After chronic stress, some mice in an experiment developed social avoidance behavior and had reduced gut microbiome diversity and increased gamma-delta T lymphocytes in their gut and brain. Researchers found that gamma-delta T lymphocytes play a key role in changes to behavior induced by stress by traveling from the gut to the brain. Mice without gamma-delta T lymphocytes did not develop social avoidance after chronic stress. The study links chronic stress, immune system changes, gut microbiome changes, and behavioral changes through the role of gamma-delta T lymphocytes.
Letters Applied Microbiology - 2020 - Ahlawat - Gut organ axis a microbial o...lannguyen108181
This review article discusses the bidirectional relationship between the gut microbiota and other vital organs in the human body. It summarizes that the gut microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining health and influences physiological functions through metabolic, immune, and neural pathways. Any alterations in the gut microbiota composition can trigger gut disorders and diseases in other organs. The review provides an overview of the connections, known as axes, between the gut microbiota and organs like the adipose tissue, bone, brain, heart, kidneys, liver, and skin. It discusses how gut microbiota changes have been linked to various human diseases.
Biological diversity, or biodiversity, is the scientific term for the variety and variability of life on Earth. Biodiversity is the key indicator of the health of an ecosystem. Every living thing, including man, is involved in these complex networks of interdependent relationships, which are called ecosystems.
Like all healthy ecosystems, Richness of microbiota species characterizes the GI microbiome in healthy individuals. Conversely, a loss in species diversity is a common finding in several disease states. Microbiota Biodiversity helps us : 1- Combat aggressions from other microorganisms, 2- Maintaining the wholeness of the intestinal mucosa. 3- Plays an important role in the immune system, 4- Performing a barrier effect.5- A healthy and balanced gut microbiota is key to ensuring proper digestive functioning. A gut out of balance means a body out of balance which means illness including Inflammation, Allergies, Infections, Nutrient deficiencies, Weight Gain, Asthma-allergies – Autoimmunity
• Arthritis, Metabolic Bone disease, Skin problems e.g. eczema, rosacia, Mood disorders - Cognitive decline-Alzheimers and Cancer.
The study used a mouse model to examine the impacts of physical activity on various physiological measures in cases of restrictive-type anorexia nervosa (AN). Mice were divided into four groups - food restriction with wheel access, food restriction only, ad libitum feeding with wheel access, and ad libitum feeding only. Over short and long term periods, various measures were taken including body weight, food intake, locomotor activity, body composition, glucose tolerance, and hormone and metabolite levels. The results showed that physical activity coupled with food restriction led to greater initial weight loss than food restriction alone, but also later weight regain, and changes in feeding patterns and activity levels over time.
From gut dysbiosis to altered brain function and mental illness: mechanisms a...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
Abstract
The human body hosts an enormous abundance and diversity of microbes, which perform a range of essential and beneficial functions. Our appreciation of the importance of these microbial communities to many aspects of human physiology has grown dramatically in recent years. We know, for example, that animals raised in a germ-free environment exhibit substantially altered immune and metabolic function, while the disruption of commensal microbiota in humans is associated with the development of a growing number of diseases. Evidence is now emerging that, through interactions with the gut– brain axis, the bidirectional communication system between the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract, the gut microbiome can also influence neural development, cognition and behaviour, with recent evidence that changes in behaviour alter gut microbiota composition, while modifications of the microbiome can induce depressive-like behaviours. Although an association between enteropathy and certain psychiatric conditions has long been recognized, it now appears that
gut microbes represent direct mediators of psychopathology. Here, we examine roles of gut microbiome in shaping brain development and neurological function, and the mechanisms by which it can contribute to mental illness. Further, we discuss how the insight provided by this new and exciting field of research can inform care and provide a basis for the design of novel, microbiota-targeted, therapies.
Recent research suggests that a variety of lifestyle - especially dietary - changes influencing the integrity of gastrointestinal function may be driving at least some portion of the increased prevalence of illnesses of civilization, including neuropsychiatric problems, such as autism, attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder, major depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and Alzheimer disease. One area of interest involves the relationship between the gut's microbiome (as well as the related functional integrity of the gastrointestinal tract) and mental health.
Kevin Hugins research paper.
Meriam-Webster defines endocrinology as “a branch of medicine concerned with the structure, function, and disorders of the endocrine glands.” When considering the human endocrine system, most people think of endocrine glands such as the hypothalamus, pituitary, gonads, adrenals, and pancreas. No one would deny that hormones released from endocrine glands have a powerful effect on cell function throughout the human body. A relatively new field of study called Microbial Endocrinology suggests that the interactions and effects of the human endocrine system involve more organisms than just the human.
The document discusses the gut-brain axis and how traumatic brain injury (TBI) can disrupt it. Specifically:
1) The gut-brain axis involves bidirectional communication between the enteric nervous system and the brain.
2) TBI can cause changes in the gut microbiome and increased intestinal permeability. This dysbiosis may worsen secondary brain injury through inflammation.
3) Potential interventions include restoring the normal gut flora through fecal microbiota transplant and providing proper nutrition to reduce inflammation after TBI. Further research is needed to better understand how TBI impacts the microbiome and gut-brain axis.
Open-label dosing study to evaluate the safety and effects of a dietary plant-derived polisaccharide supplement on the N-glysocylation status of serum glycoporteins in healthy subjects
Letters Applied Microbiology - 2020 - Ahlawat - Gut organ axis a microbial o...lannguyen108181
This review article discusses the bidirectional relationship between the gut microbiota and other vital organs in the human body. It summarizes that the gut microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining health and influences physiological functions through metabolic, immune, and neural pathways. Any alterations in the gut microbiota composition can trigger gut disorders and diseases in other organs. The review provides an overview of the connections, known as axes, between the gut microbiota and organs like the adipose tissue, bone, brain, heart, kidneys, liver, and skin. It discusses how gut microbiota changes have been linked to various human diseases.
Biological diversity, or biodiversity, is the scientific term for the variety and variability of life on Earth. Biodiversity is the key indicator of the health of an ecosystem. Every living thing, including man, is involved in these complex networks of interdependent relationships, which are called ecosystems.
Like all healthy ecosystems, Richness of microbiota species characterizes the GI microbiome in healthy individuals. Conversely, a loss in species diversity is a common finding in several disease states. Microbiota Biodiversity helps us : 1- Combat aggressions from other microorganisms, 2- Maintaining the wholeness of the intestinal mucosa. 3- Plays an important role in the immune system, 4- Performing a barrier effect.5- A healthy and balanced gut microbiota is key to ensuring proper digestive functioning. A gut out of balance means a body out of balance which means illness including Inflammation, Allergies, Infections, Nutrient deficiencies, Weight Gain, Asthma-allergies – Autoimmunity
• Arthritis, Metabolic Bone disease, Skin problems e.g. eczema, rosacia, Mood disorders - Cognitive decline-Alzheimers and Cancer.
The study used a mouse model to examine the impacts of physical activity on various physiological measures in cases of restrictive-type anorexia nervosa (AN). Mice were divided into four groups - food restriction with wheel access, food restriction only, ad libitum feeding with wheel access, and ad libitum feeding only. Over short and long term periods, various measures were taken including body weight, food intake, locomotor activity, body composition, glucose tolerance, and hormone and metabolite levels. The results showed that physical activity coupled with food restriction led to greater initial weight loss than food restriction alone, but also later weight regain, and changes in feeding patterns and activity levels over time.
From gut dysbiosis to altered brain function and mental illness: mechanisms a...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
Abstract
The human body hosts an enormous abundance and diversity of microbes, which perform a range of essential and beneficial functions. Our appreciation of the importance of these microbial communities to many aspects of human physiology has grown dramatically in recent years. We know, for example, that animals raised in a germ-free environment exhibit substantially altered immune and metabolic function, while the disruption of commensal microbiota in humans is associated with the development of a growing number of diseases. Evidence is now emerging that, through interactions with the gut– brain axis, the bidirectional communication system between the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract, the gut microbiome can also influence neural development, cognition and behaviour, with recent evidence that changes in behaviour alter gut microbiota composition, while modifications of the microbiome can induce depressive-like behaviours. Although an association between enteropathy and certain psychiatric conditions has long been recognized, it now appears that
gut microbes represent direct mediators of psychopathology. Here, we examine roles of gut microbiome in shaping brain development and neurological function, and the mechanisms by which it can contribute to mental illness. Further, we discuss how the insight provided by this new and exciting field of research can inform care and provide a basis for the design of novel, microbiota-targeted, therapies.
Recent research suggests that a variety of lifestyle - especially dietary - changes influencing the integrity of gastrointestinal function may be driving at least some portion of the increased prevalence of illnesses of civilization, including neuropsychiatric problems, such as autism, attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder, major depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and Alzheimer disease. One area of interest involves the relationship between the gut's microbiome (as well as the related functional integrity of the gastrointestinal tract) and mental health.
Kevin Hugins research paper.
Meriam-Webster defines endocrinology as “a branch of medicine concerned with the structure, function, and disorders of the endocrine glands.” When considering the human endocrine system, most people think of endocrine glands such as the hypothalamus, pituitary, gonads, adrenals, and pancreas. No one would deny that hormones released from endocrine glands have a powerful effect on cell function throughout the human body. A relatively new field of study called Microbial Endocrinology suggests that the interactions and effects of the human endocrine system involve more organisms than just the human.
The document discusses the gut-brain axis and how traumatic brain injury (TBI) can disrupt it. Specifically:
1) The gut-brain axis involves bidirectional communication between the enteric nervous system and the brain.
2) TBI can cause changes in the gut microbiome and increased intestinal permeability. This dysbiosis may worsen secondary brain injury through inflammation.
3) Potential interventions include restoring the normal gut flora through fecal microbiota transplant and providing proper nutrition to reduce inflammation after TBI. Further research is needed to better understand how TBI impacts the microbiome and gut-brain axis.
Open-label dosing study to evaluate the safety and effects of a dietary plant-derived polisaccharide supplement on the N-glysocylation status of serum glycoporteins in healthy subjects
The document discusses ways to strengthen the immune system in the third age. It begins by explaining what the immune system is and how it functions. It then describes the changes that occur in the immune system during the third age, including it becoming less effective at distinguishing self from non-self and responding more slowly to new antigens. Finally, it outlines several approaches that can be used to boost immunity in older adults, such as specialized vaccines, drugs that alter metabolism and senolytics that target senescent cells. It also stresses the importance of an overall healthy lifestyle.
The document discusses the gut microbiome and its impact on human health. The gut microbiota assists with energy harvesting from food, pathogen protection, immune regulation, and strengthening gut barriers. Changes in microbiota composition can affect these functions. The major bacterial phyla in the human gut are Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria, while the genera include Bacteroides, Clostridium, and Bifidobacterium. Dysbiosis is an imbalance in gut bacteria that is associated with disease. Research also suggests that gut bacteria can communicate with and regulate the brain through immune pathways and biochemicals.
Microbiota and mental health with the emphasize of the role of autoantibodiesAsma AlQahtani
The document discusses the complex relationship between the gut microbiome and the brain and immune system. It notes that the gut contains trillions of microbes that interact with host genetics and diet to influence health. The gut uses various mechanisms like mucus and antimicrobial peptides to minimize contact between bacteria and epithelial cells. Disruptions to this homeostasis can lead to inflammation and conditions like IBD. Environmental factors like improved hygiene may also impact gut microbes and immune system development. The gut-brain axis allows communication between the two systems through neural, hormonal and immune pathways. Changes to the gut microbiome could influence brain function and behavior. Molecular mimicry between gut bacteria and human proteins may also trigger autoimmune responses impacting the
This document summarizes key advances in neurogastroenterology and motility research from 2011. Three main points are:
1) Studies showed that gut microbes and nutrients can affect mood and food intake through the vagus nerve and endocannabinoid signaling. Stress was also found to exacerbate visceral pain through changes in primary afferent neurons and spinal glia.
2) Two studies provided evidence that enteric glia can generate new neurons in the gut after injury, indicating they may serve as neuronal precursors.
3) Research found that neuronal serotonin protects the enteric nervous system and regulates motility and inflammation, while mucosal serotonin contributes to visceral pain. A new
This document discusses protein breakdown and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. It notes that all proteins continually turnover and are broken down and replaced. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is the main system for degrading intracellular proteins in cells. In this pathway, target proteins are tagged with ubiquitin molecules and then degraded by the 26S proteasome complex. This pathway is responsible for the normal turnover of long-lived proteins as well as the accelerated breakdown of proteins in disease states. It plays an important role in various cellular processes like quality control, adaptation to changes, and immune function.
Stress is defined as a state of physiological or psychological strain caused by an adverse stimuli , physical, mental, or emotional, internal or external that tend to disturb the functioning of an organism and which the organism naturally desires to avoid.
The Role Of Cytokines On Immune PrivilegeKaty Allen
- Immune privilege sites like the brain actively suppress inflammation to protect delicate tissues from damage. Cytokines play a role in maintaining this immune privilege.
- Experiments on mice found that chronic early-life stress impaired microglial function and rewired the brain's stress response pathways, causing depression-like behaviors in adulthood. Treating the stress hormone CRH reversed these effects.
- Exposure to toxins in tobacco smoke during development can alter brain cell proliferation, synaptic activity, and microglial function, potentially leading to neurological and cognitive impairments.
This document summarizes research on oxytocin and vasopressin in treating autism by comparing animal models to human studies. It reviews findings that oxytocin and vasopressin affect social bonding behaviors in animals like prairie voles and rats. Short-term oxytocin injections in animals increase non-specific social behaviors, while long-term injections can impair bonding abilities. Comparing these animal studies to human neuroimaging research helps explain the mechanisms and potential treatments for autism and other social disorders.
Student 1 Student Sample Dr. Heather Martin WRI.docxdeanmtaylor1545
Student
1
Student Sample
Dr. Heather Martin
WRIT 1133- 28
April 28, 2017
Dessert is Stressed Spelled Backward:
An Analysis of Stress Severity and its Relation to Stress Eating in the DU Community
This selection of documents is intended to provide adequate background information and
data on the subject of stress related eating patterns and the extent to its effects based upon the
level of severity and duration. All of the sources cited below are of credible nature and are based
upon scientific reason and research. They have all either referenced studies or have conducted
experiments themselves on the topic of stress-induced food intake. Due to the collection of
findings that support both increases and decreases in the usual intake of food, many of the
sources focus on more detailed correlations between the relationship of appetite and stress. For
example, the relationship between stress and changes in eating behaviors is widely accepted;
however, recent studies examine the resulting changes and differences between acute stress,
chronic stress, and various stress sub-groups (emotional, social, physical, and etc.) and the
choices in the type of foods consumed when under these various forms of stress. There is great
concern for obesity as a consequence of stress eating; however, obesity is covered in this
bibliography. The purpose of these materials is to serve as a foundation for a survey of the
effects and/or perceived of effects of stress eating in the University of Denver student
community, looking for similarities and/or differences in the data between them. For the sake of
both time and length, obesity will not be included a prominent factor of the discussion but will be
noted as a highly acknowledged concern for long term stress eating.
Adam, Tanja C., and Elissa S. Epel. “Stress, Eating and The Reward System.” Physiology &
Behavior, vol. 91, no. 4, 2007, pp. 449–458. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.04.011.
Adam and Epel’s article provides insight into the detailed physiological, anatomical, and
physiobiological processes that results in eating behaviors before, after, and during stress. It
forces on the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis’s role in the body’s response to stress,
noting the chemical response and how they interact with the brain and nervous system. It also
emphasizes the possibility of the two types of stress response one being the stereotypical fight or
flight model where decreased eating is expected and the other being a challenge model where
control is demanded of the situation and increased eating is observed. It also highlights the
effects of voluntary restrained eating, in addition to food intake in relation to the brain’s reward
system when looking at the presence of cortisol and the ways in which it might make an
organism food reward dependent as a result of stress.
Overall, this paper offers a very in depth insight into the chemical components behind food.
This document discusses the gut microbiome and its links to cognitive disorders. It aims to provide an overview of the gut microbiome, the gut-brain axis, and how gut microbes can affect central nervous system function and development. It discusses research showing links between gut microbiota and disorders like autism, depression, and schizophrenia. Current and potential future treatments are explored that aim to target the gut microbiome for mental health disorders.
Stavropoulou et al-2021-frontiers_in_medicineCarolynCampos4
This document reviews the relationship between the gut and kidney, known as the gut-kidney axis. It discusses how recent technological advances have improved understanding of the gut microbiome and its role in health and disease. The gut microbiome helps absorb nutrients, synthesize vitamins and enzymes, and produces short-chain fatty acids that support epithelial integrity and immunomodulation. Disruptions to the gut microbiome balance (known as dysbiosis) have been linked to various diseases. The review also briefly discusses the urinary microbiome and its role in urinary tract health. It suggests the gut microbiome can influence other body systems like the kidneys, and that disruptions to microbial communities may undermine their interactions with human cells and
Pathophysiology of Chronic Disease and Anti-inflammatory DietBatoul Ghosn
This presentation presents the (Inflammation and the Pathophysiology of Chronic Disease) chapter in the Krause's Book 14th Edition as well as the Anti-inflammatory Diet found in the index of the book.
The document discusses the concept of the human microbiome. It defines the microbiome as the genetic material within a microbiota, or the collection of microorganisms in a specific niche. The human microbiome is dynamic and changes based on factors like development, diet, antibiotics, and disease. The Human Microbiome Project aims to characterize the human microbiome and analyze its roles in health and disease. Recent research has shown links between the gut microbiome and conditions like obesity, autism, diabetes, and responses to cancer immunotherapy treatments.
This document provides an overview of the gut microbiota and its importance. It discusses that the gut microbiota consists of trillions of microbes that play key roles in host health, including digesting nutrients, maintaining the intestinal barrier, and communicating with the gut-brain axis. The gut microbiota composition is influenced by many factors like diet, medications, stress, infection and age. Alterations in the gut microbiota have been linked to obesity and other gastrointestinal diseases.
This document provides an overview of biochemistry, including its definition, objectives, and relationships to other life sciences. It discusses that proteins are the most abundant biomolecules in cells, consisting of linear polymers of 20 amino acids. The major techniques used in biochemistry to study cellular components and reactions are also summarized.
The document summarizes the brain-gut axis, which refers to the bidirectional communication between the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal system. It describes the complex interactions between the brain, gut, immune system, and gut microbiota. Key points include that the gut contains as many neurons as the spinal cord, communicates with the brain via the vagus nerve and hormones, and influences mood and behavior. Probiotics and prebiotics can impact mental health by altering microbiota composition and neurochemical signaling along the brain-gut axis.
According to the document:
1. Microbiome dysbiosis is associated with depression, as certain genera like Proteobacteria increase due to depression-induced inflammation while genera like Coprococcus decrease.
2. Depression and stress can disrupt the gut microbiome composition, reducing diversity.
3. Microbiome restoration through probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal transplants shows promise in improving depression symptoms by regulating the microbiome-gut-brain axis.
Hot Topics In Integrative Medicine Jill Schneiderhan.pptxssuser1fae2b
This document summarizes a presentation on hot topics in integrative medicine, including chronic pain management, the microbiome, menopausal symptoms, mindfulness, elimination diets, and acupuncture. It reviews evidence for approaches like physical activity, anti-inflammatory diets, probiotics, and supplements for chronic pain, irritable bowel syndrome, obesity, and diabetes. Non-hormonal therapies for menopausal symptoms like CBT, yoga, and acupuncture are discussed. Mindfulness-based stress reduction and elimination diets are described as commonly used integrative therapies. The document concludes by listing resources for integrative medicine evidence.
Jonathan Lendrum, Dean's Distinguished Research Fellowship ApplicationJon Lendrum
The document summarizes an undergraduate research proposal that evaluates mouse sleep behavior and the function of the glymphatic system in response to manipulations of gut microbiota composition. The study involves orally administering antibiotics, probiotics, or a saline buffer to mice over two weeks. Sleep duration will be measured using pressure sensors. After treatment, a fluorescent tracer will be infused into mice to map the glymphatic system's waste clearance, allowing comparison between treatment groups. The researcher hypothesizes that antibiotics will impair waste clearance while probiotics will enhance it.
1) Disease is necessary for organic progress and evolution according to the author. Complex genetic and structural changes that occur during development reflect the pathogenic processes that ancestral embryos were exposed to during phylogeny.
2) Pathogenic factors can damage cells and disrupt homeostasis, leading to "erroneous" or "alternative" expression of genetic information that provides evolutionary material. Micro-changes in damaged cells' genetic activity that are adaptive can be selected for.
3) Typical pathogenic processes were tools for creating new forms during organic development and progress, according to the author. Diseaseful organisms were the "hopeful patients" that drove progressive evolution.
Debunking Nutrition Myths: Separating Fact from Fiction"AlexandraDiaz101
In a world overflowing with diet trends and conflicting nutrition advice, it’s easy to get lost in misinformation. This article cuts through the noise to debunk common nutrition myths that may be sabotaging your health goals. From the truth about carbohydrates and fats to the real effects of sugar and artificial sweeteners, we break down what science actually says. Equip yourself with knowledge to make informed decisions about your diet, and learn how to navigate the complexities of modern nutrition with confidence. Say goodbye to food confusion and hello to a healthier you!
Unlocking the Power of Superfoods: A Guide to Boosting Your HealthAlexandraDiaz101
Discover the incredible benefits of superfoods and how they can transform your health. This guide delves into the nutritional powerhouse that foods like chia seeds, kale, and quinoa offer, and provides practical tips on how to incorporate them into your daily diet. Learn about the science behind these nutrient-dense foods and how they can help improve energy levels, support weight management, and enhance overall well-being. Whether you’re a nutrition novice or a health enthusiast, this comprehensive guide will inspire you to make more mindful choices in your diet.
More Related Content
Similar to How does Chronic Stress Affect the Gut Microorganisms.pdf
The document discusses ways to strengthen the immune system in the third age. It begins by explaining what the immune system is and how it functions. It then describes the changes that occur in the immune system during the third age, including it becoming less effective at distinguishing self from non-self and responding more slowly to new antigens. Finally, it outlines several approaches that can be used to boost immunity in older adults, such as specialized vaccines, drugs that alter metabolism and senolytics that target senescent cells. It also stresses the importance of an overall healthy lifestyle.
The document discusses the gut microbiome and its impact on human health. The gut microbiota assists with energy harvesting from food, pathogen protection, immune regulation, and strengthening gut barriers. Changes in microbiota composition can affect these functions. The major bacterial phyla in the human gut are Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria, while the genera include Bacteroides, Clostridium, and Bifidobacterium. Dysbiosis is an imbalance in gut bacteria that is associated with disease. Research also suggests that gut bacteria can communicate with and regulate the brain through immune pathways and biochemicals.
Microbiota and mental health with the emphasize of the role of autoantibodiesAsma AlQahtani
The document discusses the complex relationship between the gut microbiome and the brain and immune system. It notes that the gut contains trillions of microbes that interact with host genetics and diet to influence health. The gut uses various mechanisms like mucus and antimicrobial peptides to minimize contact between bacteria and epithelial cells. Disruptions to this homeostasis can lead to inflammation and conditions like IBD. Environmental factors like improved hygiene may also impact gut microbes and immune system development. The gut-brain axis allows communication between the two systems through neural, hormonal and immune pathways. Changes to the gut microbiome could influence brain function and behavior. Molecular mimicry between gut bacteria and human proteins may also trigger autoimmune responses impacting the
This document summarizes key advances in neurogastroenterology and motility research from 2011. Three main points are:
1) Studies showed that gut microbes and nutrients can affect mood and food intake through the vagus nerve and endocannabinoid signaling. Stress was also found to exacerbate visceral pain through changes in primary afferent neurons and spinal glia.
2) Two studies provided evidence that enteric glia can generate new neurons in the gut after injury, indicating they may serve as neuronal precursors.
3) Research found that neuronal serotonin protects the enteric nervous system and regulates motility and inflammation, while mucosal serotonin contributes to visceral pain. A new
This document discusses protein breakdown and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. It notes that all proteins continually turnover and are broken down and replaced. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is the main system for degrading intracellular proteins in cells. In this pathway, target proteins are tagged with ubiquitin molecules and then degraded by the 26S proteasome complex. This pathway is responsible for the normal turnover of long-lived proteins as well as the accelerated breakdown of proteins in disease states. It plays an important role in various cellular processes like quality control, adaptation to changes, and immune function.
Stress is defined as a state of physiological or psychological strain caused by an adverse stimuli , physical, mental, or emotional, internal or external that tend to disturb the functioning of an organism and which the organism naturally desires to avoid.
The Role Of Cytokines On Immune PrivilegeKaty Allen
- Immune privilege sites like the brain actively suppress inflammation to protect delicate tissues from damage. Cytokines play a role in maintaining this immune privilege.
- Experiments on mice found that chronic early-life stress impaired microglial function and rewired the brain's stress response pathways, causing depression-like behaviors in adulthood. Treating the stress hormone CRH reversed these effects.
- Exposure to toxins in tobacco smoke during development can alter brain cell proliferation, synaptic activity, and microglial function, potentially leading to neurological and cognitive impairments.
This document summarizes research on oxytocin and vasopressin in treating autism by comparing animal models to human studies. It reviews findings that oxytocin and vasopressin affect social bonding behaviors in animals like prairie voles and rats. Short-term oxytocin injections in animals increase non-specific social behaviors, while long-term injections can impair bonding abilities. Comparing these animal studies to human neuroimaging research helps explain the mechanisms and potential treatments for autism and other social disorders.
Student 1 Student Sample Dr. Heather Martin WRI.docxdeanmtaylor1545
Student
1
Student Sample
Dr. Heather Martin
WRIT 1133- 28
April 28, 2017
Dessert is Stressed Spelled Backward:
An Analysis of Stress Severity and its Relation to Stress Eating in the DU Community
This selection of documents is intended to provide adequate background information and
data on the subject of stress related eating patterns and the extent to its effects based upon the
level of severity and duration. All of the sources cited below are of credible nature and are based
upon scientific reason and research. They have all either referenced studies or have conducted
experiments themselves on the topic of stress-induced food intake. Due to the collection of
findings that support both increases and decreases in the usual intake of food, many of the
sources focus on more detailed correlations between the relationship of appetite and stress. For
example, the relationship between stress and changes in eating behaviors is widely accepted;
however, recent studies examine the resulting changes and differences between acute stress,
chronic stress, and various stress sub-groups (emotional, social, physical, and etc.) and the
choices in the type of foods consumed when under these various forms of stress. There is great
concern for obesity as a consequence of stress eating; however, obesity is covered in this
bibliography. The purpose of these materials is to serve as a foundation for a survey of the
effects and/or perceived of effects of stress eating in the University of Denver student
community, looking for similarities and/or differences in the data between them. For the sake of
both time and length, obesity will not be included a prominent factor of the discussion but will be
noted as a highly acknowledged concern for long term stress eating.
Adam, Tanja C., and Elissa S. Epel. “Stress, Eating and The Reward System.” Physiology &
Behavior, vol. 91, no. 4, 2007, pp. 449–458. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.04.011.
Adam and Epel’s article provides insight into the detailed physiological, anatomical, and
physiobiological processes that results in eating behaviors before, after, and during stress. It
forces on the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis’s role in the body’s response to stress,
noting the chemical response and how they interact with the brain and nervous system. It also
emphasizes the possibility of the two types of stress response one being the stereotypical fight or
flight model where decreased eating is expected and the other being a challenge model where
control is demanded of the situation and increased eating is observed. It also highlights the
effects of voluntary restrained eating, in addition to food intake in relation to the brain’s reward
system when looking at the presence of cortisol and the ways in which it might make an
organism food reward dependent as a result of stress.
Overall, this paper offers a very in depth insight into the chemical components behind food.
This document discusses the gut microbiome and its links to cognitive disorders. It aims to provide an overview of the gut microbiome, the gut-brain axis, and how gut microbes can affect central nervous system function and development. It discusses research showing links between gut microbiota and disorders like autism, depression, and schizophrenia. Current and potential future treatments are explored that aim to target the gut microbiome for mental health disorders.
Stavropoulou et al-2021-frontiers_in_medicineCarolynCampos4
This document reviews the relationship between the gut and kidney, known as the gut-kidney axis. It discusses how recent technological advances have improved understanding of the gut microbiome and its role in health and disease. The gut microbiome helps absorb nutrients, synthesize vitamins and enzymes, and produces short-chain fatty acids that support epithelial integrity and immunomodulation. Disruptions to the gut microbiome balance (known as dysbiosis) have been linked to various diseases. The review also briefly discusses the urinary microbiome and its role in urinary tract health. It suggests the gut microbiome can influence other body systems like the kidneys, and that disruptions to microbial communities may undermine their interactions with human cells and
Pathophysiology of Chronic Disease and Anti-inflammatory DietBatoul Ghosn
This presentation presents the (Inflammation and the Pathophysiology of Chronic Disease) chapter in the Krause's Book 14th Edition as well as the Anti-inflammatory Diet found in the index of the book.
The document discusses the concept of the human microbiome. It defines the microbiome as the genetic material within a microbiota, or the collection of microorganisms in a specific niche. The human microbiome is dynamic and changes based on factors like development, diet, antibiotics, and disease. The Human Microbiome Project aims to characterize the human microbiome and analyze its roles in health and disease. Recent research has shown links between the gut microbiome and conditions like obesity, autism, diabetes, and responses to cancer immunotherapy treatments.
This document provides an overview of the gut microbiota and its importance. It discusses that the gut microbiota consists of trillions of microbes that play key roles in host health, including digesting nutrients, maintaining the intestinal barrier, and communicating with the gut-brain axis. The gut microbiota composition is influenced by many factors like diet, medications, stress, infection and age. Alterations in the gut microbiota have been linked to obesity and other gastrointestinal diseases.
This document provides an overview of biochemistry, including its definition, objectives, and relationships to other life sciences. It discusses that proteins are the most abundant biomolecules in cells, consisting of linear polymers of 20 amino acids. The major techniques used in biochemistry to study cellular components and reactions are also summarized.
The document summarizes the brain-gut axis, which refers to the bidirectional communication between the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal system. It describes the complex interactions between the brain, gut, immune system, and gut microbiota. Key points include that the gut contains as many neurons as the spinal cord, communicates with the brain via the vagus nerve and hormones, and influences mood and behavior. Probiotics and prebiotics can impact mental health by altering microbiota composition and neurochemical signaling along the brain-gut axis.
According to the document:
1. Microbiome dysbiosis is associated with depression, as certain genera like Proteobacteria increase due to depression-induced inflammation while genera like Coprococcus decrease.
2. Depression and stress can disrupt the gut microbiome composition, reducing diversity.
3. Microbiome restoration through probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal transplants shows promise in improving depression symptoms by regulating the microbiome-gut-brain axis.
Hot Topics In Integrative Medicine Jill Schneiderhan.pptxssuser1fae2b
This document summarizes a presentation on hot topics in integrative medicine, including chronic pain management, the microbiome, menopausal symptoms, mindfulness, elimination diets, and acupuncture. It reviews evidence for approaches like physical activity, anti-inflammatory diets, probiotics, and supplements for chronic pain, irritable bowel syndrome, obesity, and diabetes. Non-hormonal therapies for menopausal symptoms like CBT, yoga, and acupuncture are discussed. Mindfulness-based stress reduction and elimination diets are described as commonly used integrative therapies. The document concludes by listing resources for integrative medicine evidence.
Jonathan Lendrum, Dean's Distinguished Research Fellowship ApplicationJon Lendrum
The document summarizes an undergraduate research proposal that evaluates mouse sleep behavior and the function of the glymphatic system in response to manipulations of gut microbiota composition. The study involves orally administering antibiotics, probiotics, or a saline buffer to mice over two weeks. Sleep duration will be measured using pressure sensors. After treatment, a fluorescent tracer will be infused into mice to map the glymphatic system's waste clearance, allowing comparison between treatment groups. The researcher hypothesizes that antibiotics will impair waste clearance while probiotics will enhance it.
1) Disease is necessary for organic progress and evolution according to the author. Complex genetic and structural changes that occur during development reflect the pathogenic processes that ancestral embryos were exposed to during phylogeny.
2) Pathogenic factors can damage cells and disrupt homeostasis, leading to "erroneous" or "alternative" expression of genetic information that provides evolutionary material. Micro-changes in damaged cells' genetic activity that are adaptive can be selected for.
3) Typical pathogenic processes were tools for creating new forms during organic development and progress, according to the author. Diseaseful organisms were the "hopeful patients" that drove progressive evolution.
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How does Chronic Stress Affect the Gut Microorganisms.pdf
1. 5/2/23, 10:12 AM How does Chronic Stress Affect the Gut Microorganisms ?
https://www.nutritional-psychology.org/researchers-discover-immune-mechanism-linking-changes-in-gut-microorganisms-and-behavior-after-chronic-stress/ 1/8
Researchers Discover Immune Mechanism Linking Changes in Gut
Microorganisms and Behavior after Chronic Stress
VLADIMIR HEDRIH, PHD 22 APRIL 2023 REVIEWED BY SHEREEN ALBEHAIRY AND NABILA PERVAIZ, CNP STAFF NO COMMENTS
Stress is inevitable, but it can disturb our body’s physiological signaling mechanisms when it becomes chronic. These mechanisms are interlinked
with the Microbiota Gut-brain axis (MGBA) and influence the diet-mental health relationship (DMHR) in many ways. Being a major immune
organ and highly colonized with the microbiome, our gut experiences certain immune inflammatory responses due to stress, which affect the
gut microbiome composition and contribute to the onset of depression and anxiety.
A new study led by researchers at Johns Hopkins has strengthened our understanding of the role of specific gut immune cells in microbiota
composition and influencing the brain’s responsiveness to stress. This early-stage experiment on mice found that a specific type of white blood
cells, gamma-delta T lymphocytes, play a key role in the cellular mechanism leading to adverse behavioral changes under chronic stress.
After chronic stress, some mice in the experiment developed social avoidance behavior, i.e., they started avoiding contact with other mice.
These mice had reduced diversity of microorganisms in their guts and increased concentrations of gamma-delta T lymphocytes in their
intestines and in the membranes surrounding their brains. Under equal chronic stress conditions, mice without gamma-delta T lymphocytes did
not develop social avoidance behavior (Zhu et al., 2023). The study was published in Nature Immunology.
After chronic stress, some mice in the experiment started avoiding contact with other mice.
They had reduced microbial diversity and increased concentrations of gamma-delta T
lymphocytes in their gut and surrounding their brain
Chronic stress
Chronic stress is a consistent sense of feeling pressured and overwhelmed over a long period of time. There are many possible sources of chronic
stress in modern society. These include bad living conditions and homelessness, bad family and social relations, negative interactions between
work and family, adverse work conditions, illness, and many others (Armon et al., 2014; Goodman et al., 1991; Tsukerman et al., 2020). Chronic
stress slowly drains a person’s psychological energy and has damaging effects on both health and well-being.
Chronic stress and the gut microbiota
Physiologically, chronic stress induces immune changes and inflammation, leading to psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety
(Hodes et al., 2014). These immune changes include changes to the gut microbiota – the trillions of microorganisms that live in the human
intestinal tract (Figure 1).
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2. 5/2/23, 10:12 AM How does Chronic Stress Affect the Gut Microorganisms ?
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Figure 1. Chronic stress leads to immune changes, inflammation, depression, and anxiety
Gut microorganisms play a key role in digesting food, but they are also incredibly important for various other processes, such as the
differentiation of certain immune cells (Zhu et al., 2023). Differentiation is when immature and unspecialized cells transform into specialized,
mature cells that perform specific bodily functions. It is one of the critical processes of life. When a person is under stress, the body reacts with
inflammation, that in turn affects the composition of microorganisms in the gut but also creates physiological changes that reach the brain and
affect cognition and behavior.
Due to this, studying physiological changes associated with chronic stress is very important for understanding the development of the most
common psychiatric disorders and finding effective ways to treat them. However, research ethics and practical considerations impose very strict
limits on what types of studies can be conducted on humans. That is why studies of the physiology and biochemistry of chronic stress are often
done on animals, particularly mice, using specific research protocols. One research protocol used to induce chronic stress in mice for research
purposes is the chronic social defeat stress protocol.
What is chronic social defeat stress?
Chronic social defeat stress is a protocol (procedure) in which a mouse is exposed to a larger aggressive mouse in an enclosed space. This is
followed by a confrontation between the two mice in which the mouse undergoing this treatment is defeated and forced into a subordinate
position (social defeat). Typically, this procedure is repeated daily over ten days (Figure 2).
3. 5/2/23, 10:12 AM How does Chronic Stress Affect the Gut Microorganisms ?
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Figure 2. Chronic Social Defeat Stress Protocol
The chronic social defeat stress protocol produces effects similar to depression in exposed mice. It also produces a number of other easily
detectable effects such as increased weight of spleen of these mice, lower preference for sucrose, and others. That is why it is extensively used in
research on mice (Golden et al., 2011).
The chronic social defeat stress protocol produces effects similar to depression in exposed
mice.
The current study
Study author Xiaolei Zhu and his colleagues wanted to explore the cellular mechanisms behind social avoidance behaviors caused by chronic
stress. They were particularly interested in the role a specific type of white blood cell called the gamma-delta T lymphocyte has in these changes
and in the changes in the composition of gut microorganisms caused by stress.
What are gamma-delta T lymphocytes?
Gamma-delta T lymphocytes (γδ T-cells) are a specific type of white blood cells in the body. Still, they are found in high concentrations in various
mucosal tissues called meninges, including intestines and membranes surrounding the brain. Lymphocytes are involved in the body’s
immune responses. Studies have shown that gamma-delta T lymphocytes located in the meninges regulate anxiety-like behaviors and
memory. Furthermore, research indicated that gamma-delta T lymphocytes in the intestines could travel to the meninges under certain
conditions. This has led scientists to assume that these gamma-delta T lymphocytes from the gut may be involved in brain function changes
when inflammation occurs (Zhao et al., 2018; Zhu et al., 2023) (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Gamma-delta T lymphocytes are in intestinal mucosal tissue and membranes around the meninges.
The experiment
The study authors applied the chronic defeat stress protocol on a group of mice. Afterward, researchers examined the social behavior of these
mice (towards other mice, using a social interaction test). They noticed that some of these mice started avoiding contact with other mice in a test
situation, i.e., manifested social avoidance behavior, while others did not. They named the group of mice that showed social avoidance behavior
the susceptible group. In contrast, the group of mice that did not show social avoidance behavior was named the resilient group. Researchers
kept a third group of the same genetic strain of mice as controls and did not expose them to the chronic social defeat protocol (see Figure 4).
4. 5/2/23, 10:12 AM How does Chronic Stress Affect the Gut Microorganisms ?
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Figure 4. Susceptible vs. resilient vs. no exposure
After the procedure, researchers collected stool samples from the mice and conducted their genetic analysis in order to identify the compositions
of microorganisms present in the guts of these mice. This procedure is called the metagenomic sequencing of the gut microbiota. They also used
a procedure called flow cytometry to determine the number and characteristics of gamma-delta T lymphocytes in the gut and in the
meninges of these mice.
Comparison with humans
Parallel with this experiment, researchers investigated the differences in the composition of gut microbiota in humans diagnosed with major
depressive disorder and healthy individuals by analyzing their stool samples. They found that a lower abundance of the Lactobacillus group of
bacteria in the gut was associated with higher depression and anxiety symptoms. They confirmed this using three different assessments of
depression and anxiety symptoms (the Montgomery-Asberg depression scale, the Hamilton Depression scale, and the Hamilton Anxiety Scale)
(Zhu et al., 2023). Based on this, study authors assumed that concentrations of these bacteria in the gut might play a role in the
vulnerability to stress in mice and humans. They decided to look for differences in the abundance of Lactobacillus bacteria in different groups
of mice in their experiment.
Susceptible mice had a reduced abundance of Lactobacillus johnsonii bacteria in the gut! (See Figure 5).
5. 5/2/23, 10:12 AM How does Chronic Stress Affect the Gut Microorganisms ?
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Figure 5. Humans + Mouse experiment showing a lower abundance of lactobacillus in gut bacteria = with higher depression and anxiety
A comparison of the gut microbiota of susceptible mice, resilient mice, and the control group showed that susceptible mice had less diverse
microbial populations in the gut. The gut microbiota of susceptible mice differed from the gut microbiota of resilient mice and the control
group on a number of bacterial species. As researchers expected, one of these species was Lactobacillus Johsonii. Their concentration was
reduced in susceptible mice’s guts compared to resilient mice and the control group.
Susceptible mice had increased concentrations of gamma-delta T cells in both meninges and intestines
Given the previously described relationship between Lactobacillus bacteria and immune responses, researchers examined whether
concentrations of gamma-delta T lymphocytes were increased in mice exposed to the chronic social defeat stress treatment. Results showed that
susceptible mice had increased concentrations of gamma-delta T lymphocytes in their colons and meninges (membranes surrounding the brain)
compared to resilient and healthy mice.
Susceptible mice had increased concentrations of gamma-delta T lymphocytes both in their
colons and their meninges
6. 5/2/23, 10:12 AM How does Chronic Stress Affect the Gut Microorganisms ?
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In susceptible mice, many of the gamma-delta T cells in brain membranes came from the gut!
Researchers then wanted to know whether the gamma-delta T cells found in the meninges of susceptible mice were cells that differentiated there
or those cells that traveled from the gut. They identified differences between these two types of gamma-delta T cells and measured their
concentrations. Results showed that, in resilient mice and the control group, gamma-delta T lymphocytes found in the meninges were indeed
differentiated. However, in susceptible mice, there were fewer such cells, but many gamma-delta T lymphocytes came from the gut.
In susceptible mice, there were fewer such cells, but there were lots of gamma-delta T
lymphocytes that came from the gut
Social avoidance after the chronic social defeat stress does not develop in mice without gamma-delta T lymphocytes.
Finally, researchers wanted to test whether the gamma-delta T lymphocytes were responsible for the social avoidance behavior after
exposure to chronic social defeat. They repeated the procedure on a new group of special mice that did not have the gamma-delta T cells. As
researchers expected, these mice did not develop social avoidance behavior after exposure to the chronic social defeat stress protocol.
Conclusion
The study showed that a certain type of white blood cells – gamma-delta T lymphocytes and their accumulation play a key role in changes to
behavior induced by stress. In the context of MGBA-DMHR, it also demonstrates interactions between gut microbiota, the body’s immune
responses, and the brain when an organism is stressed. Given that many of the physiological processes in mice are similar to those in humans,
these findings contribute to the scientific understanding of physiological mechanisms of behavioral changes that chronic stress and related
disorders in humans. These insights can help develop novel ways to treat and prevent major depressive disorder and other stress-related
disorders. They can also open new approaches to diagnosing individual susceptibility to stress and increasing resilience.
The paper “Dectin-1 signaling on colonic gamma-delta T cells promotes psychosocial stress responses” was authored by Xiaolei Zhu, Shinji
Sakamoto, Chiharu Ishii, Matthew D. Smith, Koki Ito, Mizuho Obayashi, Lisa Unger, Yuto Hasegawa, Shunya Kurokawa, Taishiro Kishimoto, Hui Li,
Shinya Hatano, Tza-Huei Wang, Yasunobu Yoshikai, Shin-ichi Kano, Shinji Fukuda, Kenji Sanada, Peter A. Calabresi, and Atsushi Kamiya.
For more research in the Microbiota Gut-Brain Axis — Diet-Mental Health Relationship (MGBA-DMHR), visit CNP’s Nutritional Psychology
Research Library (NPRL) Microbiota Gut-Brain Axis—Diet-Mental Health Relationship research category, or enroll in NP 120: Microbiota Gut-Brain
Axis and the DMHR (available in May 2023).
References
Armon, G., Melamed, S., Toker, S., Berliner, S., & Shapira, I. (2014). Joint Effect of Chronic Medical Illness and Burnout on Depressive Symptoms
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Golden, S. A., Covington, H. E., Berton, O., & Russo, S. J. (2011). A standardized protocol for repeated social defeat stress in mice. Nature Protocols,
6(8), 1183–1191. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2011.361
Goodman, L., Saxe, L., & Harvey, M. (1991). Homelessness as psychological trauma. American Psychologist, 46(11), 1219.
Hodes, G. E., Pfau, M. L., Leboeuf, M., Golden, S. A., Christoffel, D. J., Bregman, D., Rebusi, N., Heshmati, M., Aleyasin, H., Warren, B. L., Lebonté, B.,
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Tsukerman, D., Leger, K. A., & Charles, S. T. (2020). Work-family spillover stress predicts health outcomes across two decades. Social Science &
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Zhao, Y., Niu, C., & Cui, J. (2018). Gamma-delta (γδ) T Cells: Friend or Foe in Cancer Development. Journal of Translational Medicine, 16(1), 1–13.
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Zhu, X., Sakamoto, S., Ishii, C., Smith, M. D., Ito, K., Obayashi, M., Unger, L., Hasegawa, Y., Kurokawa, S., Kishimoto, T., Li, H., Hatano, S., Wang, T.
H., Yoshikai, Y., Kano, S. ichi, Fukuda, S., Sanada, K., Calabresi, P. A., & Kamiya, A. (2023). Dectin-1 signaling on colonic γδ T cells promotes
psychosocial stress responses. Nature Immunology. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-023-01447-8