The collapse and stability of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on noble metal silver different surfaces were studied
using molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics simulations. From the results, it can be seen that the
CNTs can collapse spontaneously onto different silver surface [(1 0 0), (1 1 0), (1 1 1)] due to the van der
Waals force between them. Furthermore, the CNT collapsing on (1 0 0) and (1 1 1) surface are much easier
than that on (1 1 0) surface. Moreover, the results show that the collapsed CNTs exhibit as linked graphene
ribbons and have the largest area to contact with the Ag surface, which greatly enhances adhesion between
the CNTs and the Ag surface and keeps the system much more stable.
Plenary lecture of the XIV SBPMat Meeting, given by Prof. Ichiro Takeuchi (University of Maryland, USA) on September 30, 2015, in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil).
MAGNETOSTATIC SURFACE WAVES IN A LEFT HANDED / FERRITE/ METAL-STRIP-GRATING S...ijrap
The dispersion characteristics for magnetostatic surface waves in a left handed ( LHM)/ferrite/ metal-stripgrating
structure have been investigated. We found that, the waveguide supports backward TE waves
since both permittivity and magnetic permeability of LHM are negative. We also illustrated the
dependence of wave frequency on the reduced wave number for a grating shielding parameter, g values
restricted by the range 0 ≤ g ≥ 1. It is shown that the grating shielding parameter, g induces
magnetostatic backward shorter waves . The leakage through the grating increases with the wave number. The shorter backward magnetostatic waves are guided by the thicker waveguide where the best confinement is achieved
UCSD NANO 266 Quantum Mechanical Modelling of Materials and Nanostructures is a graduate class that provides students with a highly practical introduction to the application of first principles quantum mechanical simulations to model, understand and predict the properties of materials and nano-structures. The syllabus includes: a brief introduction to quantum mechanics and the Hartree-Fock and density functional theory (DFT) formulations; practical simulation considerations such as convergence, selection of the appropriate functional and parameters; interpretation of the results from simulations, including the limits of accuracy of each method. Several lab sessions provide students with hands-on experience in the conduct of simulations. A key aspect of the course is in the use of programming to facilitate calculations and analysis.
Lecture: Dynamics of Polymer Solutions and Melts Nikolai Priezjev
Lecture notes on Structure and Properties of Engineering Polymers
Course Objectives:
The main objective is to introduce polymers as an engineering material and emphasize the basic concepts of their nature, production and properties. Polymers are introduced at three levels; namely, the molecular level, the micro level, and macro-level. Through knowledge of all three levels, student can understand and predict the properties of various polymers and their performance in different products. The course also aims at introducing the students to the principles of polymer processing techniques and considerations of design using engineering polymers.
Plenary lecture of the XIV SBPMat Meeting, given by Prof. Ichiro Takeuchi (University of Maryland, USA) on September 30, 2015, in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil).
MAGNETOSTATIC SURFACE WAVES IN A LEFT HANDED / FERRITE/ METAL-STRIP-GRATING S...ijrap
The dispersion characteristics for magnetostatic surface waves in a left handed ( LHM)/ferrite/ metal-stripgrating
structure have been investigated. We found that, the waveguide supports backward TE waves
since both permittivity and magnetic permeability of LHM are negative. We also illustrated the
dependence of wave frequency on the reduced wave number for a grating shielding parameter, g values
restricted by the range 0 ≤ g ≥ 1. It is shown that the grating shielding parameter, g induces
magnetostatic backward shorter waves . The leakage through the grating increases with the wave number. The shorter backward magnetostatic waves are guided by the thicker waveguide where the best confinement is achieved
UCSD NANO 266 Quantum Mechanical Modelling of Materials and Nanostructures is a graduate class that provides students with a highly practical introduction to the application of first principles quantum mechanical simulations to model, understand and predict the properties of materials and nano-structures. The syllabus includes: a brief introduction to quantum mechanics and the Hartree-Fock and density functional theory (DFT) formulations; practical simulation considerations such as convergence, selection of the appropriate functional and parameters; interpretation of the results from simulations, including the limits of accuracy of each method. Several lab sessions provide students with hands-on experience in the conduct of simulations. A key aspect of the course is in the use of programming to facilitate calculations and analysis.
Lecture: Dynamics of Polymer Solutions and Melts Nikolai Priezjev
Lecture notes on Structure and Properties of Engineering Polymers
Course Objectives:
The main objective is to introduce polymers as an engineering material and emphasize the basic concepts of their nature, production and properties. Polymers are introduced at three levels; namely, the molecular level, the micro level, and macro-level. Through knowledge of all three levels, student can understand and predict the properties of various polymers and their performance in different products. The course also aims at introducing the students to the principles of polymer processing techniques and considerations of design using engineering polymers.
Characteristic comparison of TiO2 thin films with an inorganic and organic pr...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Plastic deformation in model glass induced by oscillating inclusionNikolai Priezjev
Molecular dynamics simulations are performed to investigate the plastic response of a model glass to a local shear transformation in a quiescent system. The deformation of the material is induced by a spherical inclusion that is gradually strained into an ellipsoid of the same volume and then reverted back into the sphere. We show that the number of cage-breaking events increases with increasing strain amplitude of the shear transformation. The results of numerical simulations indicate that the density of cage jumps is larger in the cases of weak damping or slow shear transformation. Remarkably, we also found that, for a given strain amplitude, the peak value of the density profiles is a function of the ratio of the damping coefficient and the time scale of the shear transformation.
WETTING PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURED INTERFACES COMPOSED OF SURFACE-ATTACHED SPHE...Nikolai Priezjev
The influence of the external pressure and surface energy on the wetting transition at nanotextured interfaces is studied using molecular dynamics and continuum simulations. The surface roughness of the composite interface is introduced via an array of spherical nanoparticles with controlled wettability. We find
that in the absence of an external pressure, the liquid interface is flat and its location relative to the solid substrate is determined by the particle size and the local contact angle. With increasing pressure on the liquid film, the interface becomes more curved and the three-phase contact line is displaced along the spherical surface but remains stable due to re-entrant geometry. It is demonstrated that the results of molecular dynamics simulations for the critical pressure of the Cassie-Baxter wetting state agree well with the estimate of the critical pressure obtained by numerical minimization of the interfacial energy.
Periodic material-based vibration isolation for satellitesIJERA Editor
The vibration environment of a satellite is very severe during launch. Isolating the satellitevibrations during
launch will significantly enhance reliability and lifespan, and reduce the weight of satellite structure and
manufacturing cost. Guided by the recent advances in solid-state physics research, a new type of satellite
vibration isolator is proposed by usingperiodic material that is hence called periodic isolator. The periodic
isolator possesses a unique dynamic property, i.e., frequency band gaps. External vibrations with frequencies
falling in the frequency band gaps of the periodic isolator are to be isolated. Using the elastodynamics and the
Bloch-Floquet theorem, the frequency band gaps of periodic isolators are determined. A parametric study is
conducted to provide guidelines for the design of periodic isolators. Based on these analytical results, a finite
element model of a micro-satellite with a set of designed periodic isolators is built to show the feasibility of
vibration isolation. The periodic isolator is found to be a multi-directional isolator that provides vibration
isolation in the three directions.
Periodic material-based vibration isolation for satellitesIJERA Editor
The vibration environment of a satellite is very severe during launch. Isolating the satellitevibrations during
launch will significantly enhance reliability and lifespan, and reduce the weight of satellite structure and
manufacturing cost. Guided by the recent advances in solid-state physics research, a new type of satellite
vibration isolator is proposed by usingperiodic material that is hence called periodic isolator. The periodic
isolator possesses a unique dynamic property, i.e., frequency band gaps. External vibrations with frequencies
falling in the frequency band gaps of the periodic isolator are to be isolated. Using the elastodynamics and the
Bloch-Floquet theorem, the frequency band gaps of periodic isolators are determined. A parametric study is
conducted to provide guidelines for the design of periodic isolators. Based on these analytical results, a finite
element model of a micro-satellite with a set of designed periodic isolators is built to show the feasibility of
vibration isolation. The periodic isolator is found to be a multi-directional isolator that provides vibration
isolation in the three directions.
Simulation Analysis of Single Column Plate Phononic Crystals At Low Frequency...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In this paper, locally resonant single side column plate phononic crystals are studied. Based on the finite element method, the material properties of the scatterer and the effect of the plate shape on the band gap characteristics of the locally resonant single side column plate phononic crystals are calculated and analyzed by use of the multi-physics software COMSOL. Based on the analysis on the effects of the density, the elastic modulus, the poisson ratio and the shape of the scatterer, it is shown that the density, the elastic modulus and the shape of the scatterer can obviously affect the band gaps of phononiccrystals .
Characteristic comparison of TiO2 thin films with an inorganic and organic pr...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Plastic deformation in model glass induced by oscillating inclusionNikolai Priezjev
Molecular dynamics simulations are performed to investigate the plastic response of a model glass to a local shear transformation in a quiescent system. The deformation of the material is induced by a spherical inclusion that is gradually strained into an ellipsoid of the same volume and then reverted back into the sphere. We show that the number of cage-breaking events increases with increasing strain amplitude of the shear transformation. The results of numerical simulations indicate that the density of cage jumps is larger in the cases of weak damping or slow shear transformation. Remarkably, we also found that, for a given strain amplitude, the peak value of the density profiles is a function of the ratio of the damping coefficient and the time scale of the shear transformation.
WETTING PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURED INTERFACES COMPOSED OF SURFACE-ATTACHED SPHE...Nikolai Priezjev
The influence of the external pressure and surface energy on the wetting transition at nanotextured interfaces is studied using molecular dynamics and continuum simulations. The surface roughness of the composite interface is introduced via an array of spherical nanoparticles with controlled wettability. We find
that in the absence of an external pressure, the liquid interface is flat and its location relative to the solid substrate is determined by the particle size and the local contact angle. With increasing pressure on the liquid film, the interface becomes more curved and the three-phase contact line is displaced along the spherical surface but remains stable due to re-entrant geometry. It is demonstrated that the results of molecular dynamics simulations for the critical pressure of the Cassie-Baxter wetting state agree well with the estimate of the critical pressure obtained by numerical minimization of the interfacial energy.
Periodic material-based vibration isolation for satellitesIJERA Editor
The vibration environment of a satellite is very severe during launch. Isolating the satellitevibrations during
launch will significantly enhance reliability and lifespan, and reduce the weight of satellite structure and
manufacturing cost. Guided by the recent advances in solid-state physics research, a new type of satellite
vibration isolator is proposed by usingperiodic material that is hence called periodic isolator. The periodic
isolator possesses a unique dynamic property, i.e., frequency band gaps. External vibrations with frequencies
falling in the frequency band gaps of the periodic isolator are to be isolated. Using the elastodynamics and the
Bloch-Floquet theorem, the frequency band gaps of periodic isolators are determined. A parametric study is
conducted to provide guidelines for the design of periodic isolators. Based on these analytical results, a finite
element model of a micro-satellite with a set of designed periodic isolators is built to show the feasibility of
vibration isolation. The periodic isolator is found to be a multi-directional isolator that provides vibration
isolation in the three directions.
Periodic material-based vibration isolation for satellitesIJERA Editor
The vibration environment of a satellite is very severe during launch. Isolating the satellitevibrations during
launch will significantly enhance reliability and lifespan, and reduce the weight of satellite structure and
manufacturing cost. Guided by the recent advances in solid-state physics research, a new type of satellite
vibration isolator is proposed by usingperiodic material that is hence called periodic isolator. The periodic
isolator possesses a unique dynamic property, i.e., frequency band gaps. External vibrations with frequencies
falling in the frequency band gaps of the periodic isolator are to be isolated. Using the elastodynamics and the
Bloch-Floquet theorem, the frequency band gaps of periodic isolators are determined. A parametric study is
conducted to provide guidelines for the design of periodic isolators. Based on these analytical results, a finite
element model of a micro-satellite with a set of designed periodic isolators is built to show the feasibility of
vibration isolation. The periodic isolator is found to be a multi-directional isolator that provides vibration
isolation in the three directions.
Simulation Analysis of Single Column Plate Phononic Crystals At Low Frequency...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In this paper, locally resonant single side column plate phononic crystals are studied. Based on the finite element method, the material properties of the scatterer and the effect of the plate shape on the band gap characteristics of the locally resonant single side column plate phononic crystals are calculated and analyzed by use of the multi-physics software COMSOL. Based on the analysis on the effects of the density, the elastic modulus, the poisson ratio and the shape of the scatterer, it is shown that the density, the elastic modulus and the shape of the scatterer can obviously affect the band gaps of phononiccrystals .
DETERMINATION OF BURIED MAGNETIC MATERIAL’S GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONSsipij
It is important to find buried magnetic material’s geometric features that are parallel to the soil surface in
order to determine anti-tank and anti-personnel mine compatible to standards. So that it is possible to
decrease the number of false alarms by separating the samples that have got non-standard geometries. For
this purpose, in this study the anomalies occurred at horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field by
buried samples are determined with magnetic sensor. In the study, KMZ51 AMR is used as the magnetic
sensor. The position-controlled movement of the sensor along x-y axis is provided with 2D scanning system.
Trigger values of sensor output are evaluated with respect to the scanning field. The experiments are
redone for the samples at different geometries and variables are defined for geometric analysis. The
experimental conclusions obtained from this paper will be discussed in detail.
Analysis and Design of One Dimensional Periodic Foundations for Seismic Base ...IJERA Editor
Periodic foundationis a new type of seismic base isolation system. It is inspired by the periodic material crystal
lattice in the solid state physics. This kind of material has a unique property, which is termed as frequency band
gap that is capable of blocking incoming waves having frequencies falling within the band gap. Consequently,
seismic waves having frequencies falling within the frequency band gap are blocked by the periodic foundation.
The ability to block the seismic waveshas put this kind of foundation as a prosperous next generation of seismic
base isolators. This paper provides analytical study on the one dimensional (1D) type periodic foundations to
investigate their seismic performance. The general idea of basic theory of one dimensional (1D) periodic
foundations is first presented.Then, the parametric studies considering infinite and finite boundary conditions are
discussed. The effect of superstructure on the frequency band gap is investigated as well. Based on the analytical
study, a set of equations is proposed for the design guidelines of 1D periodic foundations for seismic base
isolation of structures.
Analysis and Design of One Dimensional Periodic Foundations for Seismic Base ...IJERA Editor
Periodic foundationis a new type of seismic base isolation system. It is inspired by the periodic material crystal
lattice in the solid state physics. This kind of material has a unique property, which is termed as frequency band
gap that is capable of blocking incoming waves having frequencies falling within the band gap. Consequently,
seismic waves having frequencies falling within the frequency band gap are blocked by the periodic foundation.
The ability to block the seismic waveshas put this kind of foundation as a prosperous next generation of seismic
base isolators. This paper provides analytical study on the one dimensional (1D) type periodic foundations to
investigate their seismic performance. The general idea of basic theory of one dimensional (1D) periodic
foundations is first presented.Then, the parametric studies considering infinite and finite boundary conditions are
discussed. The effect of superstructure on the frequency band gap is investigated as well. Based on the analytical
study, a set of equations is proposed for the design guidelines of 1D periodic foundations for seismic base
isolation of structures.
Synthesis and analysis of electrical properties of Lead free Ba3Sr2LaTi3V7O30...inventy
Materials of tungsten-bronze (TB) structure belong to an important family of dielectric materials which are well known for their applications in various electrical devices, such as transducers, actuators, capacitors, and ferroelectric random access memory. The TB structure consists of a framework of distorted BO6 octahedral sharing corners in such a way that three different types of interstices (A, B and C) are available for a wide variety of cations occupying in a general formula (A1)2(A2)4(C)4(B1)2(B2)8O30. Our present work deals with the studies of preparation and characterization of the physical properties of a novel single-phase polycrystalline lead-free vanadate having Tungsten Bronze Structure with compound formula Ba3Sr2LaTi3V7O30.The X-ray diffraction analysis confirms the formation of single-phase compound with orthorhombic structure. The effect of temperature (32- 5000C) and frequency (102–106 Hz) on structural and electrical properties were studied using an impedance analyzer. Detailed studies of impedance parameters provide a better understanding of the electrical properties and type of relaxation processes in the material. The bulk resistance is observed to be decreased with rise in temperature showing a typical negative temperature coefficient of resistance (NTCR) behavior.
On the Unification of Physic and the Elimination of Unbound Quantitiesijrap
This paper supports Descartes' idea of a constant quantity of motion, modernized by Leibniz. Unlike Leibniz, the paper emphasizes that the idea is not realized by forms of energy, but by energy itself. It remains constant regardless of the form, type, or speed of motion, even that of light. Through force, energy is only transformed. Here it is proved that force is its derivative. It exists even at rest, representing the object's minimal energy state. With speed, we achieve its multiplication up to the maximum energy state, from which a maximum force is derived from the object. From this point, corresponding to Planck's Length, we find the value of the force wherever we want. Achieving this removes the differences between various natural forces. The new idea eliminates infinite magnitudes. The process allows the laws to transition from simple to complex forms and vice versa, through differentiation-integration. For this paper, this means achieving the Unification Theory.
Gravity Also Redshifts Light – the Missing Phenomenon That Could Resolve Most...ijrap
In this paper I discover that gravity also redshifts light like the velocity of its source does. When light travels towards a supermassive object, its waves (or photons) undergo continuous stretching, thereby shifting towards lower frequencies. Gravity redshifts light irrespective of whether its source is in motion or static with respect to its observer. An equation is derived for gravitational redshift, and a formula for combined redshift is presented by considering both the velocity, and gravity redshifts. Also explained is how frequencies of electromagnetic spectrum continuously downgrade as a light beam of mix frequencies passes towards a black hole. Further, a clear methodology is provided to figure out whether expansion of the universe is accelerating or decelerating, or alternatively, the universe is contracting.
In this paper I present a new theory that explains as to when and how dark energy is created as mass is destroyed. The theory extends Einstein’s mass energy equation to a more generic form in order to make it work even in high gravity conditions. It also explains why dark energy is created. Further, it is proved Einstein’s mass energy equation holds good only when the destroyed mass has no supermassive object in its close vicinity. The relationship between dark energy and dark matter is unveiled. An extended mathematical form of Einstein’s mass energy equation is derived, based on which the conditions leading to dark energy creation are explained. Three new physical parameters called dark energy discriminant, dark energy radius and dark energy boundary are introduced to facilitate easy understanding of the theory. It is explained in detail that an extremely superdense object has two dark energy boundaries, outer and inner. Mass destroyed only between these two boundaries creates dark energy. Dark energy space, the space between the two aforementioned boundaries, shrouds visible matter in obscurity from optical and electromagnetic telescopes. This theory identifies Gargantuan as a superdense black hole currently creating fresh dark energy, which could be the subject of interest for the astronomical research community having access to sophisticated telescopes, and working on dark energy. It also upholds dark energy and denies the existence of dark matter. Dark matter is nothing but the well-known visible matter positioned in dark energy space. An important relationship is derived between a photon’s frequency and its distance from a black hole to demonstrate the effect of gravity on light. Another important fact revealed by this theory is gravity stretches out light, thereby causing redshift, which is unaccounted in the computation of velocities of outer galaxies. Whether the universe is undergoing accelerated or decelerated expansion, or accelerated contraction can precisely be determined only after accounting for the redshift caused by gravity
International Journal on Soft Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Applicat...ijrap
International Journal on Soft Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJSCAI)
is an open access peer-reviewed journal that provides an excellent international forum for sharing
knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of Artificial Intelligence, Soft
Computing. The Journal looks for significant contributions to all major fields of the Artificial
Intelligence, Soft Computing in theoretical and practical aspects. The aim of the Journal is to
provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to
meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.
Authors are solicited to contribute to the journal by submitting articles that illustrate research
results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in
the areas of Database management systems.
SOME THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF HYDROGEN DIFFUSION IN BCC METALS AT LOW TEMPERATURESijrap
Purpose of the work is to discuss some theoretical aspects of the diffusion of hydrogen atoms in the crystal
lattice of BCC metals at low temperatures using the methods of statistical thermodynamics. The values of
the statistical model calculations of H diffusion coefficients in α-Fe, V, Ta, Nb, K are in good agreement
with the experimental data. The statistical model can also explain deviations from the Arrhenius equation
at temperatures 300-100 K in α-Fe, V, Nb and K. It was suggested that thermally activated fast tunnelling
transition of hydrogen atoms through the potential barrier at a temperature below 300 K provides an
almost free movement of H atoms in the α-Fe and V lattice at these temperatures. The results show that
quantum-statistical effects play a decisive role in the H diffusion in BCC metals at low temperatures. Using
the statistical model allows for the prediction of the diffusion coefficient for H in BCC metals at low
temperatures, where it’s necessary to consider quantum effects.
MASSIVE PHOTON HYPOTHESIS OPENS DOORS TO NEW FIELDS OF RESEARCHijrap
Mass, an inherent property of matter, is calculated directly for the photon particle from the very classical
principles of the kinetic theory of gases. It is not an end result with no perspective nor other outcome.
Quite the opposite, a single ponderable tiny photon frees the mind of old ways of thinking and opens up
new paths to a broad field of investigation where the very large can then be described and explained by the
very small. This reality of a non-zero mass suddenly shows up in the interpretation of many experiments
which become clear and simple to comprehend. Besides, that same key particle has the potential to unlock
and solve some long lasting major observational issues or enigmas. All this converges upon its
acknowledgement and acceptance.
PHENOMENOLOGICAL METHOD REGARDING A THIRD THEORY OF PHYSICS “THE EVENT:THE TH...ijrap
The quest for a third theory uniting macro-cosmos (relativity) and micro-cosmos (quantum mechanics) has coexisted with the denial of feminine/subjective polarity to masculine/objective. The dismissal of electromagnetism as the tension of opposites in quest of inner/outer unity is sourced in the denial of the feminine qualia -- the negative force field attributed to dark energy/dark matter. However, a conversion philosophy sourced in the hieros gamos and signified by the Mobius strip has formulated an integral consciousness methodology producing quantum objects by means of embracing the shadow haunting contemporary physics. This Self-reflecting process integrating subject/object comprises an ontology of kairos as the “quantum leap.” An interdisciplinary quest to create a phenomenological narrative is disclosed via a holistic apparatus of hermeneutics manifesting image/text of a contemporary grail journey. Reflected in this Third space is the sacred reality of autonomous number unifying polarities of feminine/subjective (quality) and objective/masculine (quantity) as new measurement apparatus for the quantum wave collapse.
3rd International Conference on Integrating Technology in Education (ITE 2022)ijrap
3rd International Conference on Integrating Technology in Education (ITE 2022) This forum also aims to provide a platform for exchanging ideas in new emerging trends that needs more focus and exposure and will attempt to publish proposals that strengthen our goals.
A SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MATTER, ENERGY, INFORMATION, AND CONSCIOUSNESSijrap
This paper discusses the advantages of describing the universe, or nature, in terms of information and consciousness. Some problems encountered by theoretical physicists in the quest for the theory of everything stem from the limitations of trying to understand everything in terms of matter and energy only. However, if everything, including matter, energy, life, and mental processes, is described in terms of information and consciousness, much progress can be made in the search for the ultimate theory of the universe. As brilliant and successful as physics and chemistry have been over the last two centuries, it is important that nature is not viewed solely in terms of matter and energy. Two additional components are needed to unlock her secrets. While extensive writing exists that describes the connection between matter and energy and their physical basis, little work has been done to learn the special relationship between matter, energy, information, and consciousness.
This paper discusses the advantages of describing the universe, or nature, in terms of information and consciousness. Some problems encountered by theoretical physicists in the quest for the theory of everything stem from the limitations of trying to understand everything in terms of matter and energy only. However, if everything, including matter, energy, life, and mental processes, is described in terms of information and consciousness, much progress can be made in the search for the ultimate theory of the universe. As brilliant and successful as physics and chemistry have been over the last two centuries, it is important that nature is not viewed solely in terms of matter and energy. Two additional components are needed to unlock her secrets. While extensive writing exists that describes the connection between matter and energy and their physical basis, little work has been done to learn the special relationship between matter, energy, information, and
consciousness.
THE CONCEPT OF SPACE AND TIME: AN AFRICAN PERSPECTIVEijrap
Understanding the concept of space and time is critical, essential, and fundamental in searching for theall-encompassing theory or the theory of everything (ToE). Some physicists argue that time exists, whileothers posit that time is only a social or mental construct. The author presents an African thought systemon space and time conception, focusing on the African (Bantu) view of space and time. The author arguesthat before the advent of the Western linear view of space and time, Africans had their own visionregarding these two concepts. Their conception of time appears to be holistic, highly philosophical, non-linear, and thought-provoking. The author hopes that exploring these two concepts from an African perspective will provide a new and more in-depth insight into reality's nature. A scientific investigation of space and time from an African-centered perspective is a worthy and necessary endeavor in the quest forthe ToE
Learning to Pronounce as Measuring Cross Lingual Joint Orthography Phonology ...ijrap
Machine learning models allow us to compare languages by showing how hard a task in each language might be to learn and perform well on. Following this line of investigation, we explore what makes a language “hard to pronounce” by modelling the task of grapheme-to-phoneme (g2p) transliteration. By training a character-level transformer model on this task across 22 languages and measuring the model’s proficiency against its grapheme and phoneme inventories, we show that certain characteristics emerge that separate easier and harder languages with respect to learning to pronounce. Namely the complexity of a language's pronunciation from its orthography is due to the expressive or simplicity of its grapheme-to phoneme mapping. Further discussion illustrates how future studies should consider relative data sparsity per language to design fairer cross-lingual comparison tasks.
THE CONCEPT OF SPACE AND TIME: AN AFRICAN PERSPECTIVEijrap
Understanding the concept of space and time is critical, essential, and fundamental in searching for the all-encompassing theory or the theory of everything (ToE). Some physicists argue that time exists, while others posit that time is only a social or mental construct. The author presents an African thought system on space and time conception, focusing on the African (Bantu) view of space and time. The author argues
that before the advent of the Western linear view of space and time, Africans had their own vision
regarding these two concepts. Their conception of time appears to be holistic, highly philosophical, nonlinear, and thought-provoking. The author hopes that exploring these two concepts from an African
perspective will provide a new and more in-depth insight into reality's nature. A scientific investigation of space and time from an African-centered perspective is a worthy and necessary endeavor in the quest for the ToE.
International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP)ijrap
International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal, addresses the impacts and challenges of Physics. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Physics.
The Concept of Space and Time: An African Perspectiveijrap
Understanding the concept of space and time is critical, essential, and fundamental in searching for the all-encompassing theory or the theory of everything (ToE). Some physicists argue that time exists, while others posit that time is only a social or mental construct. The author presents an African thought system on space and time conception, focusing on the African (Bantu) view of space and time. The author argues that before the advent of the Western linear view of space and time, Africans had their own vision regarding these two concepts. Their conception of time appears to be holistic, highly philosophical, nonlinear, and thought-provoking. The author hopes that exploring these two concepts from an African perspective will provide a new and more in-depth insight into reality's nature. A scientific investigation of space and time from an African-centered perspective is a worthy and necessary endeavor in the quest for the ToE.
The majority of physicists take it for granted that the universe is made up of matter. In turn, matter is composed of atoms; atoms are made up of particles such as electrons, protons, neutrons, etc. Also, protons
and neutrons are composed of quarks, etc. Furthermore, that everything in nature is governed by the known laws of physics and chemistry. The author only partially shares this view. He argues that many phenomena in the universe may depend on rules or factors as yet incorporated by the physical sciences.
The last few years have led him to reflect on the many unsolved physics problems, such as the quest for the theory of everything (ToE), the arrow of time, the interpretation of quantum mechanics, the fine-tuned
universe, etc. to mention just a few. The author posits that a field carries information, performs various mathematical and computational operations, and behaves as an intelligent entity embedded with consciousness.
Call For Papers - International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP)ijrap
International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal, addresses the impacts and challenges of Physics. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Physics.
Call For Papers - International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP)ijrap
International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal, addresses the impacts and challenges of Physics. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Physics.
Call For Papers - International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP)ijrap
International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal, addresses the impacts and challenges of Physics. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Physics.
Call For Papers - International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP)ijrap
International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal, addresses the impacts and challenges of Physics. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Physics
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...
How Carbon Nanotubes Collapse on Different Ag Surface?
1. International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.3, No.1, February 2014
61
HOW CARBON NANOTUBES COLLAPSE ON
DIFFERENT Ag SURFACE?
Houbo Yang1
and Danhui Zhang2
1
College of Mechanical Engineering, Linyi Univeristy, Linyi 276005, China
2
Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials, Ministry of Education,
Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
ABSTRACT
The collapse and stability of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on noble metal silver different surfaces were studied
using molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics simulations. From the results, it can be seen that the
CNTs can collapse spontaneously onto different silver surface [(1 0 0), (1 1 0), (1 1 1)] due to the van der
Waals force between them. Furthermore, the CNT collapsing on (1 0 0) and (1 1 1) surface are much easier
than that on (1 1 0) surface. Moreover, the results show that the collapsed CNTs exhibit as linked graphene
ribbons and have the largest area to contact with the Ag surface, which greatly enhances adhesion between
the CNTs and the Ag surface and keeps the system much more stable.
KEYWORDS
Carbon Nanotubes; silver surface; collapse; molecular dynamics
1. INTRODUCTION
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted extensive research interest in the past twenty years not
only due to their remarkable thermal,[1] electrical,[2] and mechanical properties,[3] but also
because their hollow cavities [4] can serve as nanoscale templates for nanocomposites and
nanostructures.[5,6]
However, CNTs with localized kinks and bends, [7] as well as minor radial deformations,[8] have
been observed. Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, Xue et al have explained that how
SWNTs collapsed on the Cu2O surface.[9] because of the van der Waals force between the CNTs
and the Cu2O surface, the CNTs approach the Cu2O surface and collapse spontaneously when the
diameter of CNTs exceeds a threshold (10 Å). Furthermore, through the forced-field-based MD
simulations, the core/shell composite nanowires (NWs) by self-scrolling CNTs onto copper NWs
was also demonstrated.[10] Chopra et al. reported the existence of multi-shelled CNTs whose
overall geometry differs radically from that of a straight, hollow cylinder. Their observation
revealed that CNTs had suffered complete collapse along their length.[11] From experimental and
theoretical researches, it can be seen that the larger diameter of intrinsic CNTs, the more easily it
can deformed and collapsed under certain external forces, such as van der Waals force, [12]
electron beam pressure,[13] and hydrostatic pressure.[14-17] Thorough embedding multiwalled
CNTs in a polymeric film, Lourie et al. displayed various deformation and fracture modes under
compression of single multiwalled CNTs.[18] From theoretical studies, it is also shown that the
collapse of CNTs can be controlled by the radius of the innermost wall,[19] the diameter of
single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs),[20] and the chirality,[21] etc.
2. International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.3, No.1, February 2014
62
Herein, based on the above analysis, using molecular mechanics (MM) and molecular dynamics
(MD) simulations, CNTs are attached onto three different silver surfaces randomly to study the
stability of the CNTs. In this paper, we focus on the influence of the different noble silver
surfaces such as (1 0 0), (1 1 0) and (1 1 1) surface on the collapse of SWNTs using MD
simulations.
2. Experimental Section
Molecular mechanics (MM) and MD simulations were conducted to explore the interfacial
interaction between the CNTs and the different Ag surfaces such as (1 1 1), (1 1 0) and (1 0 0).
Here, a commercial software package called Materials Studio developed by Accelrys Inc was
used to carry out MM and MD simulations. Furthermore, MM and MD are implemented by the
Discover code in Materials Studio software. The interatomic interactions are described by the
force field of condensed phased optimized molecular potential for atomistic simulation studies
(COMPASS).[22] This is the first ab initio force field that is parametrized and validated using
condensed-phase properties in addition to various ab initio and empirical data, and it has been
proven to be applicable in describing the mechanical properties of CNTs. [23,24] The dynamics
process is conducted to allow the system to exchange heat with the environment at a constant
temperature. The Andersen method is employed in the thermostat to control the thermodynamic
temperature, which is kept constant by allowing the simulated system to exchange energy with a
‘‘heat bath’’, and generate the correct statistical ensemble. The force field is expressed as a sum
of valence (or bond), cross-terms, and non-bond interactions:
total valence cross term non bond
E E E E
+ −
= + + (1)
2 3 4
2 0 3 0 4 0
2 3 4
2 0 3 0 4 0
0 0 0
1 1 2 2 3 3
2
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 cos( ) 1 cos(2 ) 1 cos(3 )
valence
b
x UB
x
E K b b K b b K b b
H H H
V V V
K E
θ
φ
θ θ θ θ θ θ
φ φ φ φ φ φ
χ
= − + − + −
+ − + − + −
+ − − + − − + − −
+ +
∑
∑
∑
∑
(2)
(3)
3. International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.3, No.1, February 2014
63
9 6
ij ij i j
non bond H bond
i j i j
ij ij ij
A B q q
E E
r r r
ε
− −
> >
= − + +
∑ ∑ (4)
The valence energy ( valence
E ) includes bond stretching, valence angle bending, dihedral angle
torsion, and inversion. The cross-term interaction energy ( cross term
E + ) can be aroused by factors
such as bond or angle distortions caused by nearby atoms to accurately reproduce the dynamic
properties of molecules. The non-bond interaction term ( non bond
E − ) which means the interactions
between non-bonded atoms, is primarily accounted for by the van der Waals (vdW) interaction
effect. Herein, ε is the dielectric constant, q is the atomic charge, and rij is the i–j atomic
separation distance. b and b’ are the lengths of the two adjacent bonds, θis the two-bond angle,
Φ is the dihedral torsion angle, and x is the out of plane angle. b0, ki (i = 2–4), h0, Hi (i = 2–4), Φi
0
(i = 1–3), Vi (i = 1–3), Fbb’, b0’, Fθθ’, hθ0’, Fbθ, FbΦ, Fb’θ, Fi (i = 1–3), FhΦ, KΦθθ’, Aij, and Bij are
fitted from quantum mechanics calculations and implemented into the Discover module of
Materials Studio [25,26].
Three kinds of Ag surfaces are chosen in this study due to their simplicity and generic
representation features, and they are (1 0 0), (1 1 0) and (1 1 1). Six kinds of carbon nanotubes are
selected which are (4,4), (5,5), (6,6), (7,7), (9,9) and (14,14) to make comparisons to observe the
collapsed condition. The molecular models of three different Ag surfaces and the six kinds of
pristine carbon nanotubes are shown in Fig.1 and Fig.2, respectively. All the carbon nanotubes
are selected for the simulation of the CNT-Ag system with the same length 39.35 Å and diameter
5.42 Å (4,4), 6.78 Å (5,5), 8.14 Å (6,6), 9.49 Å(7,7), 12.20 Å(9,9) and 18.98 Å(14,14),
respectively. The designed system consisted of an Ag lattice plane with a thickness of 4 Å, which
was constructed as a supercell of 16 Å ×16 Å× 1 Å.
Fig.1 Molecular models of different silver surface (1 0 0) (a), (1 1 0) (b), and ( 1 1 1)(c)
4. International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.3, No.1, February 2014
64
Fig .2 Molecular models of different pristine carbon nanotube
Different CNTs such as (4,4), (5,5), (6,6), (7,7), (9,9) and (14,14) collapsed on three different
silver surfaces were simulated. Fig. 3 shows a snapshot of CNT(7,7) places on the silver (1 0 0)
surface. For example, the pristine CNT-Ag (1 0 0) system, as an initial configuration, the CNT
was parallel to the Ag (1 0 0) plane, which was separated by 6 Å plus the radius size of the CNT,
and the Ag (1 0 0) surface was parallel to the x-y plane. The CNTs place on the other two silver
surface were also the same with the CNT-Ag (1 0 0) system. The cut-off distance was 9.5 Å and
the permittivity of free space in the complex was six, which was similar to the electrical double
layer in solution. The models were put into an NVT ensemble simulation with a temperature of
298 K for 100 ps. All MM simulations were performed to find the thermal stable morphology,
and achieved the conformation with the minimum potential energy for the simulation system; all
MD simulations were performed in the NVT ensemble. We investigate the accuracy of the
calculation with time steps of 1 fs. The results show that the bonding strengths of the system
simulated at time step of 1 fs are basically identical. The error in the binding energy is about
0.6%. Therefore, a fixed step time of 1 fs was used in all cases to save the simulation time. Then
the full-precision trajectory was recorded and the results were analyzed.
Fig. 3 The snapshot of CNT (7,7) on the silver (1 0 0) surface.
5. International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.3, No.1, February 2014
65
3. Results and discussion
The bonding strength between the CNTs and the Ag surface can be evaluated by the interfacial
energy between them. Generally, the interaction energy is estimated from the difference between
the potential energy of the composite system and the potential energy for the Ag surface and the
corresponding CNTs as follows:[27-29]
( )
interaction total CNT surface
E E E E
= − + (5)
Where total
E is the energy of a combination that includes CNT and the Ag surface, CNT
E is the
energy of CNT without the surface, and surface
E is the energy of the Ag surface without CNTs.
Fig.4 Snapshots of the shape of different pristine CNTs on Ag (1 0 0) surface after simulations
3.1 The collapse of pristine CNTs
The collapse of pristine CNTS on silver surface was stimulated. The pristine CNTs’ approach and
collapse onto the Ag surface are dependent on their diameters. Fig.4 shows the snapshots of the
pristine CNTs with different diameters on the Ag (1 0 0) surface after simulations. It
demonstrates that the pristine CNTs can collapse on the Ag (1 0 0) surface thoroughly when the
CNT diameter reaches a certain threshold. The interaction energies of the initial structures and
final structures and the deformation energies of SWNTs with different CNT diameters are also
plotted which is shown in Fig. 5. From Fig. 5, we can observe that the energy difference between
the CNT (4, 4) initial structure and the final structure is 244.24 Kcal/mol, and that for the other
CNT (5, 5), (6,6), (7,7), (9,9) and (14,14) are 246.55 Kcal/mol, 272.99 Kcal/mol, 324.39
Kcal/mol, 449.82 Kcal/mol and 987.05 Kcal/mol, respectively. This indicates that the CNTs’
collapse happens and the larger the diameter of the CNT, the easier the collapse occurs.
6. International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.3, No.1, February 2014
66
Fig.5 The interaction energies of the initial structures and final structures and the deformation energies of
SWNTs with different CNT diameters
The snapshots of the pristine CNTs with different diameters on the Ag (1 1 0) and (1 1 1) surface
after simulations are shown in Fig.6 and Fig.7, respevtively. It can be seen that the CNTs can also
collapse on the Ag (1 1 0) and (1 1 1) surface spontaneously.
3.2 The collapse on the three different facets
In order to make a comparison on which surface the CNT can collapse much more easily, the
deformation energy on the three different Ag surface was shown in table.1. It can be seen that the
transformation energy on (1 1 0) facet smaller than that on the other two facets. This means that
the CNTs can collapse on the (1 1 0) need to spent much more time than that on (1 0 0) and (1 1
1) facets.
Take the CNT(7,7) as an example, the geometric deformation of the collapsed CNT on different
silver facet, characterized by the concentration profiles of the initial CNT and the collapsed CNT,
are shown in Fig. 8, Fig.9 and Fig.10, respectively. From Fig.8, Fig.9 and Fig.10, we can clearly
see that how the CNTs collapse on different facets. In Fig.8 (a), we can observe that there is little
difference in the concentration profile along the x axis between the initial CNT and the collapsed
CNT, which illustrates that there is little deformation along the CNT axial direction. However,
from Fig.8(b,c), the concentration profile along the y axis of the collapsed CNT becomes broad
and flat and the concentration profile along the z axis of the collapsed CNT changes from the
wide-serration shape to the shape with two arrow peaks.
Fig.9 shows the concentration profile of the CNT (7,7) and the collapsed CNT (7,7) on the silver
(1 1 0) surface along the x, y and z axes. From Fig.9, we can see that the collapsed CNT on the (1
1 0) surface along the x, y, z axis are similar with the collapsed on the silver (1 0 0) surface which
is shown in Fig.8.
The concentration profile of the CNT (7,7) and the collapsed CNT (7,7) on the silver (1 1 1)
surface along the x, y and z axes are shown in Fig.10. From Fig.10 (b), it can be seen that there is
little difference in the concentration profile along the y axis between the initial CNT and the
collapsed CNT, which illustrates that there is little deformation along the CNT axial direction.
However, from Fig.10 (a, c), the concentration profile along the x axis of the collapsed CNT
changes from the wide-serration shape to the shape with two arrow peaks and the concentration
profile along the z axis of the collapsed CNT becomes broad flat.
7. International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.3, No.1, February 2014
67
Therefore, the CNTs adhered onto the Ag surface have potential applications in corrosion
protection and scale inhibition fields.
Fig.6 Snapshots of the shape of different pristine CNTs on Ag (1 1 0) surface after simulations
Fig.7 Snapshots of the shape of different pristine CNTs on Ag (1 1 1) surface after simulations
8. International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.3, No.1, February 2014
68
Fig.8 Concentration profile of the CNT (7,7) and the collapsed CNT (7,7) on the silver (1 0 0) surface along
the x (a), y (b) and z axes (c).
Fig.9 Concentration profile of the CNT (7,7) and the collapsed CNT (7,7) on the silver (1 1 0) surface along
the x (a), y (b) and z (c) axes.
9. International Journal of Recent advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.3, No.1, February 2014
69
Fig.10 Concentration profile of the CNT (7,7) and the collapsed CNT (7,7) on the silver (1 1 1) surface
along the x, y and z axes.
4 . Conclusions
In summary, we studied the collapse and stability of CNTs on the three different silver surface
such as (1 0 0), (1 1 0) and (1 1 1) using MM and MD simulations. We found that when the CNT
diameter exceeds a certain threshold, the pristine CNTs approach the Ag surface and then
collapse spontaneously onto it due to the vdW force between them. After simulation, we can
conclude that the CNT can collapse on the three different silver surfaces spontaneous.
Furthermore, the CNT collapses on the (1 0 0) and (1 1 1) facet much easier than that on the (1 1
0) surface. The collapsed CNTs exhibit as linked graphene ribbons and have the largest area to
contact with the Ag surface, which greatly enhances adhesion between the CNTs and the Ag
surface and keeps the system much more stable.
Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by the Linyi science and technology development plan
(NO.201214027), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51302126) and also by
the R&D Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China (JHB 06-04).
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