How autonomous vehicles work
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Autonomous vehicles use various sensors like lasers, radar and cameras combined with systems for navigation, assisted steering, brake management and more to drive without human input. They require coordination between components and other autonomous vehicles to function optimally as part of a larger integrated transportation system. Research is ongoing to develop the necessary technologies and address challenges involving independent decision making versus coordination within the overall system.
![How autonomous vehicles work
Autonomous vehicles, otherwise known as uninhabited autonomous vehicles (UAV), autopilot
vehicles, driverless cars, auto-drive cars, or automated/autonomously guided vehicles (AGV),
are regarded as intelligent machines. Alan Turing in his classic 1950 paper, Computing
Machinery and Intelligence , asked “Can Machines Think?”. Of course, this begs the question
of what it means to think. Yet, if we set apart mental activity not done by humans and by an
artificial device but upon which we rely to take action that normally would follow from our
own thoughts, then we have at least some elements of artificial thinking. Recall (memory),
computation, and pattern recognition are activities that can be done better with computers
than by humans, and we traditionally have regarded these as thinking. Navigating a car can
be done entirely by a human thinking but often better by a computer, simply because of the
precision.
A system of systems – design goals
No one component of a system that drives such a vehicle is responsible but a collection of
components.
Since the 1950s rapid
development of
“intelligent systems”
has occurred, including
tire monitoring, human-
machine interfaces,
assisted steering, brake
management,
navigation, and now
semi-autonomous and
Typical basic autonomous vehicle configuration using lasers, radar, and camera [1]
autonomous driving.
Numerous and different
systems have been deployed, giving drivers directions through the global positioning system
(GPS) as to the best routes both audibly and by text [2].
-1-
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![The only step remaining was to coordinate the cars with each other, and full automation
appeared to be the optimal way of doing this. In 1997, the California Partners for Advanced
Transit and Highways 2006 (PATH) demonstrated that a row of cars could be driven
automatically down the highway at normal
speeds with close spacing [3]
A very wide network and interconnected
solutions is needed, however. Vehicles can be
treated as parts of a large organism when
viewed all at once, rather than as individuals in
isolated personal units. That means there has to
California PATH Project [4]
be an integrated transport system that
coordinates traffic flow in order to make the
system work optimally. Drivers may have the choice to override the recommendations of a
car's computer, but such could cause grave complications the integrated system might not be
able to handle, as the change in one component, a car, may well affect how the others will
navigate. Perhaps research from swarm theory will be able to guide us, but at this stage, an
integrated transit control system operates not unlike a packet of information being routed
over a communications network by sophisticated management software or like a power grid,
where one disruption can cause the whole network to go down. How much independence a
driver should have will have to be assessed in such contexts. People may perforce have less
of a choice about being in total charge about where and when they will navigate. We see the
emergence of mesh networks, where cars communicate with each other, much in the same
way people do by walking in crowded spaces, keeping spaced by selecting the most
appropriate routes. For traffic management, it may be a matter of necessity to have a person
entering a crowded area being switched to a network and driven according to the needs
computed by the traffic management software. Such is not much different than an air traffic
control system, where each airliner lands in turn, given the configuration of airport traffic.
High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes are a precursor to what we may expect in selective
autonomous traffic control. At this juncture, it appears almost necessary to have a fully
-2-
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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t: +49 (0) 30 2091 3330 | f: +49 (0) 30 2091 3263 | e: eq@iqpc.de | w: www.iqpc.de
Visit IQPC for a portfolio of topic-related events, congresses, seminars and conferences: www.iqpc.de](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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How autonomous vehicles work
- 1. How autonomous vehicles work Autonomous vehicles, otherwise known as uninhabited autonomous vehicles (UAV), autopilot vehicles, driverless cars, auto-drive cars, or automated/autonomously guided vehicles (AGV), are regarded as intelligent machines. Alan Turing in his classic 1950 paper, Computing Machinery and Intelligence , asked “Can Machines Think?”. Of course, this begs the question of what it means to think. Yet, if we set apart mental activity not done by humans and by an artificial device but upon which we rely to take action that normally would follow from our own thoughts, then we have at least some elements of artificial thinking. Recall (memory), computation, and pattern recognition are activities that can be done better with computers than by humans, and we traditionally have regarded these as thinking. Navigating a car can be done entirely by a human thinking but often better by a computer, simply because of the precision. A system of systems – design goals No one component of a system that drives such a vehicle is responsible but a collection of components. Since the 1950s rapid development of “intelligent systems” has occurred, including tire monitoring, human- machine interfaces, assisted steering, brake management, navigation, and now semi-autonomous and Typical basic autonomous vehicle configuration using lasers, radar, and camera [1] autonomous driving. Numerous and different systems have been deployed, giving drivers directions through the global positioning system (GPS) as to the best routes both audibly and by text [2]. -1- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- IQPC GmbH | Friedrichstr. 94 | D-10117 Berlin, Germany t: +49 (0) 30 2091 3330 | f: +49 (0) 30 2091 3263 | e: eq@iqpc.de | w: www.iqpc.de Visit IQPC for a portfolio of topic-related events, congresses, seminars and conferences: www.iqpc.de
- 2. The only step remaining was to coordinate the cars with each other, and full automation appeared to be the optimal way of doing this. In 1997, the California Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways 2006 (PATH) demonstrated that a row of cars could be driven automatically down the highway at normal speeds with close spacing [3] A very wide network and interconnected solutions is needed, however. Vehicles can be treated as parts of a large organism when viewed all at once, rather than as individuals in isolated personal units. That means there has to California PATH Project [4] be an integrated transport system that coordinates traffic flow in order to make the system work optimally. Drivers may have the choice to override the recommendations of a car's computer, but such could cause grave complications the integrated system might not be able to handle, as the change in one component, a car, may well affect how the others will navigate. Perhaps research from swarm theory will be able to guide us, but at this stage, an integrated transit control system operates not unlike a packet of information being routed over a communications network by sophisticated management software or like a power grid, where one disruption can cause the whole network to go down. How much independence a driver should have will have to be assessed in such contexts. People may perforce have less of a choice about being in total charge about where and when they will navigate. We see the emergence of mesh networks, where cars communicate with each other, much in the same way people do by walking in crowded spaces, keeping spaced by selecting the most appropriate routes. For traffic management, it may be a matter of necessity to have a person entering a crowded area being switched to a network and driven according to the needs computed by the traffic management software. Such is not much different than an air traffic control system, where each airliner lands in turn, given the configuration of airport traffic. High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes are a precursor to what we may expect in selective autonomous traffic control. At this juncture, it appears almost necessary to have a fully -2- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- IQPC GmbH | Friedrichstr. 94 | D-10117 Berlin, Germany t: +49 (0) 30 2091 3330 | f: +49 (0) 30 2091 3263 | e: eq@iqpc.de | w: www.iqpc.de Visit IQPC for a portfolio of topic-related events, congresses, seminars and conferences: www.iqpc.de
- 3. autonomous vehicle that can respond to such a system. How feasible is this, and how would such work? Want to learn more about current technologies and developments automotive navigation? Visit our Download Centre for more articles, white papers and interviews: http://bit.ly/automotive-navigation References (Subject is indicated by URL – accessed 2 August 2011) [1] http://www2.ece.ohio-state.edu/citr/Demo97/osu-av.html [2] http://reviews.cnet.com/best-gps/ [3] https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://www.ece.gatech.edu/~magnus/Papers/UGCPa per.pdf&embedded=true&chrome=true [4] https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://www.ece.gatech.edu/~magnus/Papers/UGCPa per.pdf&embedded=true&chrome=true Resources (Subject is indicated by URL – accessed 2 August 2011) https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://www.spacetech.tudelft.nl/fileadmin/Faculteit/LR/O pleidingen/SpaceTech/Central_Case_Project/doc/ST3_Worldwide_Inter- Modal_Navigation_System.pdf&embedded=true&chrome=true http://e2af.com/trend/080212.shtml http://www2.ece.ohio-state.edu/citr/Demo97/osu-av.html http://wn.com/automobile_navigation_system - compares different types -3- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- IQPC GmbH | Friedrichstr. 94 | D-10117 Berlin, Germany t: +49 (0) 30 2091 3330 | f: +49 (0) 30 2091 3263 | e: eq@iqpc.de | w: www.iqpc.de Visit IQPC for a portfolio of topic-related events, congresses, seminars and conferences: www.iqpc.de
- 4. Autonomous Cars and Society - https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project- 043007-205701/unrestricted/IQPOVP06B1.pdf&embedded=true&chrome=true http://www.intempora.com/en/projects/automotive/adas/carsense http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controller_area_network http://www.transport- research.info/web/projects/project_details.cfm?id=15260&page=outline Stanford robot car "Junior" in action, DARPA Urban Challenge http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BSS0MZvoltw http://www2.ece.ohio-state.edu/citr/Demo97/osu-av.html https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://husky.if.uidaho.edu/pubs/2011/IJCNN11_RavMan _HWNeuralAutonVehPathTracking.pdf&embedded=true&chrome=true Transponder use - http://www.mikechiafulio.com/RIDE/system.html Path selection method - http://ftp.utcluj.ro/pub/docs/imaging/Autonomous_driving/Articole%20sortate/TUBraunschwe ig/iv980304.pdf Lane change algorithm for autonomous vehicles via virtual curvature method - http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m5CYM/is_1_43/ai_n31126282/ Multi-Sensor Lane Finding in Urban Road Networks - https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://www.roboticsproceedings.org/rss04/p1.pdf&embe -4- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- IQPC GmbH | Friedrichstr. 94 | D-10117 Berlin, Germany t: +49 (0) 30 2091 3330 | f: +49 (0) 30 2091 3263 | e: eq@iqpc.de | w: www.iqpc.de Visit IQPC for a portfolio of topic-related events, congresses, seminars and conferences: www.iqpc.de
- 5. dded=true&chrome=true Automating Acceptance Tests - https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://www.se- rwth.de/books/Diss-Berger.pdf&embedded=true&chrome=true http://www.eetimes.com/design/embedded-internet-design/4214506/Speech-recognition-in- the-car http://www.bosch-presse.de/presseforum/details.htm?locale=en&txtID=5156 https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://www2.selu.edu/Academics/Faculty/ck/paps/JFR.p df&embedded=true&chrome=true neural networks - https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://husky.if.uidaho.edu/pubs/2011/IJCNN11_RavMan _HWNeuralAutonVehPathTracking.pdf&embedded=true&chrome=true Collision avoidance - http://e2af.com/trend/080117.shtml http://www.intempora.com/en/projects/automotive/adas/carsense Excellent history summary of UAVs – http://faculty.washington.edu/jbs/itrans/bishopahs.htm http://www.ivsource.net/archivep/2000/jul/a000731_carsense.html -5- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- IQPC GmbH | Friedrichstr. 94 | D-10117 Berlin, Germany t: +49 (0) 30 2091 3330 | f: +49 (0) 30 2091 3263 | e: eq@iqpc.de | w: www.iqpc.de Visit IQPC for a portfolio of topic-related events, congresses, seminars and conferences: www.iqpc.de