The document discusses the equity approach and radical approach in planning history and theory. It explains that the equity approach embraces Fraser's theory of social justice, seeking fair distribution of resources, recognition of minority rights, and political representation. Radical planning critiques planning as elitist and seeks decentralization, community participation, and structural changes to promote equality. It emphasizes local spontaneous activism, personal growth, and freedom from external manipulation, but lacks a clear roadmap for implementation.
Local policies and strategies designed to deal with urban decline, decay or transformation are termed as urban renewal.
It is a comprehensive and integrated vision and action which leads to the resolution of urban problems and which seeks to bring about a lasting improvement in the economic, physical, social and environmental conditions of an area that has been subject to change’
With the decision and authority of a governing municipality, rearranging land use, function and ownership features of a socially, economically or structurally decayed part of a certain city .
such as slum zones or brown fields, for the purpose of obtaining a desired, well organized neighbourhood.
Planning and Urban Management-issues & challenges Subodh Shankar
With more and more people shifting to urban areas, the management issues of urban areas are getting complex day by day- posing serious challenges to urban planners and city managers. The slides, with the help of the case study of Curitiba(Brazil), discuss how an architect turned politician, through his innovative approaches solved the complex urban issues in most economical way.
Review of Development Plans/ Master Plans of selected cities of India.KARTHICK KRISHNA
This is an academic assignment done for the purpose to draft a master plan/ development plan. This helps us to identify the concept and context of the various plans and its development proposals applicability and replicability.
Local policies and strategies designed to deal with urban decline, decay or transformation are termed as urban renewal.
It is a comprehensive and integrated vision and action which leads to the resolution of urban problems and which seeks to bring about a lasting improvement in the economic, physical, social and environmental conditions of an area that has been subject to change’
With the decision and authority of a governing municipality, rearranging land use, function and ownership features of a socially, economically or structurally decayed part of a certain city .
such as slum zones or brown fields, for the purpose of obtaining a desired, well organized neighbourhood.
Planning and Urban Management-issues & challenges Subodh Shankar
With more and more people shifting to urban areas, the management issues of urban areas are getting complex day by day- posing serious challenges to urban planners and city managers. The slides, with the help of the case study of Curitiba(Brazil), discuss how an architect turned politician, through his innovative approaches solved the complex urban issues in most economical way.
Review of Development Plans/ Master Plans of selected cities of India.KARTHICK KRISHNA
This is an academic assignment done for the purpose to draft a master plan/ development plan. This helps us to identify the concept and context of the various plans and its development proposals applicability and replicability.
To Download This Register in http://frontdesk.co.in/forum/Thread-Socio-Economic-base-for-Planning-Study-notes
Lecture notes for Master of Planning Students
This presentation is about Urban Development Policy and related programmes/ missions running in India.
'Public policy provides signals and sets the regulatory and institutional framework that influence the actions of all actors including private investors and consumers.', UN Conference on Climate Change 2021.
This presentation brief about National Urban Policy Framework, 2018 and the talks about various policies running for various sectors int the year 2022, like the Economic sector, Housing sector, Transport sector, Infrastructure, Industry, Informal sector, Tourism, Environment and Climate Change.
ROLE OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
Public participation
Stakeholders in spatial planning
A continuum of participation
History of Public participation-Global
Advocacy Planning
Indian context public participation
Amendments toward public participation
Current Scenario-Indian Context
Merits of Public participation
Importance of Public Participation.
Development control rules,
Maharashtra Regional Town Planning Act,
Land acquisition act,
Village planning: Necessity and principles,
Rural developments- Growth
centre approach, Area Development approach, Integrated rural development
approach.
The policy of govt and public sector institutions is to support and develop housing programmes on the basis of availability of resources and on their perception of housing demand and affordability rather than on the basis of the requirements and affordability of prospective beneficiaries.
The National Housing policy of the government of India has highly laid emphasis on the need for public sector agencies to increasingly play the role of a facilitator of the housing process and create the enabling environment in which the requisite inputs would flow into the housing sector more easily than in the past.
To plan a city/region, we require base data on which information extrapolation & decisions may happen. Hence, Identify ‘data needed’, and Identify ‘needs of data’ collection
Inspection survey:
A) Direct :
Observe traffic count/ situation
Observe housing quality
Observe economic activity
Observe social parameters, etc.
B) Indirect:
Clubbing of directly observed ‘indicators’ to generate area’s possible ‘proxy’.
For e.g. housing condition + plot sizes + no. & types of vehicles + consumer goods = income range
. Personal interview/ Dialogue:
A questionnaire is designed beforehand at appropriate scale:
Nominal Scale : Yes or No
Ordinal Scale : Possible options or multiple choice questions
Interval Scale : Range/ intervals like age group or income group
Structured questions are precise and one-way
Semi-structure survey is a two-way information flow. It’s an informal dialogue in which the surveyor might receive new information from respondent/s. however, it depends on;
Behavioural factors of surveyor and respondents
Questions not to be ambiguous or long
Managing conversation and seeking pin-point answers
Judging responses without bias
Recording interview
Avoiding errors
Cross-checking with other respondents
Major land uses to be identified for analysing physical distribution and existing conditions:
Developed
Under-developed
Un-developed
Major uses marked on map are as per the defined regional/city level plans, like;
Urbanizable zone
Industrial zone
Transportation & Communication zone
roads, railways, MRTS, Seaports, Dockyards, Airports, Bus depots/ terminals, freight complexes, transmission and communication
Primary activity zone
Agriculture, poultry, rural settlements, brick kilns, extraction areas
Open area zone
Recreation zone, green buffer zone
Protected/ Eco-sensitive zone
Water bodies, forests, sanctuaries, coastal zone, wetlands, marshy zone
special area zone
Heritage & conservation zone, scenic value, tourism zone, defence area/ zone, border conflict zone
Data regarding demographic characteristics;
Population growth (natural, induced)
Population size (age-wise)
Population density
Population distribution
Gender ratio
Socio-Economic status
Religion
Marital status
Education ratio
School dropouts
Gender-wise enrolment in schools, colleges
Mortality rate (age-wise)
Birth rate
Health rate (in some surveys)
Sample types for doing household/ demographic surveys;
Simple Random sampling
Systematic sampling
Stratified sampling
Cluster sampling
Multistage sampling
There are nine steps involved in the development of a questionnaire:
Decide the information required.
Define the target respondents.
Choose the method(s) of reaching your target respondents.
Decide on question content.
Develop simple & clear wording of questions
Put the questions into a meaningful order and format.
Check the length of the questionnaire.
Pre-test the questionnaire
Develop the final survey form.
A master plan or a development plan or a town plan may be
defined as a
general plan for the future layout of a city showing both the existing and
proposed streets or roads, open spaces, public buildings etc. A master
plan is prepared either for improvement of an old city or for a new
town to be developed on a virgin soil. A master plan is a blueprint for the
future. It is an comprehensive document, long-range in its view, that
is intended to guide development in the
township for the next 10 to 20 years.
The geographers whose prime concern are the problems of society and are trying to formulate more realistic plans for public policy by giving the description and explanation of the phenomena. Through such analysis, they evaluate their plans and suggest suitable strategies for the balanced development.
To Download This Register in http://frontdesk.co.in/forum/Thread-Socio-Economic-base-for-Planning-Study-notes
Lecture notes for Master of Planning Students
This presentation is about Urban Development Policy and related programmes/ missions running in India.
'Public policy provides signals and sets the regulatory and institutional framework that influence the actions of all actors including private investors and consumers.', UN Conference on Climate Change 2021.
This presentation brief about National Urban Policy Framework, 2018 and the talks about various policies running for various sectors int the year 2022, like the Economic sector, Housing sector, Transport sector, Infrastructure, Industry, Informal sector, Tourism, Environment and Climate Change.
ROLE OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
Public participation
Stakeholders in spatial planning
A continuum of participation
History of Public participation-Global
Advocacy Planning
Indian context public participation
Amendments toward public participation
Current Scenario-Indian Context
Merits of Public participation
Importance of Public Participation.
Development control rules,
Maharashtra Regional Town Planning Act,
Land acquisition act,
Village planning: Necessity and principles,
Rural developments- Growth
centre approach, Area Development approach, Integrated rural development
approach.
The policy of govt and public sector institutions is to support and develop housing programmes on the basis of availability of resources and on their perception of housing demand and affordability rather than on the basis of the requirements and affordability of prospective beneficiaries.
The National Housing policy of the government of India has highly laid emphasis on the need for public sector agencies to increasingly play the role of a facilitator of the housing process and create the enabling environment in which the requisite inputs would flow into the housing sector more easily than in the past.
To plan a city/region, we require base data on which information extrapolation & decisions may happen. Hence, Identify ‘data needed’, and Identify ‘needs of data’ collection
Inspection survey:
A) Direct :
Observe traffic count/ situation
Observe housing quality
Observe economic activity
Observe social parameters, etc.
B) Indirect:
Clubbing of directly observed ‘indicators’ to generate area’s possible ‘proxy’.
For e.g. housing condition + plot sizes + no. & types of vehicles + consumer goods = income range
. Personal interview/ Dialogue:
A questionnaire is designed beforehand at appropriate scale:
Nominal Scale : Yes or No
Ordinal Scale : Possible options or multiple choice questions
Interval Scale : Range/ intervals like age group or income group
Structured questions are precise and one-way
Semi-structure survey is a two-way information flow. It’s an informal dialogue in which the surveyor might receive new information from respondent/s. however, it depends on;
Behavioural factors of surveyor and respondents
Questions not to be ambiguous or long
Managing conversation and seeking pin-point answers
Judging responses without bias
Recording interview
Avoiding errors
Cross-checking with other respondents
Major land uses to be identified for analysing physical distribution and existing conditions:
Developed
Under-developed
Un-developed
Major uses marked on map are as per the defined regional/city level plans, like;
Urbanizable zone
Industrial zone
Transportation & Communication zone
roads, railways, MRTS, Seaports, Dockyards, Airports, Bus depots/ terminals, freight complexes, transmission and communication
Primary activity zone
Agriculture, poultry, rural settlements, brick kilns, extraction areas
Open area zone
Recreation zone, green buffer zone
Protected/ Eco-sensitive zone
Water bodies, forests, sanctuaries, coastal zone, wetlands, marshy zone
special area zone
Heritage & conservation zone, scenic value, tourism zone, defence area/ zone, border conflict zone
Data regarding demographic characteristics;
Population growth (natural, induced)
Population size (age-wise)
Population density
Population distribution
Gender ratio
Socio-Economic status
Religion
Marital status
Education ratio
School dropouts
Gender-wise enrolment in schools, colleges
Mortality rate (age-wise)
Birth rate
Health rate (in some surveys)
Sample types for doing household/ demographic surveys;
Simple Random sampling
Systematic sampling
Stratified sampling
Cluster sampling
Multistage sampling
There are nine steps involved in the development of a questionnaire:
Decide the information required.
Define the target respondents.
Choose the method(s) of reaching your target respondents.
Decide on question content.
Develop simple & clear wording of questions
Put the questions into a meaningful order and format.
Check the length of the questionnaire.
Pre-test the questionnaire
Develop the final survey form.
A master plan or a development plan or a town plan may be
defined as a
general plan for the future layout of a city showing both the existing and
proposed streets or roads, open spaces, public buildings etc. A master
plan is prepared either for improvement of an old city or for a new
town to be developed on a virgin soil. A master plan is a blueprint for the
future. It is an comprehensive document, long-range in its view, that
is intended to guide development in the
township for the next 10 to 20 years.
The geographers whose prime concern are the problems of society and are trying to formulate more realistic plans for public policy by giving the description and explanation of the phenomena. Through such analysis, they evaluate their plans and suggest suitable strategies for the balanced development.
Social Work, Politics, and Social Policy Education ApplyingAlleneMcclendon878
Social Work, Politics, and Social Policy Education: Applying
a Multidimensional Framework of Power
Amy Krings , Vincent Fusaro , Kerri Leyda Nicoll, and Na Youn Lee
ABSTRACT
The call to promote social justice sets the social work profession in
a political context. In an effort to enhance social workers’ preparedness to
engage in political advocacy, this article calls on educators to integrate
a broad theoretical understanding of power into social policy curricula. We
suggest the use of a multidimensional conceptualization of power that
emphasizes mechanisms of decision making, agenda control, and attitude
formation. We then apply these mechanisms to demonstrate how two
prominent features of contemporary politics—party polarization and
racially biased attitudes—affect the ability of social workers to influence
policy. Finally, we suggest content that social work educators can integrate
to prepare future social workers to engage in strategic and effective social
justice advocacy.
ARTICLE HISTORY
Accepted: January 2018
As part of their broader mandate, codified in the National Association of Social Workers (2017)
Code of Ethics, social workers are called to advance social and economic justice by participating in
political action with, or on behalf of, disadvantaged groups. The goals of such action are broad
democratic participation, a fair distribution of power and resources, and an equitable distribution of
opportunities (Reisch & Garvin, 2016). To achieve these goals, social workers must go beyond an
analysis of how existing policies reinforce or reduce social problems to recognize and strategically
engage with the power embedded in political processes themselves. This power not only influences
how problems are addressed or ignored but also how they are constructed and understood. Thus, to
be effective practitioners and change agents, it is necessary for social workers to “see power as central
to understanding and addressing social problems and human needs” (Fisher, 1995, p. 196).
At its inception, the social work profession emerged as a leader in shaping policies and programs
that improved the health and well-being of disadvantaged people and families. Social workers played
key roles in policy areas such as aid to families, Social Security, the juvenile court system, minimum
wage, and unemployment insurance (Axinn & Stern, 2012). Over time, external pressures, including
austerity-driven policies that emphasize market-based approaches to social service delivery and the
reduction of the social safety net, have limited the range of microlevel interventions and margin-
alized mezzo- and macrolevel community and policy practice (Abramovitz & Sherraden, 2016;
Reisch, 2000). Consequently, many social work educators have expressed concern that the profession
has become increasingly depoliticized and decontextualized by focusing disproportionately on
individual interventions at the expense of systematic interventions that could help individuals an ...
The place matters. We were born there, have been living and working there, entered there and exited from there. Places are an object of observation from the outside while we experience them from the inside. A place is the most ethnographic level of observation of relational territorialisation.
However, do we really know how territories behave? Can we really observe in practise the notion of the Network Territory? How does the dynamic concept of a territory fit and juxtapose with that of a network?
Some territories are putting all their efforts, thanks to the common work of public, private, and civil agents, into restructuring the post-crisis economic and social system. Nevertheless, can we observe and see what is occurring in these places and territories? How are we supposed to observe those big black boxes with input and output but with an unknown and hardly explainable process? How can we apply hermeneutics to the socially innovating processes in the networked territories at any scale? What tools should we use for this observation? What tools do we want and can we use to intervene? What effect do we ultimately want to have?
All these elements may demand a systemic vision in the cybernetic multi-disciplinary sense that Social Innovation requires and that links with the two main currents of Social Innovation in a coherent way: we are referring to, on the one hand, the more academic approach, with a social justice dimension, aligned towards the Territory and Social Economy and, on the other hand, the more practitioner and policy-making approach, championed by the third-way labour school of thought of the Young Foundation, Nesta and Demos.
This publication is thus to suggest taking a step back to achieve some impulse and present a Territory Systemic Framework from Social Innovation. We mixed elements from
Action Research as a suggestion for the investigation methodology, the way to observe the Territory from the viewpoint or paradigm of Social Innovation. That is to say that we de-constructe the Territory into three scales (#Macro, #Meso and #Micro) to be able to observe, understand, and implement social transformations. What we know now is that the future of Territories is currently determined by two variables: their network-notion and their value of commons. The Territories that are able to mingle with the collective intelligence that is strategically aligned with the understanding of the Territory-Network and Common Welfare will be in a better position to undertake some real processes of Social Innovation within themselves. Which policies, projects, and agents/people should be promoted within the Territories?
And what role do creative atmospheres or ecosystems play?
Let us then answer three questions:
What? Why? How? That is to say, Territory, Social Innovation, and Action Research.
RESPONDwrite one responses to the two colleagues in one of the.docxmackulaytoni
RESPOND
write one
responses to the two
colleagues in one of the following ways:
Provide an alternative suggestion of how program evaluation can be used.
Provide support or an alternative perspective on the elements of program evaluation.
·
RE: Discussion - Week 1 1st person
COLLAPSE
As a State Correctional employee, we often use evaluations to analyze in-service training, policy reviews, programs and services, etc. It may seem as if we are over evaluating; however, this helps to ensure our services are effective.
Westat (2010) says the two reasons program evaluation exists, as written for the National Science Foundation, is to “improve a project” and “document what has been achieved” (p. 3).
The most consistent with my interest is program improvement. For instance, we had four different in-service courses with the same course information. An evaluation was passed out to the students at the end of the course to provide their opinion of the course. The comments prompted the instructors to redesign four courses into one. Evaluations are essential tool in Corrections because it allows us to
document our achievements, which will result in data to support our reentry programs.
References:
Westat, J. F. (Ed.). (2010). The 2010 user-friendly handbook for project evaluation. Retrieved
from https://www.westat.com/sites/westat.com/files/2010UFHB.pdf
2-person
initial post WK1D1
COLLAPSE
In my work with community corrections, I have not conducted any type of program evaluation; however, I understand program evaluation is designed to answer some key questions about a program’s effectiveness to the stakeholders (community, participants and staff). The overarching idea behind program evaluation is to ascertain if those who should benefit from the program are actually benefiting and if those performing the services to the community are skilled at providing the services. Another important aspect of program evaluation is to determine whether the allocated resources for the services are sufficient for addressing the needs of the population (The Program Manager’s Guide to Evaluation, 2010).
In looking at this week’s resources, Langbein (2012) identifies some distinct differences between program and project (p.3). A program is described as “ongoing services or activities” (Langbein, 2012, p. 3) while projects are intended to be one-time activities that has long-lasting sustainable impact on communities (p. 3). Thus, program evaluations should help determine the extent of a program’s success or lack thereof (what works and what does not work) as well as provide insight on navigating areas where unexpected circumstances occur (Westat, 2010). In short, program evaluations provide managers and administrators the data needed to prove or disprove the value of a program which ultimately impacts the design, management and funding of a project (p. 4).
In my current job capacity, I have observed a program that had been .
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
1. PLANNING HISTORY AND THEORY
M. PLAN I SEM I
ASSIGNMENT : Equity Approach and Radical Approach
SUBMITTED TO: PROF. RAJENDRASINH PARDESHI
PROF. RUCHI GANDHI
SUBMITTED BY: BHAVESH PATEL
2. According to Fraser there are different approaches to social justice. One related to redistribution, which seeks a
more just distribution of resources and goods and another one, based on “politics of recognition”, which
intends to achieve social justice through the acknowledgement of the rights of minorities. In addition to these
two dimensions, Fraser adds a third one regarding representation in the political sphere. Representation serves
to account for “ordinary political injustices”, which arise internally, within bound political communities and
“meta-political injustices” which arise in the dimension of transnational political spaces, shifting the framework
of analysis from a national to a transnational perspective. However, in order to seek more equitable societies, it
is crucial to move beyond these approaches. Since these different optics of reality are overlapping, neither one
of them can achieve social justice without taking into account the other.
The equity approach embraces Fraser’s theory of social justice, understanding that redistribution, recognition
and representation are equally important. As mentioned in the 2015 Approaches to Equity Report, at its heart,
the equity approach addresses the needs of people who suffer from multiple, overlapping deprivations —
those who are the worst off — to enable their personal fulfilment. Equity is broadly defined in terms of fairness
and avoidance of unnecessary deprivations. The main objective behind implementing an equity approach is
the realization of human rights but this approach also has other outcomes, such as improving economic
growth, cost efficiency, sustainability and social cohesion that deserve to be mentioned.
SEM
1
EQUITY
APPROACH
AND
RADICAL
APPROACH
PLANNING
HISTORY
AND
THEORY
2
EQUITY APPROACH
3. Equity planning tries to provide more choices for those who have few and to redistribute resources. political
power, and participation toward the lower-income, disadvantaged residents of their cities. Early equity plans
were adopted in several cities by official planning agencies. Since that time equity planning has expanded
beyond city planning departments and commissions. Social equity is now the primary focus of non profit
community planning. regional planning, and other groups that use city planning techniques and often employ
planners. They include community development corporations; public interest research groups (PIRGs); and
groups working on the environment, access to healthy food, workforce development, and other issues. It
seems clear that the most effective contemporary planning for social equity is now taking place within the
community planning field, and the issues of sustainability, income inequality, and the diversification of our
society suggest the probable expansion of equity planning in the future.
SEM
1
EQUITY
APPROACH
AND
RADICAL
APPROACH
PLANNING
HISTORY
AND
THEORY
3
EQUITY APPROACH
4. Radical planning is a stream of urban planning which seeks to manage development in
an equitable and community-based manner. The seminal text to the radical planning movement
is Foundations for a Radical Concept in Planning (1973), by Stephen Grabow and Allen Heskin. Grabow and
Heskin provided a critique of planning as elitist, centralizing and change-resistant, and proposed a new
paradigm based upon systems change, decentralization, communal society, facilitation of human
development and consideration of ecology. Grabow and Heskin were joined by Head of Department of Town
Planning from the Polytechnic of the South Bank Shean McConnell, and his 1981 work Theories for Planning.
In 1987 John Friedmann entered the fray with Planning in the Public Domain: From Knowledge to Action,
promoting a radical planning model based on “decolonization”, “democratization”, “self-empowerment” and
“reaching out”. Friedmann described this model as an “Agropolitan development” paradigm, emphasizing
the re-localization of primary production and manufacture. In “Toward a Non-Euclidian Mode of Planning"
(1993) Friedmann further promoted the urgency of decentralizing planning, advocating a planning paradigm
that is normative, innovative, political, trans active and based on a social learning approach to knowledge
and policy.
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5. Radical planning usually occurs in a totalitarian society, where citizens do not have sufficient means to voice
their concerns. Radical planning disciples believe that radical movement should be conducted as a critic to
transform the society (Friedmann 1987, Beard 2003). The goal of radical planning is the emancipation of
humanity from social oppression by the state and inequality generated by the market. Radical planning
theory expects minimum intervention from the state or other forces, while inviting maximum participation
from the community. This theory rose as critics of the social structure that reflecting elitist, centralizing, and
change-resistant tendencies (Alinsky, 1969; Grabow and Heskin, 1973).
According to Hudson (1979), there are two mainstreams in radical planning thinking. The first mainstream is
related to spontaneous activism, guided by an idealistic but pragmatic vision of self reliance and mutual aid.
Radical planning focuses on the importance of personal growth, cooperative spirit, and freedom from
manipulation by external forces. This first mainstream expects that change can immediately happen in the
near future. Changes in radical planning theory usually occur in local level, because it is the focus of radical
planners; short term, local level. These characteristics lead to the need of vision as one of the criteria to
evaluate radical planning in this paper. It is believed that radical planners need to have long-term vision to
direct the social transformation.
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6. The second mainstream of radical planning theory takes a more critical and comprehensive view at large
scale social processes; such as the effect of class structure and economic relationship, the control exercised
by culture and media, the historical dynamics of social movements, confrontations, alliances, and struggles
(Hudson, 1979). This stream seems to correct the first mainstream that has focus on local level. In the
second mainstream, the focus is on the bigger lens; the state. This view expects to challenge the structure of
social and economic life at all levels. The similarity of the two mainstreams is on the goal, which is social
transformation, instead of social guidance.
Radical planners have central role to mobilize collective action of the society. They can play their role as
mediators, negotiators, and activists. These roles of radical planners require necessary skills such as
communication, negotiation, knowledge, and leadership. Communication skill is appropriate to solve
conflict through mediated negotiation. In mediated communication, planners attempt to forge a working
agreement among two or more groups that approach an issue with differing viewpoints or goals (Brooks,
2002). What makes interesting is that the mediated negotiation used by planners to solve the conflicts does
not depend solely on their formal responsibilities, but also on their informal initiatives, such as conducting
informal meeting. We must also need to understand that different actors have different strategies, and
therefore there is no single solution and strategy for a problem. It is important to note that communication
skill does not exclusively belong to radical planning theory, but this also applies to other planning theories.
Brooks (2002) underlines the importance of communication for all planners to be able to communicate with
all levels in the society.
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7. Meaning and Characteristics:
Radicals call for a more progressive approach to planning, following not – satisfactory – enough outcomes of
Advocacy planning experiments.
Call for decentralization, ecological attentiveness and spontaneous activism guided by a vision of self-reliance
and mutual aid.
Radical planning emphasizes the importance of personal growth, cooperative spirit, and freedom from
manipulation by anonymous forces.
It calls for structural changes to promote equality, participation and legitimacy in planning.
Critique:
Radical planning is an ambiguous tradition, no clear road map for doing planning.
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8. References:
• Alinsky, S. (1969). Reveille for Radicals. Random House: New York.
• Beard, V.A. (2003). Learning Radical Planning: The Power of Collective Action. Planning Theory, Vol. 2(13): 13-
35.
• Brooks, M. (2002). Planning Theory for Practitioners. Planners Press: Chicago, IL.
• Friedmann, J. (1987). Planning in the Public Domain: From Knowledge to Action. Princeton University Press:
Priceton, NJ.
• Grabow, H., and Heskin, A. (1973). Foundations for a Radical Concept of Planning. Journal of the American
Institute for Planners, pp. 106-114.
• Hudson, B.M. (1979). Comparison of Current Planning Theories. Journal of American Planning Association,
pp. 387-398
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_urban_planning#:~:text=Radical%20planning%20is%20a%20strea
m,Stephen%20Grabow%20and%20Allen%20Heskin
• https://yudoanggoro.wordpress.com/2012/05/16/radical-planning/
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