This presentation explores issues concerning housing and homelessness in 21 Ontario cities and communities.
Michael Shapcott, Senior Fellow
www.wellesleyinstitute.com
Follow us on twitter @wellesleyWI
The document provides an overview of diffusion of innovation theory, which explains how new ideas and technologies spread through cultures over time. Some key points:
- The theory looks at how innovations are communicated and adopted by different groups in a society, and the factors that influence adoption rates, such as education levels.
- There are five categories of adopters (innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, laggards) that describe people based on how soon they adopt innovations.
- Five factors influence adoption: relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability of the innovation.
- Opinion leaders and change agents play important roles in influencing others' adoption. Targeting opinion
This document provides an overview of public policy analysis. It defines policy analysis as using evidence and reason to select the best policy among alternatives to address a problem. The summary discusses three key points:
1) Policy analysis integrates methods from multiple disciplines like political science, economics, and sociology to produce information relevant to policy problems, potential solutions, and outcomes.
2) There are three main forms of policy analysis: prospective focuses on predicting future impacts before implementation; retrospective examines past policies after implementation; and integrated combines both approaches.
3) A good policy analysis considers what is known empirically, what is valued, and what actions should be taken to resolve issues - requiring the use of descriptive, normative,
The document summarizes Cultivation Theory, which was developed by Professor George Gerbner to analyze the long-term effects of television viewing. Some key points:
- Cultivation Theory predicts that heavy television viewing shapes peoples' perceptions of the real world by cultivating exaggerated beliefs, such as that the world is a more violent place.
- Studies found heavy viewers overestimated statistics like crime rates compared to light viewers. This supported the theory's key concept of a "Mean World Syndrome" from extensive television exposure.
- The theory was later modified to include the concepts of "Mainstreaming," where heavy viewing converges viewpoints across groups, and "Resonance," where effects are stronger for vulnerable populations.
-
The document discusses media ownership and provides questions for a revision focusing on Sony and Microsoft. It defines key concepts like conglomerates, convergence, and cross media ownership. It asks for a SWOT analysis of Sony and Microsoft, examining how they have global domination through takeovers, mergers, and vertical and horizontal integration. It discusses issues of power concentration and oligopoly from media ownership as well as consequences like wider audiences and profits. It raises questions about the impact on audience choice and influence over cultural agendas.
Agenda Setting Theory - Communication TheoriesMaleeha Rizwan
The document provides an overview of the agenda-setting theory of communication. It defines agenda-setting as the media's ability to influence public concern over certain issues by determining the priority and emphasis given to different news stories. The theory originated in 1972 from researchers Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw. There are different levels and types of agenda-setting, including how the media and public each set their own agendas, as well as how these influence policy agendas. Examples are given of prominent agenda-setting topics in recent events and media. Criticisms of the theory note challenges in measuring its effects, as people now have more media choices and ability to engage in two-way communication.
The document provides an overview of diffusion of innovation theory, which explains how new ideas and technologies spread through cultures over time. Some key points:
- The theory looks at how innovations are communicated and adopted by different groups in a society, and the factors that influence adoption rates, such as education levels.
- There are five categories of adopters (innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, laggards) that describe people based on how soon they adopt innovations.
- Five factors influence adoption: relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability of the innovation.
- Opinion leaders and change agents play important roles in influencing others' adoption. Targeting opinion
This document provides an overview of public policy analysis. It defines policy analysis as using evidence and reason to select the best policy among alternatives to address a problem. The summary discusses three key points:
1) Policy analysis integrates methods from multiple disciplines like political science, economics, and sociology to produce information relevant to policy problems, potential solutions, and outcomes.
2) There are three main forms of policy analysis: prospective focuses on predicting future impacts before implementation; retrospective examines past policies after implementation; and integrated combines both approaches.
3) A good policy analysis considers what is known empirically, what is valued, and what actions should be taken to resolve issues - requiring the use of descriptive, normative,
The document summarizes Cultivation Theory, which was developed by Professor George Gerbner to analyze the long-term effects of television viewing. Some key points:
- Cultivation Theory predicts that heavy television viewing shapes peoples' perceptions of the real world by cultivating exaggerated beliefs, such as that the world is a more violent place.
- Studies found heavy viewers overestimated statistics like crime rates compared to light viewers. This supported the theory's key concept of a "Mean World Syndrome" from extensive television exposure.
- The theory was later modified to include the concepts of "Mainstreaming," where heavy viewing converges viewpoints across groups, and "Resonance," where effects are stronger for vulnerable populations.
-
The document discusses media ownership and provides questions for a revision focusing on Sony and Microsoft. It defines key concepts like conglomerates, convergence, and cross media ownership. It asks for a SWOT analysis of Sony and Microsoft, examining how they have global domination through takeovers, mergers, and vertical and horizontal integration. It discusses issues of power concentration and oligopoly from media ownership as well as consequences like wider audiences and profits. It raises questions about the impact on audience choice and influence over cultural agendas.
Agenda Setting Theory - Communication TheoriesMaleeha Rizwan
The document provides an overview of the agenda-setting theory of communication. It defines agenda-setting as the media's ability to influence public concern over certain issues by determining the priority and emphasis given to different news stories. The theory originated in 1972 from researchers Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw. There are different levels and types of agenda-setting, including how the media and public each set their own agendas, as well as how these influence policy agendas. Examples are given of prominent agenda-setting topics in recent events and media. Criticisms of the theory note challenges in measuring its effects, as people now have more media choices and ability to engage in two-way communication.
The document summarizes agenda setting theory, which describes how the media can influence the public's perception of what issues are important. It discusses the history and development of the theory, including key researchers like Walter Lippmann and Maxwell McCombs. The theory proposes that the media can set the public agenda by focusing on particular issues and influencing what the public thinks are the major issues. It also discusses how agenda setting can apply to social media and politics. The theory has since been expanded to include factors like how audiences actively engage with media and the influence of different types of media sources.
The document summarizes the Functional Theory of Communication, which examines how communication relates to the quality of group decisions. The theory was developed by Dennis Gouran and Randy Hirokowa, building on the work of John Dewey on reflective thinking, Robert Bales on interaction process analysis, and Irving Janis on vigilant decision making. The theory assumes that decision making effectiveness depends on how group members fulfill five functional prerequisites: understanding the question, determining criteria for acceptable answers, generating alternatives, critically examining alternatives, and selecting the best alternative. Fulfilling these prerequisites leads to more effective group decisions according to the theory.
Paul Lazarsfeld developed the limited effects theory, which argues that the media has limited impact on shaping people's opinions. According to the theory, only a small subset of people are open to psychological manipulation by the media, and media messages are filtered through interpersonal relationships as people seek opinions from friends and family before forming their own views. The media also has limited impact because individuals and groups have different characteristics and backgrounds that influence how they perceive media messages.
This document provides an overview of development and development administration. It discusses key topics like development strategies and theories, including modernization theory and dependency theory. It describes how most developing countries established strong state frameworks and policies for development based on Keynesian economics after independence from colonial rule. The document also outlines different theories of economic growth that have influenced approaches to development, such as linear stages theory, structural change models, international dependence theory, new growth theory, and neoclassical counterrevolution.
This document discusses theories of framing and frame analysis, noting their roots in symbolic interactionism and social constructionism. It examines early research on framing that concluded news serves to perpetuate the status quo and undermine social movements. The development of framing theory is then reviewed, contrasting postpositivist approaches focused on predicting media effects versus critical cultural approaches examining how elites and journalists control framing to shape understanding.
The Spiral of Silence theory was proposed by Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann in 1974. It posits that individuals remain silent about their minority views out of a fear of isolation. As more people express the majority view, those with dissenting opinions feel more isolated and are less likely to voice their views. Over time, this can create a spiral effect where the minority opinion is silenced. Examples include those who opposed war after 9/11 or bans on hijabs feeling unable to publicly express their views. The theory helps explain public opinion and the role of media but has also received critiques, such as for oversimplifying the reasons for silence and relying too much on hypothetical scenarios rather than observed behavior.
Introduction to Public Policy for Master of Business StudiesKhemraj Subedi
This document provides an overview of public policy analysis. It defines key terms like policy, analysis, and public policy. Public policy is described as a course of action by governments to address citizen needs and maintain order. Policy analysis involves assessing alternatives to satisfy goals. The document outlines the main actors in policymaking like legislatures and executives. It also describes characteristics of public policy, the stages of the policy process, and the theory of public choice, which applies economic concepts like rational self-interest to political behavior. Public choice theory posits that politicians, voters, bureaucrats, and interest groups act in their own self-interest in the policy process.
Two main determinants of economic development are economic factors and non-economic factors. Economic factors include population and manpower resources, natural resources and utilization, capital formation and accumulation, investment patterns, occupational structure, and technological advancement. Non-economic factors consist of the politico-legal environment, changes needed in social and institutional factors, and an urge for development among the people. These determinants influence the pace of economic growth and development in a country.
The document discusses media relations and the relationship between journalists and public relations practitioners. It provides definitions of media relations and explains the importance of media relations in disseminating information to target audiences. The document then compares journalists and PR practitioners, noting they have different goals and use different channels and components in their work. It also discusses the mutual dependence between journalists and PR practitioners and tips for building positive relationships. The remainder of the document outlines various media types used in public relations like newspapers, magazines, radio, television, online news services, and social media. It also discusses strategies for preparing for and working with the media, including researching media outlets and planning publicity.
Building systemic climate resilience in citiesOECDregions
Climate shocks can have drastic impacts across social, economic and environmental systems.
Adopting a “systems approach” is therefore essential to help promote cross-sectoral, multi-disciplinary collaboration in the process of policy making.
The systems approach to climate shocks is even more relevant to cities, as they are places of concern due to the increased exposure to risk, but are also places of opportunities and solution.
Liz Pittman gave a presentation on building community on social media. She discussed developing authentic and relatable content, using Instagram story takeovers to tell stories from students' perspectives, and promoting NAIT's #NAITisGreat hashtag on Twitter to engage the community. She also emphasized providing training to staff and students, establishing brand ambassadors, and creating social media toolkits to encourage participation and sharing across platforms.
ROLE OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
Public participation
Stakeholders in spatial planning
A continuum of participation
History of Public participation-Global
Advocacy Planning
Indian context public participation
Amendments toward public participation
Current Scenario-Indian Context
Merits of Public participation
Importance of Public Participation.
The document discusses the equity approach and radical approach in planning history and theory. It explains that the equity approach embraces Fraser's theory of social justice, seeking fair distribution of resources, recognition of minority rights, and political representation. Radical planning critiques planning as elitist and seeks decentralization, community participation, and structural changes to promote equality. It emphasizes local spontaneous activism, personal growth, and freedom from external manipulation, but lacks a clear roadmap for implementation.
This document outlines a chapter on policy evaluation from an educational textbook. The chapter discusses various methods of policy evaluation including assessing impact on target groups, experimental research designs, and challenges such as political and bureaucratic influences. It also describes the roles of organizations like the Office of Management and Budget and General Accountability Office in evaluating federal programs. The overall goal of the chapter is to examine how governments assess the effectiveness of public policies.
New world information and communication orderAmber Malik
The document discusses the New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO). It began in the 1970s as developing countries protested their disadvantaged situation regarding information flows that were controlled by Western news agencies. NWICO aimed to foster more equitable communication between developed and developing worlds. It was articulated through various UN forums, culminating in principles outlined at the 1980 UNESCO conference in Belgrade. However, the United States was hostile to NWICO, seeing it as a threat to the free flow of communication and interests of American media corporations. The document concludes that alternative structural possibilities are needed for a more encompassing and human context regarding new communication technologies.
This document discusses public participation in the preparation of development plans. It outlines how development plans cover socio-economic, physical infrastructure, and environmental aspects. The drafting process involves gathering information from local authorities and constituting a planning authority. Public participation is sought through workshops, discussions on goals and priorities, and comments on draft plans. However, true participation is limited by the authority's responsibility and lack of public expertise. Shortcomings can arise from insufficient representation of citizen concerns.
The document discusses media advocacy, which is defined as the strategic use of mass media to support community organizing and advance healthy public policies. Media advocacy aims to influence public policy and resource allocation decisions by maintaining media attention on issues and providing entertainment on those issues. The key purposes of media advocacy are to promote public health goals by applying pressure for policy change and addressing the power gap rather than just the information gap. Effective media advocacy requires setting the agenda to get media attention, framing issues to shape debates, and advancing specific policy solutions.
This document discusses the interdependencies between urbanization and rural agricultural development. It argues that rural and urban development are closely linked and should inform policymaking. Small and intermediate cities play an important role by providing markets, infrastructure, and off-farm employment to support rural areas. Policies should aim to increase agricultural productivity, generate non-farm jobs, and promote a more balanced pattern of urbanization across small and intermediate cities rather than just large metropolitan areas. Strengthening rural-urban linkages through infrastructure, decentralization, and integrated land use planning can help improve quality of life in rural areas.
This document outlines Fine Gael's plan to reinvent the Irish government called Reinventing Government. It proposes making the government smaller, cheaper, and better by reducing the number of politicians and bureaucrats, abolishing 145 state bodies, and saving over €5 billion. The plan aims to increase public sector productivity and move away from an over-centralized system to one with more responsibility and control given to frontline workers and service users. Fine Gael believes these changes can improve services while acknowledging that the size of government needs to decrease due to fiscal crisis.
This ppt file contains complete information about galobalization and its very simple to present because its very relitive to the topic.
I present this to my class and got 10/10.
Its well designed and much easy to view the whole globalization .Its contains detaid information about globalization causes of globalization effects of globalization law of globalization and analysis of advantages and disadvantages of globalization.
I you pick this presentation you just need to change the name because it don't have unrelated constants.
Housing and Health: Making the Connections, Taking ActionWellesley Institute
This presentation examines the links between housing and health.
Michael Shapcott, Senior Fellow
www.wellesleyinstitute.com
Follow us on twitter @wellesleyWI
This presentation suggests that housing and homelessness are not just concerns for the city centre. It looks at how housing insecurity is deep and persisting; how poor housing effects people, communities, the economy and government; the diminishing federal investments in housing; and our lack of a comprehensive national plan.
Michael Shapcott, Director of Housing and Innovation
http://www.wellesleyinstitute.com/
Follow us on twitter @wellesleyWI
The document summarizes agenda setting theory, which describes how the media can influence the public's perception of what issues are important. It discusses the history and development of the theory, including key researchers like Walter Lippmann and Maxwell McCombs. The theory proposes that the media can set the public agenda by focusing on particular issues and influencing what the public thinks are the major issues. It also discusses how agenda setting can apply to social media and politics. The theory has since been expanded to include factors like how audiences actively engage with media and the influence of different types of media sources.
The document summarizes the Functional Theory of Communication, which examines how communication relates to the quality of group decisions. The theory was developed by Dennis Gouran and Randy Hirokowa, building on the work of John Dewey on reflective thinking, Robert Bales on interaction process analysis, and Irving Janis on vigilant decision making. The theory assumes that decision making effectiveness depends on how group members fulfill five functional prerequisites: understanding the question, determining criteria for acceptable answers, generating alternatives, critically examining alternatives, and selecting the best alternative. Fulfilling these prerequisites leads to more effective group decisions according to the theory.
Paul Lazarsfeld developed the limited effects theory, which argues that the media has limited impact on shaping people's opinions. According to the theory, only a small subset of people are open to psychological manipulation by the media, and media messages are filtered through interpersonal relationships as people seek opinions from friends and family before forming their own views. The media also has limited impact because individuals and groups have different characteristics and backgrounds that influence how they perceive media messages.
This document provides an overview of development and development administration. It discusses key topics like development strategies and theories, including modernization theory and dependency theory. It describes how most developing countries established strong state frameworks and policies for development based on Keynesian economics after independence from colonial rule. The document also outlines different theories of economic growth that have influenced approaches to development, such as linear stages theory, structural change models, international dependence theory, new growth theory, and neoclassical counterrevolution.
This document discusses theories of framing and frame analysis, noting their roots in symbolic interactionism and social constructionism. It examines early research on framing that concluded news serves to perpetuate the status quo and undermine social movements. The development of framing theory is then reviewed, contrasting postpositivist approaches focused on predicting media effects versus critical cultural approaches examining how elites and journalists control framing to shape understanding.
The Spiral of Silence theory was proposed by Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann in 1974. It posits that individuals remain silent about their minority views out of a fear of isolation. As more people express the majority view, those with dissenting opinions feel more isolated and are less likely to voice their views. Over time, this can create a spiral effect where the minority opinion is silenced. Examples include those who opposed war after 9/11 or bans on hijabs feeling unable to publicly express their views. The theory helps explain public opinion and the role of media but has also received critiques, such as for oversimplifying the reasons for silence and relying too much on hypothetical scenarios rather than observed behavior.
Introduction to Public Policy for Master of Business StudiesKhemraj Subedi
This document provides an overview of public policy analysis. It defines key terms like policy, analysis, and public policy. Public policy is described as a course of action by governments to address citizen needs and maintain order. Policy analysis involves assessing alternatives to satisfy goals. The document outlines the main actors in policymaking like legislatures and executives. It also describes characteristics of public policy, the stages of the policy process, and the theory of public choice, which applies economic concepts like rational self-interest to political behavior. Public choice theory posits that politicians, voters, bureaucrats, and interest groups act in their own self-interest in the policy process.
Two main determinants of economic development are economic factors and non-economic factors. Economic factors include population and manpower resources, natural resources and utilization, capital formation and accumulation, investment patterns, occupational structure, and technological advancement. Non-economic factors consist of the politico-legal environment, changes needed in social and institutional factors, and an urge for development among the people. These determinants influence the pace of economic growth and development in a country.
The document discusses media relations and the relationship between journalists and public relations practitioners. It provides definitions of media relations and explains the importance of media relations in disseminating information to target audiences. The document then compares journalists and PR practitioners, noting they have different goals and use different channels and components in their work. It also discusses the mutual dependence between journalists and PR practitioners and tips for building positive relationships. The remainder of the document outlines various media types used in public relations like newspapers, magazines, radio, television, online news services, and social media. It also discusses strategies for preparing for and working with the media, including researching media outlets and planning publicity.
Building systemic climate resilience in citiesOECDregions
Climate shocks can have drastic impacts across social, economic and environmental systems.
Adopting a “systems approach” is therefore essential to help promote cross-sectoral, multi-disciplinary collaboration in the process of policy making.
The systems approach to climate shocks is even more relevant to cities, as they are places of concern due to the increased exposure to risk, but are also places of opportunities and solution.
Liz Pittman gave a presentation on building community on social media. She discussed developing authentic and relatable content, using Instagram story takeovers to tell stories from students' perspectives, and promoting NAIT's #NAITisGreat hashtag on Twitter to engage the community. She also emphasized providing training to staff and students, establishing brand ambassadors, and creating social media toolkits to encourage participation and sharing across platforms.
ROLE OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
Public participation
Stakeholders in spatial planning
A continuum of participation
History of Public participation-Global
Advocacy Planning
Indian context public participation
Amendments toward public participation
Current Scenario-Indian Context
Merits of Public participation
Importance of Public Participation.
The document discusses the equity approach and radical approach in planning history and theory. It explains that the equity approach embraces Fraser's theory of social justice, seeking fair distribution of resources, recognition of minority rights, and political representation. Radical planning critiques planning as elitist and seeks decentralization, community participation, and structural changes to promote equality. It emphasizes local spontaneous activism, personal growth, and freedom from external manipulation, but lacks a clear roadmap for implementation.
This document outlines a chapter on policy evaluation from an educational textbook. The chapter discusses various methods of policy evaluation including assessing impact on target groups, experimental research designs, and challenges such as political and bureaucratic influences. It also describes the roles of organizations like the Office of Management and Budget and General Accountability Office in evaluating federal programs. The overall goal of the chapter is to examine how governments assess the effectiveness of public policies.
New world information and communication orderAmber Malik
The document discusses the New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO). It began in the 1970s as developing countries protested their disadvantaged situation regarding information flows that were controlled by Western news agencies. NWICO aimed to foster more equitable communication between developed and developing worlds. It was articulated through various UN forums, culminating in principles outlined at the 1980 UNESCO conference in Belgrade. However, the United States was hostile to NWICO, seeing it as a threat to the free flow of communication and interests of American media corporations. The document concludes that alternative structural possibilities are needed for a more encompassing and human context regarding new communication technologies.
This document discusses public participation in the preparation of development plans. It outlines how development plans cover socio-economic, physical infrastructure, and environmental aspects. The drafting process involves gathering information from local authorities and constituting a planning authority. Public participation is sought through workshops, discussions on goals and priorities, and comments on draft plans. However, true participation is limited by the authority's responsibility and lack of public expertise. Shortcomings can arise from insufficient representation of citizen concerns.
The document discusses media advocacy, which is defined as the strategic use of mass media to support community organizing and advance healthy public policies. Media advocacy aims to influence public policy and resource allocation decisions by maintaining media attention on issues and providing entertainment on those issues. The key purposes of media advocacy are to promote public health goals by applying pressure for policy change and addressing the power gap rather than just the information gap. Effective media advocacy requires setting the agenda to get media attention, framing issues to shape debates, and advancing specific policy solutions.
This document discusses the interdependencies between urbanization and rural agricultural development. It argues that rural and urban development are closely linked and should inform policymaking. Small and intermediate cities play an important role by providing markets, infrastructure, and off-farm employment to support rural areas. Policies should aim to increase agricultural productivity, generate non-farm jobs, and promote a more balanced pattern of urbanization across small and intermediate cities rather than just large metropolitan areas. Strengthening rural-urban linkages through infrastructure, decentralization, and integrated land use planning can help improve quality of life in rural areas.
This document outlines Fine Gael's plan to reinvent the Irish government called Reinventing Government. It proposes making the government smaller, cheaper, and better by reducing the number of politicians and bureaucrats, abolishing 145 state bodies, and saving over €5 billion. The plan aims to increase public sector productivity and move away from an over-centralized system to one with more responsibility and control given to frontline workers and service users. Fine Gael believes these changes can improve services while acknowledging that the size of government needs to decrease due to fiscal crisis.
This ppt file contains complete information about galobalization and its very simple to present because its very relitive to the topic.
I present this to my class and got 10/10.
Its well designed and much easy to view the whole globalization .Its contains detaid information about globalization causes of globalization effects of globalization law of globalization and analysis of advantages and disadvantages of globalization.
I you pick this presentation you just need to change the name because it don't have unrelated constants.
Housing and Health: Making the Connections, Taking ActionWellesley Institute
This presentation examines the links between housing and health.
Michael Shapcott, Senior Fellow
www.wellesleyinstitute.com
Follow us on twitter @wellesleyWI
This presentation suggests that housing and homelessness are not just concerns for the city centre. It looks at how housing insecurity is deep and persisting; how poor housing effects people, communities, the economy and government; the diminishing federal investments in housing; and our lack of a comprehensive national plan.
Michael Shapcott, Director of Housing and Innovation
http://www.wellesleyinstitute.com/
Follow us on twitter @wellesleyWI
Steve Jobs attained unprecedented success in business thanks to his holistic approach to innovation. Therefore a holistic approach to homelessness will produce unprecedented results that are beneficial to all. The way we relate to one another is instrumental to our well-being and survival. So we must join forces and work together to reduce and/or end homelessness.
Many argue that holistic strategy (i.e. holistic approach to business) sounds abstract - but the chronic silo mentality in organizations reduces efficiency and contributes to more failure than success in the long run. Moreover, I believe that business must encompass the human experience since it is run by humans for humans. As Plato puts it: “The Part Can Never Be Well Unless the Whole is Well."
Homelessness has many underlying causes beyond just drugs and alcohol. There are two main categories of homelessness - episodic and chronic. Episodic homelessness is temporary, usually due to a lack of jobs or domestic violence. Chronic homelessness is a long-term condition often associated with mental illness, addiction, or health problems combined with a lack of social support and failed government policies. Throughout history, periods of industrialization and deinstitutionalization have exacerbated homelessness by disrupting traditional support systems and job opportunities. While homelessness affects all areas, those most at risk tend to be non-white, from female-headed or large families, between 14-25 or over 65, with less than 8 years of education
This document provides background information on housing conditions and issues in developing countries like Ethiopia. It discusses how inadequate housing can negatively impact health and quality of life. In Aleta Wondo, Ethiopia specifically, the document notes that most housing units are low quality, overcrowded and deteriorating. Between 1994 and 2007, the number of households grew significantly faster than the number of housing units, increasing pressure on available housing and facilities. The physical constraints of the landscape and potential displacement of thousands of families for development plans further exacerbate the town's housing problems.
Homeownership IS a sustainable option for people who are homelessFEANTSA
Presentation given by Loucine Hayes, Habitat for Humanity, Slovakia at a FEANTSA conference on "People who are homeless can be housed:
An insight into successful practices from across Europe", Cardiff, Wales, 2008
This work is designed to provide a practical resource for local government to address housing affordability, using census data-based time series analysis, to quantify:
- Who is in housing stress?
- How many are there?
- Where are they? and
- What can be done about it?
Ending Homelessness in Kingston and Across Canada: What's the Plan?Wellesley Institute
This presentation examines the steps necessary to end homelessness in Kingston and Canada.
Michael Shapcott, Director of Housing and Innovation
www.wellesleyinstitute.com
Follow us on twitter @wellesleyWI
The document discusses several topics related to globalization and its impacts. It first discusses how globalization has both positive and negative impacts on poverty, helping some individuals but increasing inequality and driving many into poverty. Second, it examines the government's poor response to Hurricane Katrina, which resulted in thousands of deaths due to lack of evacuation assistance, food/water, and medical care in its aftermath. Finally, it notes that Aboriginal people in Northern Territory, Australia have high rates of mental illness but little support, and many end up imprisoned instead of receiving proper care.
Practical Strategies for Austere times: Effective Partnerships to Build Homes...Wellesley Institute
This document discusses strategies for affordable housing in austere times. It summarizes that:
1) Housing insecurity is deep and persistent in Canada despite partnerships between different levels of government and organizations to build homes.
2) Federal funding for housing and homelessness programs has been cut significantly in recent years at the same time that housing costs have risen faster than incomes.
3) Multiple sectors including all levels of government, the community sector, private sector, and social innovators must work together to develop new tools and solutions to address the ongoing affordable housing crisis.
The document discusses homelessness in the United States. It defines homelessness as lacking a fixed, regular place to live. An estimated 2-3 million people experience homelessness annually in the US, including families, veterans, the mentally ill, and the working poor. Homelessness can negatively impact physical and mental health due to lack of shelter, hygiene resources, and social support networks. The document also outlines federal and local programs that aim to assist the homeless population.
This document discusses the vulnerable homeless population and their health concerns. It defines four categories of homelessness and estimates that over 1.5 million people are homeless in the US. The homeless have less access to healthcare and are more likely to experience health issues like substance abuse, malnutrition, hypertension, and frostbite/hypothermia. The demographics of the homeless population are also described, with most being adult males between 31-61 years old. The document calls for improvements like more affordable housing, jobs, healthcare access, and counseling services to help address the needs of this vulnerable group.
1) Haiti was already extremely poor and unstable prior to the 2010 earthquake, with high levels of poverty, lack of infrastructure and access to basic needs.
2) The 2010 earthquake devastated Port-au-Prince and surrounding areas, killing over 200,000 people, leaving over 1 million homeless, and destroying homes, hospitals, schools and infrastructure.
3) One year later, Haiti continues to struggle with the aftermath of the earthquake, with many still displaced and lacking basic needs like water, food and shelter. Recovery will require long-term support.
Food Security and the Poverty Paradox at the Local Level in BelizeMyrtle Palacio
This paper was first presented at an international food and nutrition conference at the Tuskegee University in October 2000. It looksa at the social, political and economic framework of food security at the household level--availability, consumption practices, value systems, policies. Food security safety nets is analysed assessing the initiatives at both the formal and household levels---comparing the north with the south of the country of Belize
Homelessness is a major social issue faced by many communities. There are various factors that contribute to homelessness, including a lack of affordable housing, poverty, unemployment, lack of healthcare, mental illness, addiction, and domestic violence. While homelessness tends to be more visible in urban areas, it also impacts rural communities where there are fewer resources available to aid the homeless population. Addressing the root causes of homelessness, such as increasing affordable housing and employment opportunities, will be necessary to effectively address this ongoing social problem.
use at least 3 of these quotes Many people still think of homeles.docxgarnerangelika
use at least 3 of these quotes :
Many people still think of homeless transients as alcoholic and/or mentally disabled loners. The truth is, the current homeless population consists of single adults, families, battered women and runaway adolescents. Their only characteristic in common is the lack of a fixed, adequate and permanent residence. Social and economic factors and other circumstances beyond the individual's control have led to a gradual increase in family homelessness (Rafferty, 1990).
During a conference, members of the National Association of State Coordinators for the Education of Children and Youth cited eight basic causes of homelessness: 1) lack of affordable housing, 2) unemployment, 3) deinstitutionalization, 4) divorce/abandonment, 5) substance abuse, 6) natural catastrophe, 7) physical abuse and 8) eviction (Johnson & Wand, 1991). Whatever the causes may be, the result is an increasing population of homeless families with children (Stronge & Tenhouse, 1990).
As the homeless problem receives more attention, the profile of a homeless individual or family has changed (D'Andrea, 1992). We have learned that: 1) all types of people can find themselves homeless; 2) families are the fastest growing segment of the homeless population; 3) homelessness has both societal and personal causes; 4) shelters are an emergency response to homelessness, not a solution; and 5) homeless people live in a variety of settings (Johnson & Wand, 1991).
Children and adolescents appear to suffer the most detrimental effects of homelessness (Heflin, 1991). The estimated number of homeless youths in the United States may be anywhere from 310,000 to 1.6 million (Heflin & Rudy, 1991). By the time a family becomes homeless, the effects of poverty, removal from a familiar environment, malnourishment and unhealthy living conditions have already begun to take their tell (Gewirtzman & Fodor, 1987).
Homeless families experience the disintegration of physical, spiritual, mental and emotional bonds. Parents must often decide between life on the streets as an intact family unit or separation into various shelters. Shelter personnel assume the responsibility for determining bedtimes, mealtimes, menus and other elements of daily routines, consequently undermining parents' roles (Heflin & Rudy, 1991).
...
This document provides an overview of health care for the homeless, including:
1) It discusses the realities of homelessness in the US, including estimates of the number of people experiencing homelessness on a given night or over a year.
2) It outlines some of the key health challenges faced by homeless populations, such as higher rates of medical and behavioral health conditions, and barriers to accessing continuous health care.
3) It also summarizes characteristics of different homeless subpopulations like families, youth, and those with severe mental illness or substance use disorders.
This presentation examines social housing and housing needs in Toronto and Canada.
Michael Shapcott, Director of Housing and Innovation
www.wellesleyinstitute.com
Follow us on twiter @wellesleyWI
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Housing and Homelessness: A Look at 21 Ontario Cities and Communities
1. Health Canada: Place Matters
Workshop - February 6, 2006
Housing and homelessness:
A look at 21 Ontario cities
and communities
Michael Shapcott, Senior Fellow
Wellesley Central Health Corporation
1
2. Where’s Home?
Detailed, longitudinal study of housing,
homelessness in 21 Ontario
communities by Co-operative Housing
Federation of Canada – Ontario Region,
Ontario Non-Profit Housing Association
Started in 1999 in response to:
links between housing and health
Toronto homelessness task force
2
3. What we know. . .
1. Lack of good quality, affordable
housing affects health
homelessness, insecure housing
higher morbidity and higher mortality
2. Subsidized housing is key factor in
helping the homeless become housed
subsidized housing housed
3
5. The Bruce Report (1934)
A study of Toronto’s slum districts at the
depths of the Great Depression:
“These areas of misery and degradation
exert an unhappy environmental influence
upon many of our citizens.”
Dr. H.A. Bruce, Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario
5
6. Housing and health (1984)
“Inadequate accommodation is not sole
solution to health problems among Toronto’s
poor, but being homeless or living in
unaffordable or substandard housing makes it
difficult, if not impossible, to engage in many
practices that promote health. Moreover,
inadequate housing foster stress which
lowers physical resistance to disease and
exacerbates pre-existing emotional strains.”
Housing and Health: Public Health Implications of the Crisis in Affordable
Housing, Toronto Department of Public Health, 1984
6
7. Homelessness and health
“Specific health effects of homelessness and
underhousing are difficult to separate from often-
associated effects of poverty, unemployment, pre-
existing mental and physical disabilities, and age-
related vulnerabilities in children and the elderly. . .”
“The health effects of homelessness include:
cold injury [hypothermia and frostbite];
cardio-respiratory disease [coronary artery disease, high
blood pressure, emphysema]
tuberculosis;
skin problems [infected and ulcerated lesions];
7
8. Health effects of homelessness
nutritional disorders [leading to a greater risk for infectious
diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, skin disease and
nervous system dysfunction];
sleep deprivation [leading to instability, emotional irritability,
concentration deficits, cognitive impairment, apathy and
behaviour disorders];
children’s mental health disorders [leading to
developmental lags, anxiety, depression, learning
difficulties];
adult psychiatric disorders; and
chronic stress [including insomnia, anxiety, depression,
loss of self-esteem and withdrawal].”
Public inquiry into homelessness and health, 1987
8
9. Morbidity and mortality
“Homeless women and men do not have
‘different’ illnesses than general population.
However, their living circumstances and
poverty affect their ability to cope with health
problems.” - Street Health Report, 1992
Homeless women and men have mortality
rates 8 to 10 times higher than housed
women and men - Dr. Stephen Hwang
9
10. Homeless families in NYC
Predictors of Homelessness Among
Families in New York City: From Shelter
Request to Housing Stability
American Journal of Public Health
Volume 88(1), November 1998,
pp.1651 to 1657
10
11. Method
568 homeless and housed poor families
First interviewed in 1988, then
interviewed again in 1993
Questions:
Who was stably housed (> one year)?
Why were they stably housed?
11
12. Factors not affecting stability
NOT – race, age, pregnancy, persistent
poverty, education, work history,
marriage, teen motherhood, child
poverty, mental illness, substance use,
physical health, incarceration, social ties
domestic violence, childhood
disruptions
12
13. Who was stable?
80% of families who went into
subsidized housing
18% of families who went into
unsubsidized housing
13
14. Only factor affecting stability
Subsidized housing
Marybeth Shinn: “Subsidized housing is
both necessary and sufficient to ‘cure’
homelessness among families.”
14
15. Housing succeeds. . .
“We found that subsidized housing succeeds
in curing homelessness among families,
regardless of behavioral disorders or other
conditions. Whatever their problems –
substance abuse, mental illness, physical
illness or a history of incarceration – nearly all
of the families became stably housed when
they received subsidized housing.”
Marybeth Shinn
15
16. Guelph Campus Co-op, 1913
Established as
a retail co-op in
1913
Started student
housing co-op
16
19. Charles Village, 2003
22 single
units of
supportive
housing in
Kitchener
Multiple-
funding
sources
Geo-thermal
heat source
19
20. Question???
We know that housing is one of key
determinants of health…and that
housing cures homelessness…and we
have plenty of housing successes…
What is state of homelessness
disaster and affordable housing
crisis in Ontario?
20
21. Where’s Home? (1999)
Initial survey of 8 communities:
Barrie, Hamilton-Wentworth, Kitchener-
Waterloo, North Bay, Ottawa-Carleton,
Peel, Peterborough, Toronto
With part 2, another 13 communities:
Cornwall, Oshawa, Guelph, Kingston,
London, Muskoka, Owen Sound, Sarnia,
St. Catharines-Niagara, Sudbury, Thunder
Bay, Timmins, Windsor
21
22. Key findings (1999)
1. On the supply side, rental vacancy rates
were falling in most parts of Ontario
2. Even in areas where rental vacancy rates
were slightly higher, rents were continuing
to increase – causing affordability problems
3. On the affordability side, average rents
were increasing in all parts of Ontario faster
than the rate of inflation
4. On average, tenant household income
declined, even as rents went up
22
23. Key findings (1999) – cont’d
5. Almost half of all tenant households (44%)
had affordability problems
6. Contrary to expectations, biggest
affordability gap reported in Peterborough
(55%), followed by Barrie, Hamilton-
Wentworth, North Bay, Kingston and
Sudbury – all higher than Toronto
7. Owners doing much better overall than
tenant households
8. Almost one-in-four tenant households at risk
of homelessness (300,645 households)
23
24. Key findings (1999) – cont’d
9. Big (47%) increase in tenants paying 50% or more
of income on rent in previous five years
10. Rental production crashed during 1990s (decline in
private sector started in early 1970s, decline in
social housing started with end of federal housing
program in 1993 and provincial program in 1995)
11. Growing need: CMHC estimated Ontario needed
16,000 new rental units on average in 1990s and
20,000 new rental units in 2000s
12. Dwindling rental supply: An estimated 14,000
private rental units lost to demolition / conversion;
an estimated 3,000 subsidized units cancelled
24
25. Key findings (1999) – cont’d
13. Growing homelessness: almost 1.5 million
overnight stays in permanent shelters (not
including Out of Cold, etc.); shelter usage
up 100% over five years in Peterborough,
also up in other communities
14. Growing hunger: 293,105 people served by
food banks monthly; 42% of them children;
biggest increase in food bank usage in
Peterborough, Kitchener-Waterloo
15. Social housing waiting lists up significantly
in every community
25
26. Key findings (2000)
1. Rental vacancy rates fell to 10-year low
2. A slight uptick in number of new rental units (about
2,000 annually), losses to existing rental stock
continued to outpace new construction (about
2,600 units annually), leaving an ongoing net loss
in rental stock
3. Biggest losses were outside Toronto (Ottawa,
Windsor, London, Guelph, Owen Sound, Peel,
Sarnia, Kitchener-Waterloo, Hamilton, St.
Catharines-Niagara)
4. Rents increased in all 21 communities, even in
communities with high vacancy rates
26
27. Key findings (2001)
1. In average year, Ontario loses 50% more
rental housing than is built; over previous
decade, province lost 24,298 rental units
2. There were fewer private rental units in
2001 than in 1991
3. Rental vacancy rates remain critically low
4. Average rents rise at more than double rate
of inflation over previous two years
27
28. Key findings (2004)
1. Rental vacancy rates were up in almost all
communities across Ontario
At top end of market, tenants becoming
homeowners (low mortgage rates)
Drop in net immigration also contributed to lower
vacancy rate
High youth employment forcing young people to
stay at home
2. Rent increases continued to outpace
inflation for most tenants in Ontario
28
29. Key findings (2004) – cont’d
3. Tenant household incomes remained at roughly
half those of owners; tenant and owner incomes
rose at roughly same rate from 1995 to 2000, but
tenants were behind their 1990 levels
4. 42% of tenant households had affordability problem
in 2000 (slightly down from 1995, but up from 1990)
5. 20% of tenant households at risk of homelessness
in 2000 (265,990 households)
6. Cost of renting relative to average wages (2003)
showed carpenters, medical secretaries, labourers,
data entry clerks, retail staff, chefs, cooks, servers
earned less than average rent in selected cities
(Toronto, Ottawa, Hamilton, Sudbury)
29
30. Key findings (2004) – cont’d
7. Rental production (espy affordable /
subsidized rental) remained critically low in
all parts of Ontario
8. Losses to existing rental stock continued to
outpace new construction
9. Overall, loss of 7,660 rental units over ten
years to 2003 (CMHC said Ontario should
have had 172,000 new rental homes)
30
31. Key findings (2005)
1. Overall, rental vacancy rates continued to rise; but
Sudbury (which had the highest vacancy rate in
2000 reported the lowest in 2004) and many other
smaller communities also reported low rates
2. Even with higher vacancy rates, social housing
waiting lists growing longer and number of those in
overcrowded housing (“hidden homeless”)
increasing
3. Rents for most Ontario tenants continued to
outpace inflation
4. Cost of renting continued to outpace average
salaries in key Ontario markets
31
32. Key findings (2005) – cont’d
5. New rental construction remained well
below need (95% of new construction in
ownership market)
6. Modest uptick in rental starts in early 2000s
starting to decline
7. Continuing overall loss in rental market
(Ontario down 16,435 rental units over
previous decade); biggest losses in London,
Ottawa, Peel
32
33. Looking ahead
CMHC released its 2005 rental market reports in
December. Overall trends:
1. Rental vacancy rates are dropping in Ontario after slight
uptick in early 2000s
2. Average rents continuing to increase in most communities
3. Average rent in Ontario is $845 (annual income of $33,800
required to afford that rent – 2/3rds of Ontario renter
households earn less than this amount)
4. Overall number of vacant units in Ontario remains critically
low (23,337 vacant units as set against an estimated
158,000 households on social housing waiting lists)
33
34. The view from CMHC
“…many households are still facing
affordability issues across Canada. Either
these households need to move to less
expensive units or require additional help to
make their monthly shelter costs more
affordable. In many cases, however, there
are not enough vacant units to meet the
needs of all households in core housing need.
Therefore, additional affordable housing units
continue to be required.”
Bob Dugan, Chief Economist
34
35. Key trends (1999 to 2005)
Affordability squeeze
Tenant incomes were stagnant or declining while rents are rising
faster than inflation; as rents reach “price-sensitive thresholds”
tenants (espy youth, seniors, single moms, low / moderate income
households) are literally being priced out of the market
Supply squeeze
Supply of rental housing is down even as need for new rental
housing increases; number of vacant units in private sector is not
enough to meet the housing needs for Ontarians
Cross-Ontario
Not just a big-city issue, supply and, in particular, affordability are
problems throughout Ontario
Private market not helping
In areas where private market have high vacancy rates, affordability
problems are equally intense (ie – market forces are not driving
down rents to affordable levels) – eg, Timmins
35
36. The root causes. . .
Federal:
1984 to 1993 – almost $2 billion cut from spending
1993 – all new housing spending cancelled
1995 – CAP cancelled, social transfers cut
1996 – housing downloaded to provinces
Ontario:
1995 – all new housing spending cancelled
1995 – welfare rates cut
1998 – housing downloaded to municipalities
36
37. Turning it around. . .
The One Percent Solution
$2 billion for a fully-funded
national housing strategy
$2 billion from the provinces
and territories
37
38. Comprehensive strategy
New social housing – 20,000 to 30,000
new units
Supportive housing – 10,000 new units
Rent supplements – 160,000 new units
Shelter and services for the homeless
Renovation funding
38
39. Housing / homelessness gains
Supporting Community Partnerships Initiative and
federal homelessness strategy (December 1999)
Residential Rehabilitation Assistance Program
(December 1999 and federal budget 2003)
Federal Surplus Real Lands for Homelessness
Program (December 1999)
Affordable Housing Framework Agreement
(November 2001 and federal budget 2003)
NDP budget bill (June 2005)
Extension of SCPI and RRAP (November 2005)
39
40. Promised vs. delivered
Fiscal year Ontario promised: Ontario actually delivered:
ending (number of new homes announced by federal and (number of new homes committed as reported
Ontario governments) in audited statements)
2002 9,800 22
2003 13,912 23
2004 22,620 18
Total 46,332 63
40
41. For more information
Finding Room:
Policy Options for
a Canadian Rental
Housing Strategy
J. David Hulchanski,
Michael Shapcott,
editors
www.urbancentre.utoronto.ca
41
42. On the web…
Where’s Home?
Ontario Non-Profit Housing Association
www.onpha.on.ca
Search “Where’s Home”
On-line housing library and links
Centre for Urban and Community Studies,
University of Toronto
www.urbancentre.utoronto.ca
Wellesley Central Health Corporation
www.wellesleycentral.com
42