1) E-cigarettes are mostly used by smokers and help some quit or reduce smoking. Regular use by non-smokers has not been documented. E-cigarettes are less toxic than cigarettes.
2) Regulations of e-cigarettes vary by country and are currently evolving. The document discusses potential regulations as tobacco products, medications, or consumer products.
3) Regulating e-cigarettes as medications poses several problems and may stifle innovation, give the market to big tobacco, and result in fewer smokers quitting. Consumer product regulation with additional safety standards may better balance public health and individual freedom.
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Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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How E-Cigarettes Should be Regulated - Professor Jean-François ETTER - E-Cigarette Summit
1. How e-cigarettes should be regulated
Jean-François ETTER, PhD
Associate Professor
Faculty of Medicine
University of Geneva, Switzerland
Jean-Francois.Etter@unige.ch
E-cigarette Summit, London
November 12, 2013
2. Disclosure
Tobacco industry:
- never received any funding
- no conflict of interest
Pharmaceutical industry
- no funding in past 7 years
- no conflict of interest
E-cigarette industry
- plane tickets + hotel (London + China)
3. Outline
How should e-cigarettes be regulated
- regulation today (USA, UK, EU)
- future regulation
… as tobacco products ?
… as medications ?
… as consumer products ?
… as a specific category ?
4. Summary of evidence
1.
E-cigarettes are used by current and former smokers, as a cheaper and
safer alternative to tobacco
2.
Most users report that e-cigs help them quit or reduce smoking
3.
Regular or daily use in non-smokers has not been documented so far
4.
E-cigs are less addictive and less toxic than cigarettes
Sources:
1)
Cho.
J Adol Health.
2011
Choi.
Am J Public Health.
2013
Corey
MMWR
2013
Dockrell
Nic Tob Res
2013
Douptcheva
J Epidemio Comm H
2013
Goniewicz.
Pediatrics.
2012
King.
Nicotine Tob Res.
2013
McMillen.
J Environ Public H
2012
Pearson
Am J Public Health
2012
Regan
Tob Control
2011
Sutfin
Drug Alc Depend
2013
2)
Etter (2010), BMC Public Health, 10, 231.
Siegel (2011), American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 40, 472-5.
Etter (2011), Addiction, 106, 2017-28.
Foulds (2011) International Journal of Clinical Practice, 65, 1037-42.
Goniewicz (2013), Drug and Alcohol Review, 32, 133-140.
Dawkins. (2013) Addiction.
Kralikova (2013), Chest.
Farsalinos (2013), Int J Environ Res and Public Health, 10, 2500-14.
3) Douptcheva et al. J Epidemiol Comm Health. 2013; Zhu et al. PLOS One. Oct 2013; ASH-UK. 2013
4) On addictiveness of e-cigs: Foulds Int J Clin Pract 2011, Goniewicz Drug Alc Rev 2013, Dawkins Addiction 2013, Farsalinos IJERPH 2013
5. Regulation: aims
Aims:
- decrease the number of cases of disease and death
(which are mainly caused by smoked tobacco)
- protect the freedom of citizens
Should cover not just e-cigs but also ‘next generation’ products
6. Regulation
E-cigs are mostly regulated as consumer products or tobacco,
seldom regulated as medicines
EU + FDA regulation will be extraordinarily influential + important
Once written, these laws will be very hard to change
In each country, regulation will differ because it will depend on specific :
- stage of the tobacco epidemic
- history of tobacco regulation
- political process, weight of lobbies
- stage of development of the e-cig market
7. Regulation: USA
Currently :
- FDA cannot regulate e-cigs as drugs : court decision Sottera 2010
- FDA regulates all non-medicinal nicotine as tobacco : FSPTCA 2009
- E-cigs are currently largely unregulated at federal level
- State and local regulations (bans in public places, sales to <18 yr)
FDA «deeming regulation» proposal due November 2013, forecast :
- ban sales + advertising to minors
- limit advertising
- ban most flavors ?
- ban Internet sales ?
- require approbation for new products ?
8. Regulation: UK
Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA)
MHRA public consultation, published in 2011
MHRA announced (2013) that the UK Government will regulate e-cigs
as medicines
Rationale: to improve product safety, quality and efficacy
There is no such thing as “light touch” regulation
By asking MHRA (rather than any other agency) to propose e-cig
regulation, one could expect this outcome
Impact of EU directive on UK decision ?
9. Regulation: European Union (EU)
Tobacco Products Directive: article 18
EU Parliament (October 8)
- prohibits sales to minors
- restrictions on advertising and sponsorship
- rejects proposal to regulate e-cigs as medicines
Vote on medicines regulation was close (article 18, amendment 170):
- for: 386
- against: 283
- required to pass: 335
Trialogue
- the Council and Commission are in favor of the medicines regulation
- many member States want tighter regulation than EU Parliament
10. Regulation
Intensive lobbying of FDA + EU Parliament + national governments
Unprecedented lobbying by vapers, e-cig industry
In general, governments + parliaments are excessively responsive to
special interests, rather than to the general interest
As a result, almost any regulation will favor those who are best at
lobbying (Big Tobacco, Big Pharma) and detrimental to those less
present (Chinese inventors + manufacturers)
Even before they have been drafted, financial analysts have said that
future regulations may be favorable to Big Tobacco
- best expertise in regulatory environment
- treasure trove
- lists of customers, mandatory shelf space in shops
11. Nicotine : only in smoked tobacco or
in medications
Currently, nicotine is available either in :
- smoked tobacco (smokeless banned in many countries)
- medications (patch, gum, etc.)
For public health, this approach is largely a failure
The most deadly product is cheap + available everywhere
Nicotine replacement therapy
- not very appealing
- not very effective in the long term (increases smoking cessation
rates by a few percentage points only)
The success of e-cigs challenges this approach
The regulation of nicotine needs to be rethinked, but how ?
12. Regulation as a tobacco product
Aim:
- to offer consumers the same level of protection as for tobacco products
Bans in public places
Restrictions on advertisements, marketing
Sale restrictions to minors
Content, additives
13. Problems with tobacco regulation
E-cigs do not contain tobacco
(even though nicotine is extracted from tobacco)
Current measures used to control tobacco are excessive,
disproportionate if applied to e-cigarettes
Bans in public places
- would require stronger evidence that passive vaping is toxic and
- that vaping in public encourages smoking
Advertising bans
- would require stronger evidence that e-cigs are toxic
- no evidence that non-smokers become regular users
- consumers have a right to be informed by advertisements
Sale restrictions to minors who smoke
- minors can buy nicotine gums, patches
- e-cigs may protect both minors and adults against smoking
14. Regulation as a medicine
Aim:
to give consumers the same level of protection as for medicines
- efficacy
- safety, toxicity
- quality requirements
- stability of the product
- protect young non-smokers, «gateway» (advertising, age limits)
15. Problems with medicines regulation
(in most, but perhaps not all countries)
No therapeutic claim: e-cigs are not medicines
Medicines regulation has been and will be challenged in court
Inequality with tobacco (makes e-cigs less competitive)
Costs associated with obtaining drug approval
Prices will increase
Administrative barriers (application = 10,000 pages)
Only large companies will survive (Big Tobacco + Big Pharma if they
step in)
Many products, manufacturers and retailers will disappear, in particular
Chinese ones
16. Potential problems with medicines
regulation (2)
Will kill innovation
e.g. nicotine gum + patch ‘frozen’ in same stage as when they were
first approved, in the 1970s + 1980s
If flavors are banned, e-cigs will attract fewer smokers
Maximum levels of nicotine in liquids: arbitrary, not evidence-based
Excessive restrictions on marketing, advertisement
Bans of unlicensed products
- incompatible with quality control
- banned products cannot be taxed
- enforcement will be costly and ineffective
Internet sales will continue
Black market
17. Potential problems with medicines
regulation (3)
Contrary to constitutional free market principles : unnecessarily
excludes a competitor
Lack of popular support: not viable in democracy
Unduly protects Big Pharma, which has not been innovative in NRT
Fewer e-cig users = more smokers, more healthcare costs
2 main consequences of tobacco or medicines regulations :
Fewer users, fewer smokers will quit, more will die
Gives the entire e-cig market to Big Tobacco ?
18. Regulation as a consumer product
Aims:
offer consumer the same protection as for many other consumer
products, including food, cosmetics, chemicals, electrical devices, etc.
Several EU Directives + national laws already apply to e-cigs :
- safety
- RAPEX system (alerts)
- chemical safety (hazardous substances: RoHS Directive)
- electrical safety
- packaging, labeling
- weights and measures
- commercial practice (advertising, Internet)
- data protection
Source: C. Bates, G. Stimson. Costs and burdens of medicines regulation for e-cigarettes.
September 2013
19. Is regulation as a consumer product
sufficient?
First, apply and enforce existing laws and EU Directives
If necessary, create a specific category or specific norms for recreational
nicotine products (i.e. e-cigs + ‘next generation’ products):
- manufacturing process, components, e-liquid content
- advertisement
- sales to minors
This does not require regulation of e-cigs as medicines or tobacco
Create a tax on e-cigs, earmarked for
- research
- education of the public, Drs, journalists, policy makers, legislators
20. Conclusions (1)
E-cigs = major innovation that has the potential to save many lives
Regulation : balance public health impact vs. risks
Relative risk is relevant, compared with cigarettes, not absolute risk,
e-cigs don’t need to be 100% safe, only 99% or 99.9% safer than cigarettes
Regulation as medicines or tobacco : disproportionate
Prohibition of unlicensed products: not feasible, nor desirable
Main danger for public health = excessive regulation, not e-cigs
21. Conclusions (2)
Current laws cannot survive, which allow nicotine only
in tobacco (deadly when smoked) and in medications (gum, patch)
Laws need to change, to accommodate this very popular product and
also ‘next generation’ products
One of the most important public health debates in recent decades:
To redefine the place of nicotine in society and in the law,
and make room for recreational nicotine products