How does energy exchange contribute to efficient human movement The.pdf

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How does energy exchange contribute to efficient human movement? The energy exchange in a movement cycle can be expressed as follows for certain cases: E = Delta E_rho + Delta E + Delta E - Delta E Identify and explain each of the terms in Equation 3.1. Supply an equation for the calculation of each quantity. Identify the limitations of Equation 3.1. When does it not apply? Sketch a graph of energy versus time for which the equation would not return an appropriate energy exchange estimate. Given the data in Table 3.1 for the 1/2 HAT segment (Head and Torso) for a cycle of human gait, estimate the level of energy exchange tailing place. Figure 3.1 shows the graphical representation of this data (note the break in the Y-axis). Discuss whether this confirms or refutes the conclusions drawn in 3(c) (i), giving reasons to support your conclusions. Solution Energy can neither be created or destroyed. Energy can only be transfer from one form to another. When we take into consideration human beings, the complete system is too complex. A great deat of metabolic activities combined with nervous impulse signal together act inorder for the occurence of movement in human.Kinetic chain are the main reason for the occurence of human movement. Kinetic chain in other words can be defined as all systems of the body inter- linked together. Various systems like skeletal system, nervous system along with cardivascular system do the job together to transfer enerfy or work along the body to the extremities causing movement. Major example in this case is the conversion of chemical energy in food to work or thermal enrgy, futheron this converted energy is transferred to different body part for human movement..

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Abstract In this work, the energies dissipated by the spring mass damper system with three degrees of freedom are modelled and simulated for three types of external loads, namely, constant load, exponential decaying load overtime and a partial load over a time period. Two models of the spring mass damper system are modelled and the governing equations are derived. The velocities of the oscillators are estimated by solving the corresponding governing equations for loss of factor of 0.15. The kinetic and potential energies are calculated using the mass, velocity and stiffness of the oscillators and total energy is estimated. , when the load is changed from full load to a partial load over a time period, there is significant increase in the displacement and the velocity at near 0.75 sec, which means it dissipates more energy The contribution of the kinetic energy is minimal for oscillator 2 in all cases and the total energy is constituted mostly of potential energy and there is a substantial contribution both by kinetic and potential energy of oscillator 1 and 3 is presented in this paper. Index Terms: Vibration, 3 Degrees of freedom, Dampers, Loss factor, Transient loads.

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FES induced movements from indication is promising due to encouraging results being obtained by scholars. The kinematic model usually constitute the initial phase towards achieving the segmental dynamics of any rigid body system. It can be used to ascertain that the model is capable of achieving the desired goal. The dynamic model builds on the kinematic model and is usually mathematically cumbersome depending on the number of degrees-offreedom. This paper presents a kinematic model applicable for human sit-tostand movement scenario that will be used to obtain the dynamic model the FES induced movement in a later study. The study shows that the 6 DOF conceptualized sit-to-stand movement can be achieved conveniently using 4 DOF. The 4 DOF has an additional joint compared to similar earlier works which makes more it accurate and flexible. It is more accurate in the sense that it accommodates additional joint i.e. the neck joint whose dynamics could be captured. And more flexible in the sense that if future research uncover more contributions by the segments it can be easily incorporated including that of other segments e.g. the trunk, neck and upper limbs.

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