Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) develop within 48-72 hours of admission to a hospital for a different illness. Common types include urinary tract, bloodstream, lung, and wound infections. Risk factors include indwelling catheters, drainage tubes, and intubation. Organisms like K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, and E. coli are common causes. Prevention strategies include using sterile drainage systems, properly inserting and maintaining IVs and catheters, and following sterile techniques during respiratory procedures and surgery. HAIs can spread through the air, contact, or medical equipment. Reducing environmental pathogens and ensuring sterility of equipment and personnel hands are important to prevent transmission. Carriers of disease and deficiencies in

2.  Clinical infection that develops within 48-72
hrs of admission to a hospital for treatment
of a different initial illness; these infections
are neither overtly present nor within the
incubation period in the patients at the time
of admission, and are often due to
organisms endemic in the institution.

3.  Healthcare associated urinary tract infections
(HUTI)
 Healthcare associated bacteremia
 Healthcare associated pneumonia
 Healthcare associated wound infections
 Healthcare associated infections due to
hepatitis viruses B and C
 Healthcare associated episodes of tetanus
 Healthcare associated episodes of
gastroenteritis

4.  RISK FACTORS: 80% cases are due to
indwelling urinary catheters; poor aseptic
preparation at the time of insertion
 Drainage tube contamination
 Colonisation of drainage bag
 Commonly infecting organisms:
K.pnuemoniae, K.oxytoca, E.faecalis,
Proteus spp, E.coli

5.  How can you prevent the infection??
Use a continuously closed sterile drainage
system.

6.  RISK FACTORS: indwelling intravenous
catheters
 Common infecting organisms: S.epidermidis,
E.faecalis, S.aureus, Candida spp
 How to prevent infection??
Proper skin disinfection, use sterile dressings,
site to be checked regularly, cannula to be
changed every 48 hrs

7.  RISK FACTORS: use of respiratory tract
instrumentation or ventilatory assistance,
impaired pulmonary clearance
 Common infecting organisms: K.pneumoniae,
P.aeruginosa, S.aureus, Enterobacter spp,
E.coli
 How to prevent infection? Frequent suctioning
of secretions using sterile techniques,
respiratory associated apparatus to be
maintained in sterile condition

8.  RISK FACTORS: prolonged surgical
procedure, prolonged immobilisation
 Common infecting organisms: E.coli,
E.faecalis, S.aureus
 How to prevent infection? Maintain strict
asepsis during surgery, try to restore mobility
ASAP after surgery

9.  Self infection (autoinfection)
 Cross-infection (Direct, Air, Hospital
personnel)
 Infections from environmental sources
(hospital Air, Surfaces, Inanimate objects)

10.  Aerial route
 Oral route
 Contact route
 Parenteral route

11.  Reduce microbial population of the hospital
environment
 Eliminate danger of transmission (from
hospital personnel to patient, patient to
personnel to patient, patient to patient)
 Manage linen, equipment and other
inanimate objects to prevent them from
becoming sources of cross-contamination

12.  Hand hygiene
 Personal protective equipment (PPE)
 Injection safety
 Environmental cleaning
 Medical equipment
 Respiratory hygiene/Cough etiquette

13.  Carriers are responsible for the outbreak by
providing a continuous reservoir of
pathogenic microorganisms
 Single source of pathogen
 There have been deficiencies in the
technique adopted in the day-to-day
operations in the affected area.

14. THANK YOU!!