catching
water feature displays. There are three basic considerations of a fountain; water source, dis-
play effects and pump.
The first step is to identify the water supply available. In case there is no natural water
reservoir, it must be artificially filled and refilled from the water main.
Once the water source has been determined, the next step is to set the water into motion
and to find the right water display. After the display effect and pattern of nozzles are deter-
mined, the selection of the driving force or pump then follows.
The remaining construction elements serve to beautify the fountain, simplify handling and
maintenance or to create automatic functions.
STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF A FOUNTAIN:
POOL/BASIN:
The size and shape of a pool can be determined by the fountain effects or, the fountain
effect may be designed to fit the pool. Water depth should be no more than 18" to avoid
the water feature to be classified as a swimming pool with all the requisite legislation.
Pool walls should be smooth for easy cleaning. It is important to select the right color for
the feature; dark blues, grays and black are best as they create an illusion of depth and to
conceal equipment. Browns and yellows should be avoided as they tend to make the water
look dirty. Greens can look artificial or clash with surrounding vegetation. Uniform colors
magnify imperfections so patterned or dappled finishes work best.
FOUNTAIN NOZZLES AND FITTINGS
WaterCrystal products provide a good array of the most popular nozzle effects; Cascade,
Plume, Fan, Crown, Jewel, WaterCastle and Spray Ring.
Variety can be introduced by grouping multiples of the same jet or combining different jets,
adding in decorative elements or lighting. For more elaborate water feature effects you can
also check our full line of commercial jets available at www.crystalfountains.com. It is a
general rule of thumb that the water feature effect height is the equivalent of half of the
radius of the pool. Some jets require a non-turbulent water supply in order to work proper-
ly. Others require wave suppression when installed in circular pools in order to prevent
wave amplification. Vertical alignment for different jets can be achieved using products like
the WMU alignment swivel. Some jets need to be submerged for proper operation.
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8. HOW TO BUILD A FOUNTAIN 1.7
BRIEF TECHNICAL OVERVIEW
Jets which require very accurate water levels are water level dependent, as they draw addi-
tional water or air from their surroundings. Crystal Fountains technical help can assist you
with jet selection.
FOUNTAIN PUMPS
Pumps for water features are selected based on water and pressure requirements for the
combined fountain effects. Submersible pumps or dry pumps are available for use on foun-
tains. Dry pumps should be equipped with suction strainers. Crystal fountains technical
help can assist you with proper pump selection.
F I LT R AT I O N A N D W AT E R T R E AT M E N T
Whether a body of water is a swimming pool or fountain, some sort of filtration is needed
to maintain water quality and clarity. A filter trap fine debris in a media (such as sand) to
prevent the water from looking murky. Filter sizes are based on the pool capacity and must
be calculated in order for proper operation and to ensure clear water. Filtration for small
bodies of water (500 gallons or less) may be too expensive to install and not worth the
investment. Draining, cleaning and filling the fountain may be the best solution for small
fountains.
Bacteria and algae will soon develop and multiply in a fountain if not countered with an oxi-
dizing water treatment such as chlorine or bromine. Fountains use the same filtration and
water treatment methods as swimming pools, such as sand filters, chlorine, 4 hour
turnovers and proper recirculation.
L I G H T I N G / I L L U M I N AT I O N
Well designed fountain lighting will add an exciting evening dimension by illuminating your
water feature effects. Swimming pool lighting is designed for wide illumination and safety
of swimmers. Fountain lighting is designed to illuminate vertical and moving water. They
are two different illumination solutions and should not be used interchangeably. One or
two lights per single nozzle is recommended for proper illumination. The lamp type and
wattage is determined by the size and height of the water effect and whether colored lenses
are used.
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9. 1.8 H O W T O B U I L D A F O U N TA I N
BRIEF TECHNICAL OVERVIEW
To illuminate a Spray Ring less than 4', use one fixture with a wide flood lamp.
When using colored lenses keep in mind they will produce different light intensities:
Amber and Turquoise: require 50% more light than clear
Red requires 100% more light than clear
Blue and Green requires 250% more light than clear
High ambient light will have an impact on lighting selection. WaterCrystal WML 020 is has
a beam height of 5' and lamplife of approximately 2000 hours.
Note: All lighting fixtures should be submersed before lighting and must be installed by a
qualified electrician. Installation must meet NEC (National Electric Code) for safety.
Fountain lighting is not U.L listed for swimming pool applications. Swimming pool lights
are not designed for fountains.
JUNCTION BOXES
Waterproof junction boxes, like the WME204 are good for underwater connections. The
WME 204 also conveniently comes with (4) Junction Box Cord Seals and (3)m plugs.
The combination of cord seals and plugs be determined by the number of lights and electri-
cal circuits it will service.
SUCTION DRAINS AND DEBRIS SCREEN
Suction drains with a debris screen should be installed to prevent damage to pumps and
clogging of spray jets.
OVERFLOW DRAINS
Overflow drains can remove excess water brought on by rainfall or accidental overfilling of
the fountain. Overflow drains have two functions; they provide a means for removing water
in case water makeup should malfunction and they provide a means for removing storm
water. The preferable location for an overflow drain is in the wall of the pool where it can
be hidden. All overflow drains are designed to prevent large debris from clogging the drain
pipe.
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10. HOW TO BUILD A FOUNTAIN 1.9
BRIEF TECHNICAL OVERVIEW
SLEEVE FITTINGS
Pipes that penetrate pool walls and floors are the number one source of leaking. Sleeve fit-
tings or stub-ups, provide a mechanical means to bond cementishus materials to the wall of
a metal or plastic pipe.
WAT E R L E V E L C O N T R O L S
Electronic and non-electric water level sensors are available to monitor water levels and will
replenish water lost through evaporation or splashing. It provides both a cut-off for safe
operation of submerged fountain lights (fountain lights operate 2" below the surface of the
water) and regulating effect for proper submersion of jets. Evaporation rates are similar to
pools however, fountain equipment is more sensitive to changes in water levels.
Some jets draw additional water or air from their surroundings to increase their visual
impact. Such nozzles are water level dependent and require very accurate water controls.
CONTROL PANEL
U.L approved electrical panels incorporate the controls for pumps, lights and water level
equipment. Ground fault interruption hardware safeguards people from the mixture of
water and electricity. Panels also house operating timers, as well as timers and relays for
sequencing valves.
CONSTRUCTION BASICS
ONE A Supm ersible pum p
B Fountain Nozzle
C Water Basin
The most simple type of fountain is B
C
A
achieved by placing the basin directly on
the floor which eliminates the need for
excavation. The submersible pump is located in the basin and the cable is led over the
basin edge. This is a low-cost option but exposes all the engineering and mechanical com-
ponentgs. More maintenance is required as there is no filtration or water treatment.
A Supm ersible pum p
B Fountain Nozzle
TWO C Water Basin
D Underwater Lights (WML 020)
E Underwater Junction Box (WMJ 204)
The Basin can be placed in-ground creating D B D C
A
a concealed space for the submersible E
pump and piping. This produces a more
attractive appearance but construction costs are greater. Larger and custom shapes are pos-
sible, creating a greater design variety.
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