t’s the largest ionospheric heater in the world. Capable of heating a 1000 square kilometer area of the ionosphere to over 50,000 degrees. It’s also a phased array. Which means it’s steer-able and those waves can be directed to a selected target area. What they have found is that by sending radio frequency energy up and focusing it, as they do with these kinds of instruments, it causes a heating effect. And that heating literally lifts the ionosphere within a 30 mile diameter area therein changing localized pressure systems or perhaps the route of jet streams. Moving a jet stream is a phenomenal event in terms of man being able to do this. The problem is we cannot model the system adequately. Long term consequences of atmospheric heating are unknown. Changing weather in one place can have a devastating downstream effect. And H.A.A.R.P. has already been accused of modifying the weather,creating super storms like katrina ,phalin recent in orissa.....
Methane in Coastal Blue Carbon EcosystemCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Judith A. Rosentreter
(Postdoctoral Researcher Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry Southern Cross University, Lismore, Australia) on 25 September 2019 at Blue Carbon Regional Workshop, Merida, Yucatan.
Blue Carbon Stocks in Mangrove Forests of Eastern IndiaCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Dr. Kakoli Banerjee, Assistant Professor & Founding Head, Department of Biodiversity & Conservation of Natural Resources, School of Biodiversity & Conservation of Natural Resources Central, University of Odisha at Mangrove Research in Indian sub-continent: Recent Advances, Knowledge Gaps and Future Perspectives on 8 - 10 December 2021
Blue carbon research: An Indian PerspectiveCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Dr Gurmeet Singh, Futuristic Research Division, National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management Ministry of Environment Forest & Climate change at Mangrove Research in Indian sub-continent: Recent Advances, Knowledge Gaps and Future Perspectives on 8 - 10 December 2021
Cities contribute significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. While some sources claim that cities are responsible for 75-80% of emissions, this is an overstatement, as accurate allocation of emissions is complex. Emissions should take into account where energy is produced versus consumed. Overall, urbanization and economic growth are increasing emissions, though per capita emissions vary greatly between wealthy and developing cities. Accurately measuring city emissions requires defining system boundaries and accounting for all sources. Addressing climate change at the city level is important as cities are centers of economic activity and policy can be enacted more quickly than at national levels.
SCA To Date and Motivation for Change. These slides will discuss why the JTRS Program Executive Office (JPEO) is aggressively procuring Software Defined Radio (SDR) consortium and industry assistance to spearhead a high impact evolution of the Software Communications Architecture (SCA) intended to deliver better radio performance along with a smaller footprint for waveforms and radio software. The webcast audience will learn about innovative SCA change proposal details and identified opportunities for near term radio performance impact with rapid market availability of these new capabilities via highly motivated COTS SDR software and development tool vendors.
The document provides information about the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. It states that IIT Roorkee was established in 1847 as the first engineering college in South Asia and has over 5,300 students and 367 faculty members. It has 18 academic departments and focuses on transportation, nanotechnology, and disaster management. The document also provides details about the Chemical Engineering department at IIT Roorkee, including its research areas, projects, publications, and facilities.
Blue carbon science for sustainable coastal developmentCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Daniel Murdiyarso, Principal Scientist,on World Wetlands Day, 2 February 2017, at the Italian Cultural Institute of Jakarta (Istituto Italiano di Cultura Jakarta), Indonesia.
The document provides an overview of thermal remote sensing. It discusses key concepts like the thermal infrared spectrum, atmospheric windows and absorption bands, fundamental radiation laws, thermal data acquisition using sensors, and applications in mapping forest fires, urban heat islands, volcanoes, and military purposes. Thermal remote sensing allows measuring the true temperature of objects and detecting features not visible in optical remote sensing. It has advantages like temperature measurement but maintaining sensors at low temperatures can be challenging.
Methane in Coastal Blue Carbon EcosystemCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Judith A. Rosentreter
(Postdoctoral Researcher Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry Southern Cross University, Lismore, Australia) on 25 September 2019 at Blue Carbon Regional Workshop, Merida, Yucatan.
Blue Carbon Stocks in Mangrove Forests of Eastern IndiaCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Dr. Kakoli Banerjee, Assistant Professor & Founding Head, Department of Biodiversity & Conservation of Natural Resources, School of Biodiversity & Conservation of Natural Resources Central, University of Odisha at Mangrove Research in Indian sub-continent: Recent Advances, Knowledge Gaps and Future Perspectives on 8 - 10 December 2021
Blue carbon research: An Indian PerspectiveCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Dr Gurmeet Singh, Futuristic Research Division, National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management Ministry of Environment Forest & Climate change at Mangrove Research in Indian sub-continent: Recent Advances, Knowledge Gaps and Future Perspectives on 8 - 10 December 2021
Cities contribute significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. While some sources claim that cities are responsible for 75-80% of emissions, this is an overstatement, as accurate allocation of emissions is complex. Emissions should take into account where energy is produced versus consumed. Overall, urbanization and economic growth are increasing emissions, though per capita emissions vary greatly between wealthy and developing cities. Accurately measuring city emissions requires defining system boundaries and accounting for all sources. Addressing climate change at the city level is important as cities are centers of economic activity and policy can be enacted more quickly than at national levels.
SCA To Date and Motivation for Change. These slides will discuss why the JTRS Program Executive Office (JPEO) is aggressively procuring Software Defined Radio (SDR) consortium and industry assistance to spearhead a high impact evolution of the Software Communications Architecture (SCA) intended to deliver better radio performance along with a smaller footprint for waveforms and radio software. The webcast audience will learn about innovative SCA change proposal details and identified opportunities for near term radio performance impact with rapid market availability of these new capabilities via highly motivated COTS SDR software and development tool vendors.
The document provides information about the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. It states that IIT Roorkee was established in 1847 as the first engineering college in South Asia and has over 5,300 students and 367 faculty members. It has 18 academic departments and focuses on transportation, nanotechnology, and disaster management. The document also provides details about the Chemical Engineering department at IIT Roorkee, including its research areas, projects, publications, and facilities.
Blue carbon science for sustainable coastal developmentCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Daniel Murdiyarso, Principal Scientist,on World Wetlands Day, 2 February 2017, at the Italian Cultural Institute of Jakarta (Istituto Italiano di Cultura Jakarta), Indonesia.
The document provides an overview of thermal remote sensing. It discusses key concepts like the thermal infrared spectrum, atmospheric windows and absorption bands, fundamental radiation laws, thermal data acquisition using sensors, and applications in mapping forest fires, urban heat islands, volcanoes, and military purposes. Thermal remote sensing allows measuring the true temperature of objects and detecting features not visible in optical remote sensing. It has advantages like temperature measurement but maintaining sensors at low temperatures can be challenging.
This document discusses the chemistry of the greenhouse effect. It explains that certain gases in the atmosphere, called greenhouse gases, absorb infrared radiation from the sun and re-emit it, trapping heat and warming the Earth's surface. The major greenhouse gases are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and halocarbons. The document also introduces the concepts of radiative forcing and global warming potential, which are used to compare the impacts of different greenhouse gases on climate change.
The document discusses climate change scenarios and projections. It explains that climate change scenarios are used to project future greenhouse gas emissions and assess vulnerability to climate change under different pathways. Climate projections condense information from multiple climate models and emissions scenarios to characterize plausible future climates. National climate projections illustrate changes to a country's climate and form the basis for adaptation planning by considering the impact of different mitigation efforts.
Radioactive waste and their impact on aquatic organismsChamara Prabhath
This document discusses the effects of radioactive waste on aquatic organisms. It provides an introduction to radiation and radioactivity, and explains how radioactive waste is categorized. The effects of acute and chronic exposure to ionizing radiation from radioactive waste are explored, including mortality, pathophysiology, reproduction, development and genetics in aquatic animals. Examples of incidents with significant radioactive contamination are described, such as at the Mayak nuclear complex and from Chernobyl and Fukushima, noting various impacts on local ecosystems. The document concludes with a discussion of international laws and regulations regarding radiation.
This document discusses nonrenewable mineral resources and the environmental impacts of mining. It defines minerals, ores, and gangue and describes the distribution of abundant and scarce metals. Mining activities can release acid mine drainage and heavy metal contamination into water sources from ore exposure. Processing chemicals and erosion from mining also pollute the environment. While recycling and new exploration methods help meet demand, mineral supply concerns remain for some resources due to increasing global consumption. The document examines specific health impacts of four persistent, bioaccumulative metals - lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic - which are released from mining and fossil fuel combustion. Regulations aim to reduce risks to humans and wildlife from exposure to these toxic heavy metals.
The document discusses Esri's Ocean GIS Initiative which aims to expand the company's capabilities for mapping and analyzing ocean data. The initiative will focus on areas like research and exploration, ecosystems, fisheries management, and coastal protection. It highlights several existing projects including the Ocean Basemap, SeaSketch tool, Ocean Health Index, and ArcGIS for Maritime and Ocean Use Planning portals. The overall goals are to grow ocean mapping tools and data, engage more with ocean science partners, and support coastal and marine spatial planning.
FRACTAL ANTENNA FOR AEROSPACE NAVIGATIONrupleenkaur23
This document is a dissertation submitted by Rupleen Kaur for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Master of Technology degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Guru Nanak Dev University. The dissertation is on the design of a fractal microstrip patch antenna for aerospace navigation. It discusses the design and simulation of different fractal microstrip patch antenna configurations using HFSS software to achieve multiband operation for aerospace navigation applications. The simulated results of return loss, radiation pattern, gain and VSWR of the different antenna designs are presented and validated.
This document discusses marine resources and their uses. It begins by defining marine resources as physical and biological entities found in oceans and seas that are beneficial to humans. It then describes three main types of marine resources: mineral resources like sand and gravel; energy resources like petroleum, methane hydrates, and various renewable ocean energy sources; and food resources like fish, shellfish, and crustaceans. The document also outlines major sources of marine pollution and emphasizes the importance of sustainably managing valuable marine resources.
The use of geoinformatics in mineral exploration and exploitationMarguerite Walsh
The document discusses the use of geoinformatics, including remote sensing techniques, in mineral exploration and exploitation. It provides several case studies demonstrating how different remote sensing data and techniques can be used to map surface geology and identify potential mineral deposits. These include using Landsat and ASTER satellite imagery to map surficial mineralogy across large areas, detect hydrothermal alteration zones indicating gold mineralization, and identify geothermal anomalies. Integrating remote sensing data with other spatial datasets in a GIS provides additional insights. Future opportunities discussed include the increasing use of unmanned aerial vehicles and the upcoming Sentinel-2 satellite mission.
ELINT Interception and Analysis course samplerJim Jenkins
The course covers methods to intercept radar and other non-communication signals and a then how to analyze the signals to determine their functions and capabilities. Practical exercises illustrate the principles involved.
Deep Sea Mining & the International Seabed Authority: The case for a moratoriumAIDA_Americas
Presentation of Matthew Gianni, Deep Sea Conservation Coalition (DSCC), during the webinar "From the seabed to the high seas: How international negotiations can save the ocean's future".
The term heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentrations.
Heavy metals are Globally distributed
pollutants
Coastal Degradation and fresh water pollution in sri lankaIsuru Zoysa
Coastal degradation and pollution are significant problems for Sri Lanka due to its long coastline and reliance on coastal areas for population settlement and tourism. Unplanned development has accelerated erosion and pollution issues. Fresh water pollution is also a concern due to urbanization, industrialization, pesticide usage, and some tourism activities. Improper management of urban and industrial waste further compounds the pollution problems. Recommendations include stronger regulations and enforcement, pollution prevention and mitigation efforts, sustainable tourism development, and additional research.
The document discusses ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric CO2. It outlines the impacts on marine organisms like coccolithophores, foraminifera, pteropods, mussels and oysters based on experimental studies. These include reduced calcification rates and dissolution of shells. Food webs may be affected if prey types of animals like juvenile salmon are impacted. Monitoring of trends and ecosystem responses is needed along with developing adaptation strategies.
Deep Sea Mining and advanced technologies for ocean mining monitoringkai pohlmann
Rudolf Bannasch as one of the most reputated experts in bionics and member of the board from the deepsea mining alliance made a first presentation about deep sea monitoring technologies he and his team developed together with our team from Sea & Sun Technology and others. The presentation was part of a meeting with Michael Lodge, Secretary General of the International Seabed Authority in the Business Club Hamburg, organized by the Sea & Sun Technology and the Deepsea Mining Alliance.
The document discusses ocean acidification, which is the ongoing decrease in ocean pH caused by absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere. This absorption has lowered ocean pH by 0.1 units since the pre-industrial period. Ocean acidification affects organisms that rely on calcium carbonate to build shells and skeletons, as acidity decreases availability of carbonate ions. It also impacts metabolism, photosynthesis, nutrient absorption and more. Effects vary by ecosystem but tropical coral reefs, polar regions, and deep sea corals are threatened by slowed growth and structural damage if acidification continues unchecked. Mitigation requires reducing CO2 emissions and improving ocean health.
Analysis for Radar and Electronic WarfareReza Taryghat
This document discusses techniques for measuring pulsed RF signals used in radar and electronic warfare applications. It begins with an overview of common radar applications and measurement types. It then discusses tools for measuring pulse parameters like pulse width, repetition interval, and power. These tools include power meters, oscilloscopes, spectrum analyzers, and specialized pulse analyzers. It also covers vector signal analysis and its ability to analyze modulation embedded on pulses. The rest of the document provides examples of measuring pulses with these various tools and techniques like pulse building, frequency hopping analysis, and analyzing LFM chirps.
Virtual tour to marine biological paradise- The Gulf of Mannar CoastRameshPandi4
The virtual trip summarized the key ecosystems and biodiversity found in the Gulf of Mannar, located between India and Sri Lanka. It described the coral reefs, seagrass beds, mangroves, and 21 islands that make up the Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park and Biosphere Reserve. The summary highlighted some of the species observed during stops at locations like Munaikadu, Kunthukal, Krusadai Island, and Rameswaram, such as corals, sea stars, mollusks, and fish. It also mentioned threats to the region's biodiversity like marine debris, destructive fishing, and pollution.
HEAVY METAL POLLUTION AND REMEDIATION IN URBAN AND PERI-URBAN AGRICULTURE SOILSchikslarry
Throughout the world, there is a long tradition of farming intensively within and at the edge of cities (Smit et al., 1996). However, most of these peri-urban lands are contaminated with pollutants including heavy metals, such as Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, and Hg. The major sources of heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils are discharge of effluents from domestic sources, coal-burning power plants, non-ferrous metal smelters, iron and steel plants, dumping of sewage sludge and metal chelates from different industries. Once the heavy metals are released into soils, plants can absorb and bio-accumulate these heavy metals and thereby affect humans and animals’ health upon consumption (Seghal et al., 2014). Hence, there is a great need to develop effective technologies for sustainable management and remediation of the contaminated soils. There are conventionally physicochemical soil remediation engineering techniques, such as soil washing, incineration, solidification, vapour extraction, thermal desorption, but they destroy the plant productive properties of soils. Moreover, they are usually extremely expensive, limiting their extensive application, particularly in developing countries and for remediation of agricultural soils (Kokyo et al., 2014). Phytoremediation has been increasingly receiving attentions over the recent decades, as an emerging, affordable and eco-friendly approach that utilizes the natural properties of plants to remediate contaminated soils (Wang et al., 2003). Phytoremediation includes phytovolatilization, phytostabilization, and phytoextraction using hyper-accumulator species or a chelate-enhancement strategy. The future of this technique is still mainly in the research phase, and many different Hyperaccumulators and crops that can be cultivated in heavy metal contaminated are still being tested.
Ocean Acidification: Cause, Impact and mitigationIIT Kanpur
Ocean Acidification and the battle for Carbonate.
In this presentation the points covered are detailed briefing of ocean acidification, its causes, its impact on marine ecosystems and measures to mitigate this.
This document discusses weather modification, geoengineering, and solar radiation management techniques. It provides definitions and summaries of activities in Canada and internationally. It notes over 150 patents related to weather modification and geoengineering. The document outlines some advantages and justifications for these approaches but also many disadvantages and criticisms, including moral hazard, unknown consequences, and militarization risks. It references reports calling for urgent international regulation and governance through the UN to avoid passing a point of no return due to climate change risks.
This document describes a system for weather modification using ion generation technology developed by Professor Yuri Tkatchenko. It involves using portable ion generators to ionize air molecules, generating heat and causing the air to rise and form convective clouds and precipitation. Timelapse photos are presented showing rain developing in the UAE in areas where the technology was used, including over 170mm of rain in one day in an area where the average is 14mm. The system is said to allow controlling and modifying weather conditions like rainfall and fog.
This document discusses the chemistry of the greenhouse effect. It explains that certain gases in the atmosphere, called greenhouse gases, absorb infrared radiation from the sun and re-emit it, trapping heat and warming the Earth's surface. The major greenhouse gases are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and halocarbons. The document also introduces the concepts of radiative forcing and global warming potential, which are used to compare the impacts of different greenhouse gases on climate change.
The document discusses climate change scenarios and projections. It explains that climate change scenarios are used to project future greenhouse gas emissions and assess vulnerability to climate change under different pathways. Climate projections condense information from multiple climate models and emissions scenarios to characterize plausible future climates. National climate projections illustrate changes to a country's climate and form the basis for adaptation planning by considering the impact of different mitigation efforts.
Radioactive waste and their impact on aquatic organismsChamara Prabhath
This document discusses the effects of radioactive waste on aquatic organisms. It provides an introduction to radiation and radioactivity, and explains how radioactive waste is categorized. The effects of acute and chronic exposure to ionizing radiation from radioactive waste are explored, including mortality, pathophysiology, reproduction, development and genetics in aquatic animals. Examples of incidents with significant radioactive contamination are described, such as at the Mayak nuclear complex and from Chernobyl and Fukushima, noting various impacts on local ecosystems. The document concludes with a discussion of international laws and regulations regarding radiation.
This document discusses nonrenewable mineral resources and the environmental impacts of mining. It defines minerals, ores, and gangue and describes the distribution of abundant and scarce metals. Mining activities can release acid mine drainage and heavy metal contamination into water sources from ore exposure. Processing chemicals and erosion from mining also pollute the environment. While recycling and new exploration methods help meet demand, mineral supply concerns remain for some resources due to increasing global consumption. The document examines specific health impacts of four persistent, bioaccumulative metals - lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic - which are released from mining and fossil fuel combustion. Regulations aim to reduce risks to humans and wildlife from exposure to these toxic heavy metals.
The document discusses Esri's Ocean GIS Initiative which aims to expand the company's capabilities for mapping and analyzing ocean data. The initiative will focus on areas like research and exploration, ecosystems, fisheries management, and coastal protection. It highlights several existing projects including the Ocean Basemap, SeaSketch tool, Ocean Health Index, and ArcGIS for Maritime and Ocean Use Planning portals. The overall goals are to grow ocean mapping tools and data, engage more with ocean science partners, and support coastal and marine spatial planning.
FRACTAL ANTENNA FOR AEROSPACE NAVIGATIONrupleenkaur23
This document is a dissertation submitted by Rupleen Kaur for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Master of Technology degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Guru Nanak Dev University. The dissertation is on the design of a fractal microstrip patch antenna for aerospace navigation. It discusses the design and simulation of different fractal microstrip patch antenna configurations using HFSS software to achieve multiband operation for aerospace navigation applications. The simulated results of return loss, radiation pattern, gain and VSWR of the different antenna designs are presented and validated.
This document discusses marine resources and their uses. It begins by defining marine resources as physical and biological entities found in oceans and seas that are beneficial to humans. It then describes three main types of marine resources: mineral resources like sand and gravel; energy resources like petroleum, methane hydrates, and various renewable ocean energy sources; and food resources like fish, shellfish, and crustaceans. The document also outlines major sources of marine pollution and emphasizes the importance of sustainably managing valuable marine resources.
The use of geoinformatics in mineral exploration and exploitationMarguerite Walsh
The document discusses the use of geoinformatics, including remote sensing techniques, in mineral exploration and exploitation. It provides several case studies demonstrating how different remote sensing data and techniques can be used to map surface geology and identify potential mineral deposits. These include using Landsat and ASTER satellite imagery to map surficial mineralogy across large areas, detect hydrothermal alteration zones indicating gold mineralization, and identify geothermal anomalies. Integrating remote sensing data with other spatial datasets in a GIS provides additional insights. Future opportunities discussed include the increasing use of unmanned aerial vehicles and the upcoming Sentinel-2 satellite mission.
ELINT Interception and Analysis course samplerJim Jenkins
The course covers methods to intercept radar and other non-communication signals and a then how to analyze the signals to determine their functions and capabilities. Practical exercises illustrate the principles involved.
Deep Sea Mining & the International Seabed Authority: The case for a moratoriumAIDA_Americas
Presentation of Matthew Gianni, Deep Sea Conservation Coalition (DSCC), during the webinar "From the seabed to the high seas: How international negotiations can save the ocean's future".
The term heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentrations.
Heavy metals are Globally distributed
pollutants
Coastal Degradation and fresh water pollution in sri lankaIsuru Zoysa
Coastal degradation and pollution are significant problems for Sri Lanka due to its long coastline and reliance on coastal areas for population settlement and tourism. Unplanned development has accelerated erosion and pollution issues. Fresh water pollution is also a concern due to urbanization, industrialization, pesticide usage, and some tourism activities. Improper management of urban and industrial waste further compounds the pollution problems. Recommendations include stronger regulations and enforcement, pollution prevention and mitigation efforts, sustainable tourism development, and additional research.
The document discusses ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric CO2. It outlines the impacts on marine organisms like coccolithophores, foraminifera, pteropods, mussels and oysters based on experimental studies. These include reduced calcification rates and dissolution of shells. Food webs may be affected if prey types of animals like juvenile salmon are impacted. Monitoring of trends and ecosystem responses is needed along with developing adaptation strategies.
Deep Sea Mining and advanced technologies for ocean mining monitoringkai pohlmann
Rudolf Bannasch as one of the most reputated experts in bionics and member of the board from the deepsea mining alliance made a first presentation about deep sea monitoring technologies he and his team developed together with our team from Sea & Sun Technology and others. The presentation was part of a meeting with Michael Lodge, Secretary General of the International Seabed Authority in the Business Club Hamburg, organized by the Sea & Sun Technology and the Deepsea Mining Alliance.
The document discusses ocean acidification, which is the ongoing decrease in ocean pH caused by absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere. This absorption has lowered ocean pH by 0.1 units since the pre-industrial period. Ocean acidification affects organisms that rely on calcium carbonate to build shells and skeletons, as acidity decreases availability of carbonate ions. It also impacts metabolism, photosynthesis, nutrient absorption and more. Effects vary by ecosystem but tropical coral reefs, polar regions, and deep sea corals are threatened by slowed growth and structural damage if acidification continues unchecked. Mitigation requires reducing CO2 emissions and improving ocean health.
Analysis for Radar and Electronic WarfareReza Taryghat
This document discusses techniques for measuring pulsed RF signals used in radar and electronic warfare applications. It begins with an overview of common radar applications and measurement types. It then discusses tools for measuring pulse parameters like pulse width, repetition interval, and power. These tools include power meters, oscilloscopes, spectrum analyzers, and specialized pulse analyzers. It also covers vector signal analysis and its ability to analyze modulation embedded on pulses. The rest of the document provides examples of measuring pulses with these various tools and techniques like pulse building, frequency hopping analysis, and analyzing LFM chirps.
Virtual tour to marine biological paradise- The Gulf of Mannar CoastRameshPandi4
The virtual trip summarized the key ecosystems and biodiversity found in the Gulf of Mannar, located between India and Sri Lanka. It described the coral reefs, seagrass beds, mangroves, and 21 islands that make up the Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park and Biosphere Reserve. The summary highlighted some of the species observed during stops at locations like Munaikadu, Kunthukal, Krusadai Island, and Rameswaram, such as corals, sea stars, mollusks, and fish. It also mentioned threats to the region's biodiversity like marine debris, destructive fishing, and pollution.
HEAVY METAL POLLUTION AND REMEDIATION IN URBAN AND PERI-URBAN AGRICULTURE SOILSchikslarry
Throughout the world, there is a long tradition of farming intensively within and at the edge of cities (Smit et al., 1996). However, most of these peri-urban lands are contaminated with pollutants including heavy metals, such as Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, and Hg. The major sources of heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils are discharge of effluents from domestic sources, coal-burning power plants, non-ferrous metal smelters, iron and steel plants, dumping of sewage sludge and metal chelates from different industries. Once the heavy metals are released into soils, plants can absorb and bio-accumulate these heavy metals and thereby affect humans and animals’ health upon consumption (Seghal et al., 2014). Hence, there is a great need to develop effective technologies for sustainable management and remediation of the contaminated soils. There are conventionally physicochemical soil remediation engineering techniques, such as soil washing, incineration, solidification, vapour extraction, thermal desorption, but they destroy the plant productive properties of soils. Moreover, they are usually extremely expensive, limiting their extensive application, particularly in developing countries and for remediation of agricultural soils (Kokyo et al., 2014). Phytoremediation has been increasingly receiving attentions over the recent decades, as an emerging, affordable and eco-friendly approach that utilizes the natural properties of plants to remediate contaminated soils (Wang et al., 2003). Phytoremediation includes phytovolatilization, phytostabilization, and phytoextraction using hyper-accumulator species or a chelate-enhancement strategy. The future of this technique is still mainly in the research phase, and many different Hyperaccumulators and crops that can be cultivated in heavy metal contaminated are still being tested.
Ocean Acidification: Cause, Impact and mitigationIIT Kanpur
Ocean Acidification and the battle for Carbonate.
In this presentation the points covered are detailed briefing of ocean acidification, its causes, its impact on marine ecosystems and measures to mitigate this.
This document discusses weather modification, geoengineering, and solar radiation management techniques. It provides definitions and summaries of activities in Canada and internationally. It notes over 150 patents related to weather modification and geoengineering. The document outlines some advantages and justifications for these approaches but also many disadvantages and criticisms, including moral hazard, unknown consequences, and militarization risks. It references reports calling for urgent international regulation and governance through the UN to avoid passing a point of no return due to climate change risks.
This document describes a system for weather modification using ion generation technology developed by Professor Yuri Tkatchenko. It involves using portable ion generators to ionize air molecules, generating heat and causing the air to rise and form convective clouds and precipitation. Timelapse photos are presented showing rain developing in the UAE in areas where the technology was used, including over 170mm of rain in one day in an area where the average is 14mm. The system is said to allow controlling and modifying weather conditions like rainfall and fog.
- The document describes techniques for estimating ionospheric effects from SAR data using the ISCE software tool.
- ISCE has new capabilities for processing polarimetric and polarimetric interferometric SAR (Pol-InSAR) data to estimate parameters like Faraday rotation and total electron content (TEC).
- The ionospheric module in ISCE uses the Faraday rotation method to model calibrated polarimetric SLCs and estimate Faraday rotation angles and TEC from the data.
1) The document analyzes potential mechanisms for forming ionospheric precursors to earthquakes, including internal gravity waves (IGWs) and electric fields. Modeling results support the hypothesis that seismogenic electric fields in the ionosphere can cause changes preceding strong quakes.
2) Factors examined that could generate such fields include small-scale IGWs near the epicenter and vertical electric fields penetrating from the atmosphere. Modeling experiments combining these factors with data from a Greece earthquake achieved similarities to observations.
3) Further research on ionospheric precursors through increased experimental data collection and statistical analysis could help verify their existence before earthquakes. This report was presented with funding from the International Disaster and Risk Conference
Master Thesis Final Presentation: Ionosphere monitoring in GBAS using Dual Fr...Joan Erencia
The motivation: Detection of different Ionosphere gradients, which cause different ionospheric delays in aviation applications (GBAS)
The objectives: First, estimate the airborne and ground ionospheric delays and second, monitor the ionospheric. Bias between both estimates and compare it to a threshold
The contribution: Present a GBAS Ionospheric monitor monitor that allows to estimate the ionospheric differential delay without moving to a whole Dual-Frequency GBAS concept.
Top secret-programs-hidden-in-plain-sight ( Mind Control - Microchip )Marcus Tederson
The document discusses a proposed non-lethal microwave ray gun called MEDUSA that is intended for crowd control by projecting irritating sounds into people's heads. However, experts say this is not possible as the required power levels to produce sounds loud enough to be annoying would cause tissue damage or death from heat exposure first. The document also discusses how the Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Program could provide cover for research into artificial telepathy given its mission of non-lethal weapons and involvement of military and law enforcement agencies.
Students will spend 6 days at the U.S. Space and Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama participating in educational activities about space exploration. The camp will include simulated space exploration exercises, building and launching rockets, and choosing one of three tracks in space, aviation, or robotics. The curriculum is designed to balance education with fun while encouraging innovation, teamwork, and exposure to challenges faced by NASA. Upon completion, students will receive a certificate from a high-ranking NASA official.
Today we all live and work in the Internet Century, where technology is roiling the business landscape, and the pace of change is only accelerating.
In their new book How Google Works, Google Executive Chairman and ex-CEO Eric Schmidt and former SVP of Products Jonathan Rosenberg share the lessons they learned over the course of a decade running Google.
Covering topics including corporate culture, strategy, talent, decision-making, communication, innovation, and dealing with disruption, the authors illustrate management maxims with numerous insider anecdotes from Google’s history.
In an era when everything is speeding up, the best way for businesses to succeed is to attract smart-creative people and give them an environment where they can thrive at scale. How Google Works is a new book that explains how to do just that.
This is a visual preview of How Google Works. You can pick up a copy of the book at www.howgoogleworks.net
An implementation of_partial_transmit_seWaleed Raza
In this article we research about underwater
acoustics transceivers. As Underwater acoustic transceivers
consume more power than Radio frequency transceivers.
The techniques which are being utilized in radio frequency
cannot be implemented directly in underwater acoustic
system it needs to be re investigated to design new methods.
To achieve reliable acoustic data transmission new
techniques should be achieved or the traditional
Orthogonal frequency divisional multiplexing techniques
should be revised. The power consumption also relies upon
underwater acoustic signal propagation and transmission
distances. Several underwater acoustic applications require
long-term monitoring of the sea. For the battery powered
modems, it becomes very serious problem. By designing an
Energy efficient OFDM Communication system we can
solve this problem. We study about peak to average power
ratio in an Orthogonal frequency divisional multiplexing
system by reducing the major draw-back of OFDM system.
The PAPR reduction utilized in this paper is Partial
Transmit Sequences for underwater acoustic OFDM
communication system which has lesser complexity. The
results have provided better performance in underwater
acoustic OFDM communication system.
The lowest possible surface resistivity and higher accelerating field are the paramount
considerations, hence are obligatory for accelerating cavities. Since, superconducting materials
are used to make radio-frequency cavities for future accelerators. In the case of rf cavities,
superconductors are being used in order to minimize the power dissipated and increase the
figures of merit of a radio-frequency cavity, such as the quality factor and accelerating gradient.
Hence, these could be achieved by improving surface treatment to the cavity, and processing
techniques must be analyzed in order to optimize these figures of merit.
The research work reported in this dissertation mainly carried out on tesla type seamless 6GHz
Nb and Cu cavities. We have developed two innovative techniques: firstly, for mechanical
polishing of cavities, and secondly for purification of these cavities at atmospheric pressure under
cover of 4Helium gas (for protection) and at ultra-high vacuum (UHV) system. These cavities are
fabricated by spinning technology to create seamless cavities.
The main advantages of 6 GHz bulk-Nb cavities are saving cost, materials and time to collect
statistics of surface treatments and RF test in a very short time scale. Cavities are RF tested
before and after high temperature treatment under atmospheric pressure (under cover of inert gas
atmosphere to protect inner and outer surface of cavity) inside transparent quartz tube, and under
UHV conditions. Induction heating method is used to anneal the cavity at temperatures higher
than 2000°C and close to the melting point of Nb for less than a minute while few seconds at
maximum temperature. Before RF test and UHV annealing, the surface treatment processes like
tumbling, chemical, electro-chemical (such as BCP and EP), ultrasonic cleaning and high
pressure rinsing (HPR) have been employed. High temperature treatment for few minutes at
atmospheric pressure allow to reduce hydrogen, oxygen and other elemental impurities, which
effects on cavity Q-factor degradation, hence recovers rf performances of these cavities. This
research work will address these problems and illustrate the importance of surface treatments.
Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract— The shortage of spectrum resource availability in wireless communication network due to the rapid increase in the number of subscribers and multimedia applications has given rise to the need for effective spectrum utilization of the licensed spectrum. Cognitive Radio Technology (CRT) was adopted for the system analysis due to its dynamism in accommodating both licensed and unlicensed users within a particular spectrum band. The study framework comprised television station channels in Owerri and its environs and Mobile Telecommunication Networks (MTN) in Owerri- the capital of Imo State, Nigeria as the license and unlicensed users respectively. An outdoor twenty-four hour spectrum occupancy measurement was carried out in the frequency bands of the licensed networks using 240-960 MHz Radio Frequency Spectrum analyzer to determine the spectral usage of the licensed user. A threshold of -95 dB was used to determine the presence of the licensed users. From the results obtained, it was observed that 60.7% of the spectrum band covered was unoccupied, 31.5% was not fully occupied while 7.9% was fully occupied. Energy Detection spectrum approach was implemented by the unlicensed users for easy determination of the spectrum status and resource management. The research therefore determines the status of Radio Frequency (RF) Spectrum receivable in Owerri and its environs and proffer measures deployable in harnessing the unused RF resources using CRT.
Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract— The shortage of spectrum resource availability in wireless communication network due to the rapid increase in the number of subscribers and multimedia applications has given rise to the need for effective spectrum utilization of the licensed spectrum. Cognitive Radio Technology (CRT) was adopted for the system analysis due to its dynamism in accommodating both licensed and unlicensed users within a particular spectrum band. The study framework comprised television station channels in Owerri and its environs and Mobile Telecommunication Networks (MTN) in Owerri- the capital of Imo State, Nigeria as the license and unlicensed users respectively. An outdoor twenty-four hour spectrum occupancy measurement was carried out in the frequency bands of the licensed networks using 240-960 MHz Radio Frequency Spectrum analyzer to determine the spectral usage of the licensed user. A threshold of -95 dB was used to determine the presence of the licensed users. From the results obtained, it was observed that 60.7% of the spectrum band covered was unoccupied, 31.5% was not fully occupied while 7.9% was fully occupied. Energy Detection spectrum approach was implemented by the unlicensed users for easy determination of the spectrum status and resource management. The research therefore determines the status of Radio Frequency (RF) Spectrum receivable in Owerri and its environs and proffer measures deployable in harnessing the unused RF resources using CRT.
Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract— The shortage of spectrum resource availability in wireless communication network due to the rapid increase in the number of subscribers and multimedia applications has given rise to the need for effective spectrum utilization of the licensed spectrum. Cognitive Radio Technology (CRT) was adopted for the system analysis due to its dynamism in accommodating both licensed and unlicensed users within a particular spectrum band. The study framework comprised television station channels in Owerri and its environs and Mobile Telecommunication Networks (MTN) in Owerri- the capital of Imo State, Nigeria as the license and unlicensed users respectively. An outdoor twenty-four hour spectrum occupancy measurement was carried out in the frequency bands of the licensed networks using 240-960 MHz Radio Frequency Spectrum analyzer to determine the spectral usage of the licensed user. A threshold of -95 dB was used to determine the presence of the licensed users. From the results obtained, it was observed that 60.7% of the spectrum band covered was unoccupied, 31.5% was not fully occupied while 7.9% was fully occupied. Energy Detection spectrum approach was implemented by the unlicensed users for easy determination of the spectrum status and resource management. The research therefore determines the status of Radio Frequency (RF) Spectrum receivable in Owerri and its environs and proffer measures deployable in harnessing the unused RF resources using CRT.
Monitoring Remote Areas Using Wireless Mote NetworksDr. Jack Driscoll
The document describes a wireless mote network developed to remotely monitor locations. The motes can measure various sensors including temperature, humidity, and toxic gases over distances up to 400 meters using an external antenna. The motes relay data back to a base station connected to a database and website, allowing remote monitoring. The motes were tested in a cranberry bog application to monitor temperature and prevent crop damage.
Guided wave radar (GWR) technology has become a standard for level measurement in process and storage tanks. The Eclipse Model 706 GWR transmitter addresses challenges faced by earlier GWR devices. Its probe acts as a conductive path that maximizes signal strength and avoids scattering, allowing it to accurately measure even low dielectric liquids. The Model 706 also has a high signal-to-noise ratio, making it robust in challenging conditions. Additionally, it can measure to the very top of tanks without any non-measurable zone, offering overfill capability. The Model 706 addresses issues associated with using GWR in chambers/bridles and saturated steam applications through advanced measurement techniques.
The document discusses plans to form an international collaboration to study future circular colliders at CERN, including a 100 TeV proton-proton collider (FCC-hh), a lepton collider (FCC-ee), and a lepton-hadron collider (FCC-he). It outlines initial parameters and opportunities for the superconducting radio frequency (RF) systems, which will need to provide up to 100 MW of continuous wave power to accelerate beams. Key areas of study for the large-scale FCC RF systems include cavity and cryomodule technology, reliability, efficiency, and operational aspects.
ESS Bilbao Initiative Workshop Talk. Linac DesignESS BILBAO
This document discusses the need to rethink the baseline design for the ESS-Bilbao linear accelerator due to advances in superconducting cavity technology over the past decade. It proposes using superconducting cavities instead of normal-conducting drift tubes to reduce the length and operating costs of the accelerator. The new design would incorporate a single high-current proton source and superconducting cavities operating at lower beta values. Preliminary designs presented could reduce the length of the accelerator by over 100 meters compared to the original 2003 baseline. Research is underway to develop high-current, low-emittance ion sources and a front-end test stand to validate technologies for the new design.
This document provides an updated technology reference for the United States Coast Guard, focusing on selected telecommunications topics. It incorporates all content from a 1985 reference document, with edits only to correct outdated information. New sections cover electromagnetic spectrum fundamentals, transmission technologies like digital modulation and networks, and specific systems like satellite communications and the Navy network. The document aims to inform Coast Guard personnel on important telecommunications topics but does not cover all areas due to scope. It solicits feedback on rapidly changing technologies for future editions.
Broadband Communications and Applications from High Altitude PlatformsIDES Editor
This document provides an overview of using high altitude platforms (HAPs) for wireless telecommunications and broadband services. It discusses three architectures for HAP systems: 1) stand-alone HAP systems for rural areas, 2) integrated HAP-terrestrial systems to provide coverage where deploying terrestrial networks is expensive, and 3) terrestrial-HAP-satellite systems for fault tolerance and high quality of service. The document also evaluates the performance of delivering WiMAX services from HAPs and discusses applications like wireless sensor networks and disaster response.
This document discusses the development of an innovative logging while drilling (LWD) system using underground georadar (UGR) technology. It aims to improve navigation and maximize oil recovery from directional drilling. Key challenges include developing compact antenna designs that can operate in harsh downhole conditions and suppress leakage between antennas. The proposed system uses stepped frequency continuous wave radar with two receiving antennas to differentiate between leakage and boundary reflections. A prototype has been developed with antennas placed inside stabilizer blades to displace drilling fluid and achieve over 45dB leakage suppression without an antenna spacing. The design provides stable characteristics and anisotropic signals that can detect boundaries within 1-5m and estimate properties like propagation velocity.
Dynamic Spectral Sensing and Resource Allocation in Optical-Wireless NetworksAntonio Marcos Alberti
This document proposes a cognitive radio over fiber network system that is able to perform dynamic spectral sensing and resource allocation. The key aspects are:
1. The system uses a radio over fiber architecture to transmit RF signals between a central office and remote antenna units over optical fiber.
2. At the remote antenna units, the system performs spectral sensing to analyze spectrum usage and selects the best channel/frequency band.
3. The central office then performs dynamic resource allocation to configure the remote antenna units to transmit in the selected channel/band, adapting to changes in the radio environment.
4. Experiments show that the system can improve carrier-to-interference ratio and throughput by dynamically selecting less congested channels compared
The document proposes the GOAL&GO architecture, which would provide global observations from Lagrange point, pole-sitter, and geosynchronous orbits using small, low-cost spacecraft. This revolutionary concept could monitor Earth's response to climate change and meet needs for disaster monitoring and relief through frequent imaging of the entire globe. The system is designed to evolve over 10-20 years using simple, proven technologies on multiple spacecraft to provide flexible, low-cost Earth observations.
AMISR is a modular, mobile radar facility used by scientists around the world to study the upper atmosphere and observe space weather. It consists of three radar faces located in Alaska and Canada. The novel design allows the radar to be relocated globally. It can be remotely operated to accurately measure rapidly changing space weather events.
AMISR is a modular UHF radar used by scientists and students from around the world to conduct studies of the upper atmosphere and observe space weather events. The modular configuration allows for relocating the radar at different locations around the globe. Remote operation and electronic beam steering allow researchers to operate and position the radar beam on a pulse-to-pulse basis to accurately measure and glean new information from rapidly changing space weather events.
This document discusses the development of millimeter-wave radiometers operating at 130 and 166 GHz to support the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission. Key components developed include monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC)-based pin diode switches covering 80-190 GHz and prototype radiometers at 130 and 166 GHz. The high frequency radiometers aim to enable wet path delay measurements closer to coastlines and over land to support the SWOT mission objectives.
The document discusses the development of software for an automated bead-pull system at Jefferson Lab. Bead-pulling is used to characterize superconducting radiofrequency cavities by measuring phase changes as a bead is pulled through the cavity. The software controls a network analyzer to generate radio waves and measure phase changes during bead movement. It was tested with an existing mechanical setup and aims to make Jefferson Lab's cavity production and research more efficient by reducing measurement time and errors from thermal drift. Future work will improve the mechanical system and integrate its control into the software.
The document describes upgrades made to the High-Altitude Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (HAMSR) Sounding Radiometer instrument. Key upgrades include:
1) Addition of new low-noise amplifiers to reduce noise in the 183 GHz channel, enabling observation of smaller-scale water vapor features.
2) An enhanced data system providing onboard processing and real-time data access for long-duration flights on the Global Hawk unmanned aerial vehicle.
3) Extensive calibration and characterization of the instrument following the upgrades. The instrument will profile temperature, water vapor and clouds to study tropical cyclones.
In India, Young Graduates Struggle by Dr. Mahboob Khan to Get Jobs.pdfHealthcare consultant
In the world’s most populous country, tens of thousands of graduates and postgraduates, many with professional degrees, such as engineering, spend years studying at the tutoring centers that have mushroomed in Indian cities, hoping to qualify for a highly sought-after government job. The chances are slim. Less than one-half of 1% of the more than 1 million who take the exam each year pass.
The middle class in India is growing unexpectedly, however they're still dealing with demanding situations in accessing excellent and low-priced healthcare. This is because of a number of of factors, such as inefficient healthcare gadget, high price of healthcare, and lack of know-how.
Chat GPT for Doctors -Revolutionizing Healthcare Communication by Dr.Mahboob.pdfHealthcare consultant
Learn how Chat GPT for doctors can revolutionize healthcare communication by improving efficiency and accuracy of patient-provider interaction.
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) to transform healthcare. One area that has received particular attention is communication between patients and healthcare providers. The emergence of chatbots powered by AI has provided a new tool for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare communication. One of the most promising applications of AI-powered chatbots is Chat GPT for doctors.
As an expert in hospital management and administration i have written this book -Hospital Management is a new theory in management faculty. Earlier a senior doctor used to perform the role of a hospital manager. However, nowadays everything demands a specialist. Almost all the things related to hospital have changed. Many categories concerning medical sciences and hospital have altered totally. There are various types of hospitals today, including ordinary hospitals, specialty hospitals and super specialty hospitals. The categories are regarding to the types of facilities they offer to the people.
Steve Jobs logged off too soon. He was a serial innovator whose illness cost the world a bright talent who was also a great company leader. I hope that the music from the hymns of praise sung to him in his waning days is playing on his iPod as he ascends into the firmament of the greatest American business leaders. If there were a Nobel prize for business, surely he would have won it. He did what he set out to do and more. He saw the potential for computing power for the masses, useful and accessible to everyone. In a phrase that drove the early Apple, he created bicycles for the mind.
The document discusses psychopathic traits in corporate CEOs. It notes that around 4-12% of CEOs exhibit psychopathic personality traits, much higher than the general population. Psychopaths can often disguise their lack of empathy and manipulate others with charm. They seek power and dominance. Stories from CFOs describe their experiences with CEOs exhibiting psychopathic behaviors like intimidation, lack of empathy, narcissism, and manipulation. While their behavior may not meet the clinical definition, it can still be damaging. There is no consensus on how to deal with psychopathic CEOs, but carefully documenting concerning behavior is advised.
Some of the lower vibrations, as you can see on the chart are anger, grief, shame, fear. Some of the higher vibrations are love, joy, appreciation and excitement.
Going to higher vibrations means more energy ,lower vibration is easily achieved and is default in everyone of us and is easily aggravated by gravity.
thats why anger, grief,shame and fear are more common than love ,joy appreciation and excitement.
Hospitals profitability can be increased by boosting patient satisfaction, reducing readmissions and understanding revenue cycle performance.
In this period of healthcare reform, numerous organizations continue to change their business practices so they can obtain more hospital profitability while also delivering quality care. Healthcare expenditures are expected to reach $4.4 trillion by 2022, and this high level of spending activity has hospitals currently under a lot of pressure to reduce costs.
Development of the digital economy started way before COVID-19. The exact date of the beginning may be defined in different ways, depending on different definitions of “digital economy.” The popularly understood “digital economy” phenomenon began when T-Mall was set up in 2003 and when Alipay came online in 2004. While the digital technology brings about the fourth industrial revolution, just like the steam engine, electrical machines, and computers, respectively.
Strategy is not complex. But it is hard. It’s hard because it forces people and organizations to make
specific choices about their future—something that doesn’t happen in most companies. Dr .Mahboob
Khan
Couch potatoes as they are called are the ones who stick on to their sofas just watching the idiot box that has caused many such unwarranted developments in health.
Probably a long vacation could be a precipitating factor for inactivity while the unexpected strife in the country’s developments has brought with it some unexpected holidays. This is the time when children tend to relax but when they cross the line the human body becomes mentally and physically inactive.
While Metaverse is evolving, it holds new potential in healthcare that combines the technologies like Artificial Intelligence, Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, Internet of Medical Devices, Web 3.0, intelligent cloud, edge and quantum computing along with robotics to provide new directions to healthcare.
Robotic Process Automation in Healthcare-An Urgency! By.Dr.Mahboob KhanHealthcare consultant
Robotic process automation (RPA) can help the healthcare industry address current challenges by automating repetitive manual tasks. This allows staff to focus on higher value work while improving efficiency. RPA has the potential to save $350-410 billion annually in the healthcare sector by 2025 by streamlining processes like patient scheduling, claims management, and treatment workflows. As healthcare workers are overburdened during the pandemic, RPA can reduce their workload and risk of exposure by handling administrative tasks digitally. Widespread adoption of RPA in the Indian healthcare system is urgently needed to address staffing shortages and enhance response efforts amid the ongoing crisis.
Apply This to Your Life
We know this is boring, but you know you need to do it!
Clear an hour in your schedule somewhere in the next week, and set your filing system up!
Many inventions originated in wealthy countries and these were responsible to produce global public goods and medical goods.In which everyone got benefitted even developing and poor countries too.This transfer of knowledge is now compromised by the extension of intellectual property rights and held by high-income countries.
New standards of care have emerged in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare facilities and professionals have had to rapidly adopt new protocols for treating COVID patients, including guidelines for management, vaccines, telemedicine, and increased use of personal protective equipment. Some key new standards include wearing face masks, social distancing, treatment guidelines, mobile health apps, limiting gatherings and travel, and increasing sanitization and hygiene practices. As the pandemic evolves, precision medicine approaches may drive new standards, with a focus on using the right tests and treatments tailored for individual patients.
Ways That Quantum Technology Could transform Health Care. By.Dr.Mahboob KhanHealthcare consultant
You probably don’t grasp the finer points of how quantum mechanics works, but scientists are using its tricky rules to make medicine faster, less painful, and more personalized.
How is COVID-19 Reshaping the role of Institutional strategy? By.Dr.Mahboob KhanHealthcare consultant
While workers around the globe are keeping essential services running, it is imperative for business leaders, particularly senior strategy executives, to reflect on the lasting implications of COVID-19 and what they can do to best position their people, their businesses, and society to recover and thrive in the long term. Five key shifts can help chief strategy officers (CSOs) successfully guide their organizations through the pandemic.
Retaining Healthcare Quality During COVID-19 and Future of Care Delivery. By....Healthcare consultant
With the onset of COVID-19, healthcare delivery organizations around the world were collectively faced with one primary challenge: How to effectively deliver quality healthcare to all patients, regardless of the entry point into the system, while protecting the well-being of non-COVID-19 patients and the healthcare workforce.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
1. 1
How Super Storms are Created
By Mahboob Ali Khan
.
HAARP
HF ACTIVE AURORAL RESEARCH PROGRAM
HF ACTIVE AURORAL RESEARCH PROGRAM (HAARP)
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. INTRODUCTION
2. POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS
2.1. Geophysical Probing
2.2. Generation of ELF/VLF Waves
2.3. Generation of Ionospheric Holes/Lens
2.4. Electron Acceleration
2.5. Generation of Field Aligned Ionization
2.6. Oblique HF Heating
2.7. Generation of Ionization Layers Below 90 Km
3. IONOSPHERIC ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH POWER RF HEATING
3.1. Thresholds of Ionospheric Effects
3.2. General Ionospheric Issues
3.3. High Latitude Ionospheric Issues
4. DESIRED HF HEATING FACILITY
4.1 Heater Characteristics
4.1.1 Effective-Radiated-power (ERP]
4.1.2 Frequency Range of Operation
4.1.3 Scanning Capabilities
4.1.4. Modes of Operation
4.1.5 Wave Polarization
4.1.6 Agility in Changing Heater Parameters
4.2. Heater Diagnostics
4.2.1. Incoherent Scatter Radar Facility
4.2.2. Other Diagnostics
4.2.3. Additional Diagnostics for ELF Generation Experiments
4.3. HF Heater Location
4.4. Estimated Cost of the New Heating Facility
2. 2
5. PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS
6. PLANS FOR RESEARCH ON THE GENERATION OF ELF SIGNALS IN THE IONOSPHERE
BY MODULATING THE POLAR ELECTROJET
6.1. Ionospheric Issues as They Relate to ELF Generation
6.1.1 Ionospheric Research Needs
6.1.2. Ionospheric Research Recommendations
6.2 HF to ELF Excitation Efficiency
6.2.1. Low-Altitude Heating Issues
6.2.2. Low-Altitude Heating Research Recommendations
6.2.3. High-Altitude Heating Issues
6.2.4. High-Altitude Heating Research Recommendations
6.3. Submarine Communication Issues Associated With Exploiting ELF Signals Generated in the
Ionosphere by HF Heating
6.3.1. General Research Issues
6.3.2. Specific ELF Systems Issuesv 6.4. ELF System-Related Research Recommendations
7. SUMMARY OF HAARP INITIATION ACTIVITIES
7.1. HAARP Steering Group
7.2. Summary of HAARP Steering Group Activities and Schedule
APPENDIX A HF Heating Facilities
APPENDIX B Workshop on Ionospheric Modification and generation of ELF
Workshop Agenda
Workshop Attendance Roster
HAARP - HF Active Auroral Research
Program
Executive Summary
As described in the accompanying report, the HF Active Auroral Ionospheric Research Program
(HAARP) is especially attractive in that it will insure that research in an emerging, revolutionary,
technology area will be focused towards identifying and exploiting techniques to greatly enhance
C3 capabilities. The heart of the program will be the development of a unique high frequency (HF)
ionospheric heating capability to conduct the pioneering experiments required under the program.
Applications
An exciting and challenging aspect of ionospheric enhancement is its potential to control
ionospheric processes in such a way as to greatly improve the performance of C3 systems. A key
goal of the program is the identification and investigation of those ionospheric processes and
phenomena that can be exploited for DOD purposes, such as those outlined below.
Generation of ELF waves in the 70-150 Hz band to provide communications to deeply submerged
submarines. A program to develop efficient ELF generation techniques is planned under the DOD
3. 3
ionospheric enhancement program.
Geophysical probing to identify and characterize natural ionospheric processes that limit the
performance of C3 systems, so that techniques can be developed to mitigate or control them.
Generation of ionospheric lenses to focus large amounts of HF energy at high altitudes in the
ionosphere, thus providing a means for triggering ionospheric processes that potentially could be
exploited for DOD purposes.
Electron acceleration for the generation of IR and other optical emissions, and to create additional
ionization in selected regions of the ionosphere that could be used to control radio wave propagation properties.
Generation of geomagnetic-field aligned ionization to control the reflection/scattering properties of
radio waves.
Oblique heating to produce effects on radio wave propagation at great distances from a HF
heater, thus broadening the potential military applications of ionospheric enhancement
technology.
Generation of ionization layers below 90 km to provide, radio wave reflectors (mirrors) which can
be exploited for long range, over-the-horizon, HF/VHF/UHF surveillance purposes, including the
detection of cruise missiles and other low observables.
Desired HF Heater Characteristics
A new, unique, HF heating facility is required to address the broad range of issues identified
above. However, in order to have a useful facility at various stages of its development, it is
important that the heater be constructed in a modular manner, such that its effective-radiatedpower can be increased in an efficient, cost effective manner as resources become available.
Effective-Radiated-Powers (ERP) in Excess of 1 Gigawatt
One gigawatt of effective-radiated-power represents an important threshold power level, over
which significant wave generation and electron acceleration efficiencies can be achieved, and
other significant heating effects can be expected.
Broad HF Frequency Range
The desired heater would have a frequency range from around 1 MHz to about 15 MHz, thereby
allowing a wide range of ionospheric processes to be investigated.
Scanning Capabilities
A heater that has rapid scanning capabilities is very desirable to enlarge the size of heated
regions in the ionosphere Continuous Wave (CW) and Pulse Modes of Operation. Flexibility in
choosing heating modes of operation will allow a wider variety of ionospheric enhancement
techniques and issues to be addressed.
Polarization
The facility should permit both X and O polarization in order to study ionospheric processes over a
range of altitudes.
Agility in Changing Heater Parameters
The ability to quickly change the heater parameters is important for addressing such issues as
enlarging the size of the heated region the ionosphere and the development of techniques to
insure that the energy densities desired in the ionosphere can be delivered without self-limiting
effects setting-in.
HF Heating Diagnostics
In order to understand natural ionospheric processes as well as those induced through active
modification of the ionosphere, adequate instrumentation is required to measure a wide range of
ionospheric .parameters on the appropriate- temporal and spatial scales. A key diagnostic these
measurements will be an incoherent scatter radar facility to provide the means to monitor such
background plasma conditions as electron densities, electron and ion temperatures, and electric
4. 4
fields, all as a function of altitude. The incoherent scatter radar facility, envisioned to complement
the planned new HF heater, is currently being funded in a separate DOD program, as part of an
upgrade at the Poker Flat rocket range, in Alaska.
For ELF generation experiments, the diagnostics complement would include a chain of ELF
receivers, a digital HF ionosonde, a magnetometer chain, photometers, a VLF sounder, and a
VHF riometer. In other experiments, in situ measurements of the heated region in the ionosphere,
via rocket-borne instrumentation, would also be very desirable. Other diagnostics to be employed,
depending on the nature of the ionospheric modifications being implemented, will include HF
receivers, HF/VHF radars, optical imagers, and scintillation observations.
HF Heater Location
One of the major issues to be addressed under the program is the generation of ELF waves in the
ionosphere by HF heating. This requires location the heater where there are strong ionospheric
currents, either at an equatorial location or a high latitude (auroral) location. Additional factors to
be considered in locating the heater include other technical (research) needs and requirements,
environmental issues, future expansion capabilities (real estate), infrastructure, and considerations
of the availability and location of diagnostics. The location of the new HF heating facility is planned
for Alaska, relatively near to a new incoherent scatter facility, already planned for the Poker Flat
rocket range under a separate DOD program.
In addition, it is desirable that the HF heater be located to permit rocket probe instrumentation to
be flown into the heated region of the ionosphere. The exact location in Alaska for the proposed
new HF heating facility has not yet been determined.
Estimated Cost of the New HF Heating Facility
It is estimated that eight to ten million dollars ($8-10M) will provide a new facility with an effectiveradiated-power of approximately that of the current DOD facility (HIPAS), but with considerable
improvement in frequency tunability and antenna-beam steering capability. The facility will be of
modular design to permit efficient and cost-effective upgrades in power as additional funds
become available. The desired (world-class) facility, having the broad capabilities and flexibility
described above, will cost on the order of twenty-five to thirty million dollars ($25-30M).
Program Participants
The program will be jointly managed by the Navy and the Air Force. However, because of the wide
variety of issues to be addressed, active participation of the government agencies, universities,
and private contractors is envisioned.
HF Active Auroral Research Program
The DOD HF Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) is especially attractive in that it will
insure that research in an emerging, revolutionary, technology area will be focused towards
identifying and exploiting techniques to greatly enhance C3 capabilities. The heart of the program
will be the development of a unique ionospheric heating capability to conduct the pioneering
experiments required to adequately assess the potential for exploiting ionospheric enhancement
technology for DOD (Dept. of Defense) purposes. As outlined below, such a research facility will
provide the means for investigating the creation, maintenance, and control of a large number and
wide variety of ionospheric processes that, if exploited, could provide significant operational
capabilities and advantages over conventional C3 systems. The research to be conducted in the
program will include basic, exploratory, and applied efforts.
1. Introduction
DoD agencies already have on-going efforts in the broad area of active ionospheric experiments,
including ionospheric enhancements. These include both space- and ground-based approaches.
The space-based efforts include chemical releases (e.g., the Air Force's Brazilian Ionospheric
Modification Experiment, BIME; the Navy's RED AIR program; and multi-agency participation in
the Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite, CRRES). In addition other, planned,
programs will employ particle beams and accelerators aboard rockets (e.g., EXCEDE and
CHARGE IV), and shuttle- or satellite-borne RF transmitters (e.g., WISP and ACTIVE). Ground-
5. 5
based techniques employ the use of high power, radio frequency (RF), transmitters (so-called
"heaters") to provide the energy in the ionosphere that causes it to be altered, or enhanced. The
use of such heaters has a number of advantages over space-based approaches.
These include the possibility of repeating experiments under controlled conditions, and the
capability of conducting a wide variety of experiments using the same facility. For example,
depending on the RF frequency and effective radiated power (ERP) used, different regions of the
atmosphere and the ionosphere can be affected to produce a number of practical effects, as
illustrated in Table 1. Because of the large number and wide variety of those. effects, and because
many of them have the potential to be exploited for important C3 applications, the program is
focused on developing a robust program in the area of ground-based, high power RF heating of
the ionosphere.
To date, most DoD ionospheric heating experiments have been conducted to gain better
understanding of ionospheric processes, i.e., they have been used as geophysical-probes. In this,
one perturbs the ionosphere, then studies how it responds to the disturbance and how it ultimately
recovers back to ambient conditions. The use of ionospheric enhancement to simulate ionospheric
processes and phenomena is a more recent development, made possible by the increasing
knowledge being obtained on how they evolve naturally. By simulating natural ionospheric effects
it is possible to assess how they may affect the performance of DoD systems. From a DoD point
of view, however, the most exciting and challenging aspect of ionospheric enhancement is its
potential to control ionospheric processes in such a way as to greatly enhance the performance of
C3 systems (or to deny accessibility to an adversary), This is a revolutionary concept in that,
rather than accepting the limitations imposed on operational systems by the natural ionosphere, it
envisions seizing control of the propagation medium and shaping it to insure that a desired system
capability can be achieved. A key ingredient of the DOD program is the goal of identifying and
investigating those ionospheric processes and phenomena that can be exploited for such
purposes.
2. Potential Applications
A brief description of a variety of potential applications of ionospheric- enhancement technology
that could be addressed in the DOD program are outlined below.
2.1. Geophysical Probing
The use of ionospheric heating to investigate natural ionospheric processes is a traditional one.
Such-research is still required in order to develop models of the ionosphere that can be used to
reliably predict the performance of C3 systems, under both normal and disturbed ionospheric
conditions. This aspect of ionospheric enhancement research is always available to the
investigator; in effect, as a by-product of any ionospheric enhancement research, even if it is
driven by specific system applications goals, such as discussed below.
2.2. Generation of ELF/VLF Waves
A number of critical DOD communications systems rely on the use of ELF/VLF (30 Hz-30kHz)
radio waves. These include those associated with the Minimum Essential Emergency
Communications Network (MEECN) and those used to disseminate messages to submerged
submarines. In the latter, frequencies in the 70-150 Hz range are especially attractive, but difficult
to generate efficiently with ground-based antenna systems. The potential exists for generating
such waves by ground-based heating of the ionosphere. The heater is used to modulate the
conductivity of the lower ionosphere, which in turn modulates ionospheric currents. This
modulated current, in effect, produces a virtual antenna in the ionosphere for the radiation of radio
waves. The technique has already been used to generate ELF/VLF signals at a number of vertical
HF heating facilities in the West and the Soviet Union. To date, however, these efforts have been
confined to essentially basic research studies, and few attempts have been made to investigate
6. 6
ways to increase the efficiency of such ELF/VLF generation to make it attractive for
communications applications. In this regard, heater generated ELF would be attractive if it could
provide significantly stronger signals than those available from the Navy's existing antenna
systems in Wisconsin and Michigan. Recent theoretical research suggests that this may be
possible, provided the appropriate HF heating facility was available. Because this area of research
appears especially promising, and because of existing DOD requirements for ELF and VLF, it is
already a primary driver of the proposed research program.
In addition to its potential application to long range, survivable, DOD communications, there is
another potentially attractive application of strong ELF/VLF waves generated in the ionosphere by
ground-based heaters. It is known that ELF/VLF signals generated by lightning strokes propagate
through the ionosphere and interact with charged Particles trapped along geomagnetic field lines,
causing them, from time to time, to precipitate into the lower ionosphere. If such processes could
be reliably controlled, it would be possible to develop techniques to deplete selected regions of the
radiation belts of particles, for short periods, thus allowing satellites to operate within them without
harm to their electronic components, any of the critical issues associated with this concept of
radiation-belt control could be investigated as part of the DOD program.
2.3. Generation of Ionospheric Holes/Lens
It is well known that HF heating produces local depletions ("holes") of electrons, thus altering the
refractive properties of the ionosphere. This in turn affects the propagation of radio waves passing
through that region. If techniques could be developed to exploit this phenomena in such a way as
to create an artificial lens, it should be possible to use the lens as a focus to deliver much larger
amounts of HF energy to higher altitudes in the ionosphere than is presently possible, thus
opening up the way for triggering new ionospheric processes and phenomena that potentially
could be exploited for DOD purposes. In fact, the general issue of developing techniques to insure
that large energy densities can be made available at selected regions in the ionosphere, from
ground-based heaters, is an important one that must be addressed in the DOD program.
2.4. Electron Acceleration
If sufficient energy densities are available in the ionosphere it should be possible to accelerate
electrons to high energies, ranging from a few eV to even KeV and MeV levels. Such a capability
would provide the means for a number of interesting DOD applications.
Electrons in the ionosphere accelerated to a few eV would generate a variety of IR and optical
emissions. Observation and quantification of them would provide data on the concentration of
minor constituents in the lower ionosphere and upper atmosphere, which cannot be obtained
using conventional probing techniques. Such data would be important for the development of
reliable models of the lower ionosphere which are ultimately used in developing radio-wave
propagation prediction techniques. In addition, heater generated IR/optical emission, over
selected areas of the earth could potentially be used to blind space-based military sensors.
Electrons accelerated to energy levels in the 14-20 eV range would produce new ionization in the
ionosphere, via collisions with neutral particles. This suggests that it may be possible to
"condition" the ionosphere so that it would support HF propagation during periods when the
natural ionosphere was especially weak. This could potentially be exploited for long range (OTH)
HF communication/surveillance purposes. Finally, the use of an HF heater to accelerate electrons
to KeV or MeV energy levels could be used, in conjunction with satellite sensor measurements, for
controlled investigations of the effects of high energy electrons on space platforms. There already
is indication that high power transmitters on space-craft accelerate electrons in space to such high
energy levels, and that those charged particles can impact on the spade- craft with harmful
effects. The processes which trigger such phenomena and the development of techniques to
avoid or mitigate them could be investigated as part of the DOD program.
7. 7
2.5. Generation of Field Aligned Ionization
HF heating of the ionosphere produces patches of ionization that are aligned with the
geomagnetic field, thus producing scattering centers for RF waves. Natural processes also
produce such scatterers, as evidenced by the scintillations observed on satellite-to-ground links in
the equatorial and high latitude regions. The use of a HF heater to generate such scatterers would
provide a controlled way to investigate the natural physical processes that produce them, and
could lead conceivably to the development of techniques to predict their natural occurrence, their
structure and persistence, and (ultimately) the degree to which they would affect DOD systems.
One interesting potential application of heater induced field-aligned ionization is already a part of
an on-going DOD (Air Force/RADC) research program, Ducted HF Propagation. It is known that
there are high altitude ducts in the E- and F-regions of the ionosphere (110-250 km altitude range)
that can support round-the-world HF Propagation. Normally, however, geometrical considerations
show that it is not possible to gain access to these ducts from ground-based HF transmitters,
From time-to time, however, natural gradients in the ionosphere (often associated with the daynight terminator) provide a means for scattering such HF signals into the elevated ducts. If access
to such ducts could be done reliably, interesting very long range HF communications and
surveillance applications can be envisioned.
For example, survivable HF propagation above nuclear disturbed ionospheric regions would be
possible; or, the very long range detection of missiles breaking through the ionosphere on their
way to targets, could be achieved. The use of an HF heater to produce field-aligned ionization in a
controlled (reliable) way has been suggested as a means for developing such concepts, and will
be tested in an up-coming satellite experiment to be conducted during FY92. The experiment calls
for a heater in Alaska to generate field-aligned ionization that will scatter HF signals from a nearby
transmitter into elevated ducts. A satellite receiver will record the signals to provide data on the
efficiency of the field-aligned ionization as an RF scatterer, as well as the location, persistence,
and HF propagation properties associated with the elevated ducts.
2.6. Oblique HF Heating
Most RF heating experiments being conducted in the West and in the Soviet Union employ
vertically propagating HF waves. As such the region of the ionosphere that is affected is directly
above the heater. For broader military applications, the potential for significantly altering regions of
the ionosphere at relatively great distances (1000 km or more) from a heater is very desirable.
This involves the concept of oblique heating. The subject takes an added importance in that
higher and higher effective radiated powers are being projected for future HF communication and
surveillance systems. The potential for those systems to inadvertently modify the ionosphere,
thereby producing self-limiting effects, is a real one that should be investigated, In addition, the
vulnerability of HF systems to unwanted effects produced by other, high power transmitters (friend
or foe) should be addressed.
2.7. Generation of Ionization Layers Below 90 Km
The use of very high power RF heaters to accelerate electrons to 14-20 eV opens the way for the
creation of substantial layers of ionization at altitudes where normally there are very few electrons.
This concept already has been the subject of investigations by the Air Force (Geophysics Lab),
the Navy (MU), and DARPA. The Air Force, in particular, has carried the concept, termed Artificial
Ionospheric Mirror (AIM), to the point of demonstrating its technical viability and proposing a new
initiative to conduct proof-of-concepts experiments. The RF heater(s) being considered for AIM
are in the 400 MHz-3 GHz range, much higher than the HF frequencies (1.5 MHz-15 MHz)
suitable for investigating the other topics discussed in this summary. As such, the DOD program
(HAARP) will not be directly involved with AIM-related ionospheric enhancement efforts,
8. 8
3. IONOSPHERIC ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH POWER RF HEATING
As illustrated in Figure 1, as the HF power delivered to the ionosphere is continuously increased
the dissipative process dominating the response of the geophysical environment changes
discontinuously, producing a variety of ionospheric effects that require investigation. Those
anticipated at very high power levels (but not yet available in the West from existing HF heaters)
are especially interesting from the point of view of potential applications for DOD purposes,
3.1. Thresholds of Ionospheric Effects
At very modest HF powers, two RF waves propagating through a common volume of ionosphere
will experience cross-modulation, a superposition of the amplitude modulation of one RF wave
upon another. At HF effective radiated powers available to the West, measurable bulk electron
and ion gas heating is achieved, electromagnetic radiation (at frequencies other than transmitted)
is stimulated, and various parametric instabilities are excited in the plasma. These include those
which structure the plasma so that it scatters RF energy of a wide range of wavelengths.
Figure 1. Thresholds of Ionospheric Effects as a function of Heater ERP (unavailable)
There is also evidence in the West that at peak power operation parametric instabilities begin to
saturate, and at the same time modest amounts of energy begin to go into electron acceleration,
resulting in modest levels of electron-impact excited airglow. This suggests that at the highest HF
powers available in the West, the instabilities commonly studied are approaching their maximum
RF energy dissipative capability, beyond which the plasma processes will "runaway" until the next
limiting process is reached. The airglow enhancements strongly suggest that this next process
then involves wave-particle interactions and electron acceleration.
The Soviets, operating at higher powers than the West, now have claimed significant stimulated
ionization by electron-impact ionization. The claim is that HF energy, via wave-particle interaction,
accelerates ionospheric electrons to energies well in excess of 20 electron volts (eV) so that they
will ionize neutral atmospheric particles with which they collide. Given that the Soviet HF facilities
are several times more powerful than the Western facilities at comparable mid-latitudes, and given
that the latter appear to be on a threshold of a new "wave-particle" regime of phenomena, it is
believed that the Soviets have crossed that threshold and are exploring a regime of phenomena
still unavailable for study or application in the West.
The Max Planck HF facility at Tromso, Norway, possesses power comparable to that of the Soviet
high power heaters, yet has never produced airglow enhancements commonly produced by US
HF facilities at lower HF power, but at lower latitudes. This is attributed to a present inadequate
understanding 'f how to make the auroral latitude ionosphere sustain the conditions required to
allow the particle acceleration process to dominate, conditions which are achieved in the (more
stable) mid- latitude regions.
What is clear, is that at the gigawatt and above effective radiated power energy density deposited
in limited regions of the ionosphere can drastically alter its thermal, refractive, scattering, and
emission character over a very wide electromagnetic (radio frequency) and optical spectrum, what
is needed is the knowledge of how to select desired effects and suppress undesired ones. At
present levels of understanding, this can only be done by: identifying and understanding what
basic processes are involved, and how they interplay, This can only be done if driven by a strong
experimental program steered by tight coupling to the interactive cycle of developing theorymodel-experimental test.
3.2. General Ionospheric Issues
When a high-power HF radio wave reflects in the ionosphere, a variety of instability processes are
triggered. At early times (less than 200 ms) following HF turn-on, microinstabilities driven by
9. 9
ponderomotive forces are excited over a large (1-10 km) altitude interval extending downwards
from the point of HF reflection to the region of the upper hybrid resonance. However, at very early
times (less than 50 ms) and at late times (greater than l0 s) the strongest HF-induced Langmuir
turbulence appears to occur in the vicinity of HF reflection. The Langmuir turbulence also gives
rise to a population of accelerate electrons. Over time scales op 100's of milliseconds and longer,
the microinstabilities must coexist with other instabilities that are either triggered or directly driven
by the HF-induced turbulence. Some of these instabilities are believed to be explosive in
character. The dissipation of the Langmuir turbulence is thought to give rise to meter-scale
irregularities through several different instability routes. Finally, over time scales of tens of
seconds and longer, several thermally driven instabilities can be excited which give rise to
kilometer-scale ionospheric irregularities. Some of these irregularities are aligned with the
geomagnetic field, while others are aligned either along the axis of the HF beam or parallel to the
horizontal.
Recently, ionospheric diagnostics of HF modification have evolved to the point where individual
instability processes can be examined in detail. Because of improved diagnostic capabilities, it is
now clear that the wave-plasma interactions once thought to be rather simple are in fact rather
complex. For example, the latest experimental findings at Arecibo Observatory suggest that
plasma processes responsible for the excitation of Langmuir turbulence in the ionosphere are
fundamentally different from past treatments based on so-called "weak turbulence theory".
This theoretical approach relies on random phase approximations to treat the amplification of
linear plasma waves by parametric instabilities. Research in HF ionospheric modification during
the period 1970-1986 commonly focused on parametric instabilities to explain observational
results. In contrast, there is in increasing evidence that the conventional picture is wrong and that
the ionospheric plasma undergoes a highly nonlinear development, culminating in the formation of
localized states of strong plasma turbulence. The highly localized state (often referred to as
cavitons) consists of high-frequency plasma waves trapped in self- consistent electron density
depletions.
It is important to realize that many different instabilities are simultaneously excited in the plasma
and that one instability process can greatly influence the development of another. Studies of
competition between similar types of instability processes and the interaction between dissimilar
wave-plasma interactions are in the earliest stages of development. However, it is clear that the
degree to which one instability is excited in the plasma may severely impact a variety of other HFinduced processes through HF-induced pump wave absorption, changes in particle distribution
functions, and the disruption op other coherently-driven processes relying on smooth ionospheric
electron density gradients. Because the efficiency of many instability processes is dependent on
geomagnetic dip angle, the nature of instability competition in the plasma is expected to change
with geomagnetic latitude. Indeed, observational results strongly support this notion.
consequently, it may be very difficult to extrapolate the observational results obtained at one
geomagnetic latitude to another. Moreover, even at one experimental station, physical
phenomena excited by a high-power HF wave is strongly dependent upon background
ionospheric conditions. A classic illustration of this point may be found in Arecibo observations
made when local electron energy dissipation rates are low. In this case, the ionospheric plasma
literally overheats due to the absence of effective electron thermal loss processes.
The large (factor of four) enhancement in electron temperature that accompanies this
phenomenon gives rise to a class of instability processes that is completely different from others
observed under "normal" conditions where the ionospheric thermal balance is not greatly
disrupted. At ERPs greater than a gigawatt (greater than 90 dBW), ponderomotive forces are no
longer small compared to thermal forces. This may qualitatively change the nature of the instability
processes in the ionosphere. Experimental research in this area, however, must wait until such
powerful ionospheric heaters are developed.
10. 10
3.3. High Latitude Ionospheric Issues
Radio wave heating of the ionosphere at mid-latitudes (e.g., Arecibo and Platteville) has occurred
under conditions where the background ionosphere (prior to turning on the heater) was fairly
laminar, stable, fixed, etc. However, at high latitudes (i.e., auroral latitudes such as HIPAS and
Tromso) the background ionosphere is a dynamic entity. Even the location of the aurora and the
electrojet are changing as a function of latitude, altitude and local time. Moreover, the background
E- and F-region ionosphere may not be laminar on scale sizes less than 20 km and less than 100
km, respectively. Rather, there is the possibility of E- and F- region irregularities (with scale sizes
from cms to kms) occurring at various times due to (for example) electrojet driven instabilities in
the E-region, and spread F or current driven instabilities in the F-region. High energy particles,
e.g., from solar flares, may also lead to D-region structuring. In addition, connection to the
magnetosphere via the high conductivity along magnetic field lines can play an important role. The
theoretical understanding of high latitude ionospheric heating processes has been improving;
however, given the dynamic nature of the high latitude ionosphere, it is important to diagnose the
background ionosphere prior to the inception of any heating experiments. This diagnostic
capability aids in determining long term statistics, as well as real-time parameters. While such
diagnostics have been an integral part of the heating experiments at Arecibo and Tromso, HF
heating experiments at HIPAS have been severely hampered by a lack of similar diagnostics.
4. DESIRED HF HEATING FACILITY
In order to address the broad range of issues discussed in the previous sections, a new, unique,
HF heating facility is required. An outline of the desired capabilities of such a heater, along with
diagnostic needed for addressing these issues are given in Table 2.
(Table 2 not available in this document)
4.1. Heater Characteristics
The goals for the HF heater are very ambitious. In order to have a useful facility at various stages
of its development, it is important that the heater be constructed in a modular manner, such that its
effective- radiated-power can be increased in an efficient, cost effective manner as resources
become available. Other desired HF heater characteristics are outlined below.
Effective-Radiated-Power (ERP)
One gigawatt of effective-radiated-power (90 dBW) represents an important threshold power level,
over which significant wave generation and electron acceleration efficiencies can he achieved,
and other significant heating effects can be expected. To date, the Soviet Union has built such a
powerful HF heater. The highest ERPs achieved by US. facilities is about one-fourth of that.
Presently, a heater in Norway, operated by the Max Planck Institute in the Federal Republic of
Germany, is being reconfigured to provide 1 gigawatt of ERP at a single HF frequency. The
HAARP is to ultimately have a HF heater with an ERP well above 1 gigawatt (on the order of 95100 dBW); in short, the most powerful facility in the world for conducting ionospheric modification
research. In achieving this, the heated area in the F-region should have a minimum diameter of at
least 50 km, for diagnostic-measurement purposes.
4.1.2. Frequency Range of Operation
The desired heater would have a frequency range from around 1 MHz to about 15 MHz, thereby
allowing a wide range of ionospheric processes to be investigated. This incorporates the electrongyro frequency and would permit operations under all anticipated ionospheric conditions. Multifrequency operation using different portions of the antenna array is also a desirable feature.
Finally, frequency changing on an order of milliseconds is desirable over the bandwidth of the HF
transmitting antenna.
11. 11
4.3. Scanning Capabilities
A heater that has scanning capabilities is very desirable in order to enlarge the size of heated
regions in the ionosphere. Although a scanning range from vertical to very oblique (about 10
degrees above the horizon) would be desirable, engineering considerations will most likely narrow
the scanning range to about 45 degrees from the vertical. The capability of rapidly scanning
(microseconds time scale) in any direction, is also very desirable.
4.1.4. Modes of Operation
Flexibility in choosing heating modes of operation, including continuous- wave (CW) and pulsed
modes, will allow a wider variety of ionospheric modification techniques and issues to be
addressed.
4.1.5. Wave polarization
The heater should permit both X and O polarizations to be transmitted, in order to study
ionospheric processes over a range of altitudes.
4.1.6. Agility in Changing Heater Parameters
The ability to quickly change heater parameters, such as operating frequency, scan angle and
direction, power levels, and modulation is important for addressing such issues as enlarging the
size of the modified region in the ionosphere and the development of techniques to insure that the
energy densities desired in the ionosphere can be delivered from the heater without self-limiting
effects setting-in.
4.2. Heating Diagnostics
In order to understand natural ionospheric processes as well as those induced through active
modification of the ionosphere, adequate instrumentation is required to measure a wide range of
ionospheric parameters on the appropriate temporal and spatial scales.
4.2.1. Incoherent Scatter Radar Facility
A key diagnostic for these measurements will be an incoherent scatter radar facility to provide the
means to monitor such background plasma conditions as electron densities, electron and ion
temperatures, and electric fields, all as a function of altitude. In addition, the incoherent scatter
radar will provide the means for closely examining the generation of plasma turbulence and the
acceleration of electrons to high energies in the ionosphere by HF heating. The incoherent scatter
radar facility, envisioned to complement the planned new HF heater, is currently being funded in a
separate DOD program, as part of an upgrade at the Poker Flat rocket range, in Alaska.
4.2.2. Other Diagnostics
The capability of conducting in situ measurements of the heated region in the ionosphere, via
rocket-borne instrumentation, is also very desirable. Other diagnostics to be employed, depending
on the specific nature of the HF heating experiments, may include HF receivers for the detection
of stimulated electromagnetic emissions from heater induced turbulence in the ionosphere;
HF/VHF radars, to determine the amplitudes of short-scale (1-10 m) geomagnetic field-aligned
irregularities; optical imagers, to determine the flux and energy spectrum of accelerated electrons
and to provide a three-dimensional view of artificially produced airglow in the upper atmosphere:
and, scintillation observations, to be used in assessing the impact of HF heating on satellite
downlinks and in diagnosing large- scale ionospheric structures.
12. 12
4.2.3. Additional Diagnostics for ELF Generation Experiments
These could include a chain of ELF receivers to record signal strengths at various distances from
the heater; a digital HF ionosonde, to determine background electron density profiles in the E- and
F-regions; a magnetometer chain, to observe changes in the earth's magnetic field in order to
determine large volume ionospheric currents and electric fields; photometers, to aid in determining
ionospheric conductivities and observing precipitating particles; a VLF sounder, to determine
changes in the D-region of the ionosphere; and, a riometer, to provide additional data in these
regards, especially for disturbed ionospheric conditions.
4.3. HF Heater Location
One of the major issues to be addressed under the program is the generation of ELF waves in the
ionosphere by HF heating. This requires locating the heater where there are strong atmospheric
currents, either at an equatorial location or at a high latitude (auroral) location. Additional factors to
be considered in locating the heater include other technical (research) needs and requirements,
environmental issues, future expansion capabilities (real estate), infrastructure, and considerations
of the availability and location of diagnostics. The location of the new HF heating facility is planned
for Alaska, relatively near to a new incoherent scatter facility, already planned for the Poker Flat
rocket range under a separate DOD program. In addition, it is desirable that the HF heater be
located to permit rocket probe instrumentation to be flown into the heated region of the
ionosphere. The exact location in Alaska for the proposed new HF heating facility has not yet
been determined.
4.4. Estimated Cost of the New HF Heating Facility
It is estimated that eight to ten million dollars ($8-10M) will provide a new HF heating facility with
an effective-radiated-power of approximately that of the current DOD facility (HIPAS), but with
considerable improvement in frequency tunability and antenna-beam steering capability, The new
facility will be of modular design to permit efficient and cost-effective upgrades in power as
additional funds become available. The desired (world-class) facility, having the broad capabilities
and flexibility described above, will cost on the order of twenty-five to thirty million dollars ($2530M).
5. PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS
The program will be jointly managed by the Navy and the Air Force. However, because of the wide
variety of issues to be addressed, substantial involvement in the program by other government
agencies (DARPA, DNA, NSF, etc.), universities, and private contractors is envisioned.
Albert Einstein's theories of relativity and the development of atomic energy are seen as the
pinnacles of Twentieth Century technology. But Bernard Eastlund's discoveries, when they are
eventually disclosed, will render many of Einstein's innovations obsolete.
You've probably never heard of Bernard Eastlund. If the US military has their way, you probably
won't. He's a very private physicist with a small company in Houston. In the mid-80's, Eastlund
invented and patented a technology that will nevertheless reshape our lives, for better or for
worse, whether we like it or not.
Last month, a photograph was sent to us for identification. We received many wild explanations,
from underground alien bases to ancient city streets. But a handful of anonymous e-mails were
13. 13
consistent. These described the long, parallel, perfectly straight lines as part of an antenna
complex used to communicate with submerged submarines. These same e-mails spoke of "death
rays" that could blast distant locations with lethal electromagnetic radiation.
The photograph was eventually believed to be an ELF (an acronym for Extremely Low Frequency)
antenna installation, designed for submarine communication. There is one almost identical to the
photograph in Michigan. Since our anonymous informants seemed to be so knowledgeable, we
were curious about their claims of a "death ray" installation located somewhere in Alaska. Our
informants directed our attention to something called HAARP (High Frequency Active Aurora
Ionospheric Research Program).
HAARP is a military project based on Eastlund's discoveries. It is a technically difficult program to
discuss with non-scientists and, as such, it has eluded the spotlight of the popular press. In
addition, HAARP has been maintained partially as a clandestine project, operated by the US
Navy. The information that is made available to the public is carefully worded to make HAARP
appear as a bland, harmless, unclassified, atmospheric research facility.
This public image is maintained, in part, through a website, complete with a reassuring, updated,
digital photograph, showing dozens of motionless aluminum dipole antennae at their remote
Alaskan base. Public statements speak about "better understanding the ionosphere," a layer of
Earth's atmosphere about 60-90 Km. high. They are polite when questioned, but stick to their
"harmless research" stories, despite contradictions in the press and in publicly available
documents. In preparation for this article, ViewZone contacted HAARP. Not only did they deny
that the facility was doing military work, but they also diminished the work of Dr. Eastlund,
implying that he knew very little about his own discovery.
Eventually everyone will know about Bernard Eastlund and his work. It will someday be taught in
schools. His technology will impact every living thing. But this will have to wait for the military, who
own his valuable patents, to release Eastlund's work for humane applications. For the time being,
this work is buried in the secretive work of HAARP.
To completely understand Eastlund's work, you must first understand how and why HAARP
works. This is not an easy task.
But we'll try to keep it simple.
What Is HAARP?
The official HAARP facility is located in Gakuna, Alaska.
The site consists of a collection of antennae, arranged in a computer-controlled grid, known as a
"phased array." A phased array has the ability to focus radio signals in a precise direction, without
the necessity of turning the antennae. Modern radar systems no longer use the revolving dish that
we have come to recognize. The new radar antennae, which rely on phased arrays, look more like
the flat screen of a drive-in movie, speckled with small umbrella-like antennae in neat rows.
The phased array in HAARP is not a radar, but it uses some of the same extremely high
frequencies to focus a powerful radio beam to specific locations in the Earth's ionosphere.
14. 14
The ionosphere is a layer of charged particles (or "ions") located about 60-90 kilometers above
the Earth's surface.
It is the layer which reflects short wave radio waves and makes it possible for a transmitter in New
York to send a signal to Tokyo. Short waves may be good enough to send The Voice of America
broadcasts, but they are subject to noise and static. Short wave signals lose much of their power
as they travel and can even be blocked by the weather and sunspot activity.
Extremely High Frequency waves, on the other hand, are much shorter than short waves. They
travel in compact, narrowly focused, beams. They do not encounter static or deteriorate from rain
or clouds. Since they retain their strength over long distances, they are preferred for most pointto-point communications. Unfortunately, though, EHF waves (including microwaves) do not
naturally reflect and bounce off of the ionosphere.
For this reason, high frequency waves are said to propagate along the "line of sight." If you own a
satellite television dish, you know that it is important for your antenna to be pointed in the direction
of the satellite.
This is because you are receiving extremely high frequency waves.
Eastlund's discovery involved beaming High Frequency (HF) and Extremely High Frequency
(EHF) waves, of extremely high power (over a billion watts), directly at a point on the ionosphere.
When this was done, the ionosphere became heated from the accumulating electrical energy. You
might think of it as "cooking" the atmosphere.
The heated portion of the ionosphere expands like heated plastic and is raised to a higher
altitude, causing an atmospheric "bulge." Eastlund discovered that this bulge was highly reflective
to radio waves, and, because of its altitude, it could bounce high frequency radio signals to points
15. 15
well beyond the horizon. Even efficient ELF and microwaves signals, which normally would pass
through the ionosphere into space, could be deflected without much loss of strength. He called
this heated "bulge" the "lens effect."
Eastlund's first patent (US #4,686,605) was for a "method and apparatus for altering a region in
the Earth's atmosphere, ionosphere, and or magnetosphere." His second patent described the
reflection of a second signal, using the ionospheric bulge, to distant locations on the Earth's
surface. Eastlund had been working with the Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO), holders of a
massive reserve of natural gas under Alaska's north slope.
ARCO bought Eastlund's first two patents with the understanding that this new technology would
make it possible for their natural gas reserves, too expensive to be piped from Alaska, to be
converted to electrical energy on the north slope, and then bounced off the heated ionosphere to
customers in remote locations around the globe.
Also, because Eastlund's "heaters" could elevate the Earth's ionosphere, his discovery provided
the ability to control weather! Jet streams could be altered, tornadoes could be zapped and rain
could be made-- anywhere and anytime-- right here and right now! But the military had other
plans.
Eastlund's patents were sealed under a US Secrecy Order. The military realized that his first
patent outlined the recipe for an over-the-horizon radar apparatus, capable of detecting Soviet
launched ICBM's within seconds of their launch. His second patent was even more appetizing.
President Ronald Regan's infamous Star Wars program had challenged the military with tall order.
Their complex laser systems, nuke satellites and rail-guns didn't work. The military were years
from meeting Pentagon goals.
Now, unexpectedly, their prayers had been answered. Eastlund's "energy transmission system"
would be turned into the ultimate "death ray."
The US military was not the only investigator of "ionospheric heaters." The Russians conducted
their own research with similar systems, based on Eastlund's technology. Other heaters also
conducted research in Norway, Brazil and Puerto Rico. Russian "bigger is better" programs,
however, beamed huge amounts of electromagnetic power at the ionosphere, successfully
bouncing volleys of electromagnetic energy back to the Earth's surface.
At these higher power levels, the heated ionosphere acted like a powerful battery, storing,
amplifying and discharging destructive beams of energy that could devastate a distant target on
demand, in seconds. At that time, the Russians (USSR) lacked the powerful computing facilities
that were required to direct and control this energy beam.
To be precise, calculations for bouncing these energy beams must take into account the rotation
of the Earth, the angle of reflectance, and a variety of complex, dynamic factors. The US had the
power of CRAY and EMASS computer systems, but lacked the power output capabilities of the
Russian heaters. HAARP would change that.
In 1995, the US military sought congressional funding for a "super-heater," a world class HAARP
installation that would be capable of exceeding the Russian power outputs many times over. But
there was a snag. The American public had been told that the Star Wars program was a
"defensive" weapon. President Regan had even offered to share this technology with other
countries to establish a "shield of peace" that would forever inhibit nuclear proliferation.
But would the American public fund a "death ray" which could deliver "first strike" capabilities to
any point on the globe within seconds?
16. 16
Even the military doubted that this would be an easy sale.
At first, the military attempted to describe the HAARP as a substitute for the controversial ELF
(low frequency) transmitters.
Eastlund's research had demonstrated that the heated "lens" could generate and reflect ELF radio
signals if the applied HF power source was pulsed. The large ELF antenna systems in Wisconsin
and Michigan could be replaced by the smaller, more efficient HAARP arrays.
Since their installation in America's dairyland, ELF signals were becoming a sensitive topic.
Research was showing that ELF radiation was extremely harmful.
Dr. Cletus Kanavy, chief of the biological effects group of the Phillips Laboratory's
Electromagnetic Effects Division at Kirkland Air Force Base in New Mexico, stated that,
"the entire issue of human interaction with electromagnetic (RF & microwave)
radiation is... a major national population health concern."
(Biological Effects of Microwave Radiation: A White Paper, Microwave News at 12,
September/October 1993).
Dr. Kanavy noted the,
"large amount of data, both animal experimental and human clinical, to support
the existence of chronic, non-thermal effects."
These effects include behavioral aberrations, neural network perturbations, fetal (embryonic)
tissue damage (inducing birth defects), cataractogenesis (cataracts), altered blood chemistry,
metabolic changes and suppression of the endocrine and immune systems. There were also
cases of sudden and unexplained mutations in frogs and wildlife in the radiation paths of ELF
installations.
It was only a matter of time before the public outcry would prohibit ELF transmitters.
See:
Superimposing Spatially Coherent Electromagnetic Noise Inhibits Field Induced Abnormalities In
Chick Embryos, Journal Bioelectromagnetics, Vol. 15, No.2 at 105-113, 1994;
Adey, Whispering Between Cells: Electromagnetic Fields And Regulatory Mechanisms In Tissue,
Frontier Perspectives, Vol. 3, No. 2, Fall 1993;
Smith, Best, Electromagnetic Man, Chapter 10, St. Martin's Press, N.Y. 1989;
"Effects of Electromagnetic Fields" in Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 51:140 at 410-411, 1993
Someone in Congress realized the public safety implications of ELF waves - even if they were to
be generated by HAARP.
17. 17
The funding for HAARP was delayed while the Pentagon quickly assured the congressional
committees that the ELF programs would be scuttled and replaced by HAARP's "high
frequencies" which were, after all, "harmless." Congress thereby appropriated 16 million dollars
for HAARP's initial expansion. But was the HAARP really doing away with ELF radiation? Not at
all. (see 104th Congress, 1st session, Report 104-24 at 190, July 28, 1995)
The military's own Executive Summary of the HAARP program clearly states their reliance on ELF
waves. Instead of transmitting these waves from ground based transmitters, HAARP created
these waves through the use of "pulse" transmissions of their HF energy beams. Or, to put it
another way, HAARP duplicated the ELF signals by turning their signal on and off at rates (30 to
3000 cycles per second) within the ELF range.
The result was that ELF radiation could be directed to a specific area on the surface of the planet,
at will.
"The potential exists for generating such waves by ground-based heating of the
ionosphere. The heater is used to modulate the conductivity of the lower
ionosphere, which in turn modulates ionospheric currents. This modulated
current, in effect, produces a virtual antenna in the ionosphere for the radiation of
radio waves. The technique has already been used to generate ELF/VLF signals
at a number of vertical HF heating facilities in the West and the Soviet Union.
To date, however, these efforts have been confined to essentially basic research
studies, and few attempts have been made to investigate ways to increase the
efficiency of such ELF/VLF generation to make it attractive for communications
applications. In this regard, heater generated ELF would be attractive if it could
provide significantly stronger signals than those available from the Navy's existing
antenna systems in Wisconsin and Michigan."
"Recent theoretical research suggests that this may be possible, provided the
appropriate HF heating facility was available. Because this area of research
appears especially promising, and because of existing Department of Defense
requirements for ELF and VLF, it is already a primary driver of the proposed
research program."
(Executive Summary, Section 2.2)
All of these potentially harmful effects clearly violate the US government's own Environmental
Protection Agency's doctrine.
Congress established, through NEPA, that it is the policy of the federal government to,
"create and maintain conditions under which man and nature can exist in
productive harmony."
42 U.S.C. Sec. 4331(a)
To date, there have been eleven other patents derived from Eastlund's original work.
These patents describe the reflective alterations of the ionosphere for such uses as,
"nuclear scale explosions without radiation"
"power-beaming systems"
"over-the-horizon radar systems"
"nuclear missile detection and destruction systems"
Further, the patents are now owned by Raytheon, a long-standing defense contractor, and can
now be combined with other military patents and used for battlefield applications.
Eastlund's original research recognized the military uses for his discoveries. A review of his patent
18. 18
applications shows how this technology can be used:
"...ability to put unprecedented amounts of power in Earth's atmosphere
at strategic locations and to maintain the power injection level particularly
if random pulsing is employed, in a manner far more precise and better
controlled than heretofore accomplished by the prior art, particularly by
detonation of nuclear devices of various yields at various altitudes..."
"...It is possible not only to interfere with third party communications but
to take advantage of one or more such beams to carry out a
communications network even though the rest of the world's
communications are disrupted. Put in another way, what is used to
disrupt another's communications can be employed by one
knowledgeable of this invention as a communication network at the same
time..."
"...large regions of the atmosphere could be lifted to an unexpectedly
high altitude so that missiles encounter unexpected and unplanned drag
forces with resultant destruction."
Additional research indicates that funding was approved to develop a tomographic scanning
apparatus back in 1996.
This ability to penetrate deep within the Earth, to scan for caves, munitions storage and potential
enemy shelters, is specifically outlined as part of the funding agreement.
But the same wavelengths used in this tomographic scanning are powerful ELF radiation. And
once located, strategic targets can be destroyed by changing the frequency and power of the
directional beam. In short, the 104th Congress was duped into funding a "death ray." Recent (FY1999) budget requests have included huge appropriations for the Navy, with emphasis on antimissile technologies. The Navy is also developing high-altitude manned and unmanned vehicles
at secret locations, such as those in Nevada.
One such project is called "Aurora," suggesting a link to this new technology. It is our belief that
this electromagnetic beam system is currently on-line.
Perhaps we can justify this dangerous manipulation of nature by convincing ourselves that
America is the only remaining super-power, with morality and capability to be Earth's police force.
Certainly this kind of lethal power is better controlled by a democracy than, say, a terrorist regime
like Libya, or an unstable government like Iraq.
The potential for building a HAARP type of installation is well within the technology and budget of
even the poorest country. It involves no nuclear fuel and can be constructed covertly. Computing
power is now virtually unlimited. The country that has such a capability on-line first, and is able to
detect and destroy other such devices, could maintain the balance of power and control of the
globe.
HAARP technology is presently under suspicion by a number of scientists around the world.
The ionosphere has been described as a delicate "bubble" of charged particles that, much like the
ozone layer, serves as a thin skin, protecting us against high energy particles that regularly
stream towards Earth from the Sun. Even a temporary "hole" or rip in this ion field could result in
the collision of these particles with our genetic and biologic molecules, causing mutations or
death. Some scientists even worry that the ionosphere could collapse from electrical imbalance.
They ask,
"Can we really afford the risk of tampering with something that we do not yet fully
understand, and which belongs to all life (not just human) on this planet?"
19. 19
HAARP has even been accused of environmental vandalism.
The Earth has a solid metallic core and a rotating mass of electrical conducting, liquid rock called
the mantle.
This makes the Earth behave like a giant dynamo, with a strong magnetic field. Not every planet
has this. The magnetic field, or magnetosphere, is important for the existence of life, as we know
it. It effectively diverts the solar wind as it throws charged, high energy particles towards the
Earth. These magnetic fields are furthest from the Earth at the equator and they actually meet the
planet surface in the Arctic regions.
The latter phenomenon is the reason for locating ionospheric "heaters" near the polar regions of
Earth, where they are most accessible and vulnerable to unnatural influences.
The Solar Wind is so powerful that it distorts the magnetosphere, causing the part facing the Sun
to become compressed (left) and the side opposite to the Sun (right) to have a "tail," similar to the
tail of comets.
Together with the lower ionosphere, these charged atmospheres are essential for maintaining the
radiation-free environment on our planet. Like the ozone layer, they are fragile but essential to life.
The irresponsible damage to these ecosystems could turn HAARP into a weapon of total
destruction.
ViewZone contacted HAARP, through their web site, in the preparation of this story. At first, our
inquiries were treated lightly. We were assured that HAARP was purely a research facility with no
classified status. When we submitted some of the material referenced in this story, we were told
that there was no basis to support such activity at HAARP's Gakona facility. We were reminded
that HAARP has an open web site, with ample pictures and public disclosures.
Conducting limited ionospheric studies which will yield enormous knowledge that will be useful in
the design of reliable, high performance communication and navigation systems for the DoD as
well as the private sector. It has about as much value as a weapon as the Keck Observatory in
Hawaii or the Very Large Array in New Mexico."
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Dr. Eastlund informed us that the patents he transferred are capable of doing everything that he
stated. We asked him to comment on the fact that his discoveries had been acquired for military,
rather than humane use.
Doctor Eastlund:
"With some funding from the European Space Agency I have been able to
address some of the issues you raised. In particular, I have continued to develop
concepts that speak to the civilian (or humane) issues rather than the military.
I have taken a hard look at the potential beneficial effects of the root technology
and have developed a new concept for prevention of tornado formation in
mesocylones based on heating cold downdrafts within the storm with microwave
radiation from a satellite based source.
The concept is called the Thunderstorm Solar Power Satellite. I presented a
paper entitled, "Systems Considerations of Weather Modification Experiments
Using High Power electromagnetic Radiation" at the "Workshop on Space
Exploration and Resources Exploitation-Explospace 20-22 October, 1998,
Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy. The Systems Study indicates a possibility it might work,
but raises issues of safety and the ability of diagnostics and numerical simulation
capabilities to monitor and predict behavior of a storm.
If successful, it might be possible to prevent the formation of destructive
tornadoes. This could be a very positive outgrowth of my original work. Further
extrapolations of the technology may also be useful in hurricane mitigation.
Regarding safety. I believe it is the paramount issue. Unless these applications
can be shown to be safe no experimentation should be initiated. My Company
has adopted safety guidelines which include guidelines prepared by the NAS for
global warming mitigation experiments and a few that were added to ensure that
the systems are not used for military purposes.
The guidelines are included in a paper I gave yesterday at a conference on "The
Applications of Remote Sensing and GIS for Disaster Management." held
January 19-21, 1999 at the George Washington University. Copy attached. Note
in the guidelines I have made a strong recommendation for international control.
In the future, Dr. Eastlund's technologies will change our planet.
Electrical energy will be available everywhere, without the need for transmission lines. Disasters
from severe thunderstorms and tornadoes will be minimized, climates will be made milder, and
food production will be enhanced by illuminated skies and ample rainfall. Global communication
will be inexpensive. Critical ozone will be replenished.
And, most importantly, nuclear weapons will have been made obsolete by the abilities to detect
and destroy enemy installations. Terrorism will also be made much more difficult. In short,
Eastlund's discoveries provide inexpensive energy and an end to draught and hunger-- the major
causes of human violence.
But these humane applications are still in the future. Eastlund's patents remain under the control
of the military industrial complex.
We are more likely to see an instantaneous "death ray," or mass "mind control" mechanisms,
before Eastlund's discoveries make the planet a better place to live.
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"And he performed great and miraculous signs, even causing fire to come down
from heaven to Earth in full view of men"
Revelations 13:13
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