The document contains multiple physics problems related to quantum mechanics, including:
1) Calculating the de Broglie wavelength of electrons in different energy levels of the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom.
2) Calculating wavelengths and energies of photons and electrons given specific values.
3) Determining the potential difference needed to accelerate electrons to specific wavelengths or energies.
4) Calculating kinetic energies, momentum uncertainties, and diffraction angles given experimental conditions and measurements.
Heisgnberg principle, energy levels & atomic spectraNoor Fatima
Heisgnberg principle, energy levels & atomic spectra word document full discription on these topics avaivale can be used as presentations or assignments. hope so it may help
Heisgnberg principle, energy levels & atomic spectraNoor Fatima
Heisgnberg principle, energy levels & atomic spectra word document full discription on these topics avaivale can be used as presentations or assignments. hope so it may help
Lecture slides from a class introducing quantum mechanics to non-majors, giving an overview of black-body radiation, the photoelectric effect, and the Bohr model. Used as part of a course titled "A Brief history of Timekeeping," as a lead-in to talking about atomic clocks
Lecture slides from a class introducing quantum mechanics to non-majors, giving an overview of black-body radiation, the photoelectric effect, and the Bohr model. Used as part of a course titled "A Brief history of Timekeeping," as a lead-in to talking about atomic clocks
6) A beam of light with red and blue components of wavelengths.docxalinainglis
6) A beam of light with red and blue components of wavelengths 670 nm and 425 nm,
respectively, strikes a slab of fused quartz at an incident angle of 30o. On refraction, the
different components are separated by an angle of 0.001312 rad. If the index of
refractions of the red light is 1.4925, what is the index of refraction of the blue light?
Week 5 Assignment
Early Quantum Theory
Please solve the following problems. You must show all work for full/partial credit.
When complete, attach a typed cover sheet and submit to the assignment drop-box.
1) The walls of a blackbody cavity are at a temperature of 27o C. What is the frequency
of the radiation of maximum intensity?
2) Assume that a 100 – W light bulb gives off 2.50% of its energy as visible light. How
many photons of visible light are given off in 1.00 min? (Use an average visible
wavelength of 550 nm)
3) What is the energy of photons (joules) emitted by an 107.5-MHz FM radio station?
4) What is the longest wavelength of light that will emit electrons from a metal whose
work function is 3.50 eV?
5) A metal with a work function of 2.40 eV is illuminated by a beam of monochromatic
light. If the stopping potential is 2.5V, what is the wavelength of the light?
6) What is the de Broglie wavelength of a 1000 kg car moving at a velocity of 25 m/s?
7) A hydrogen atom in its ground state is excited to the n = 5 level. It then makes a
transition directly to the n = 2 level before returning to the ground state.
a) What are the wavelengths of the emitted photons?
b) Would any of the emitted wavelengths be in the visible region?
8) What is the longest wavelength light capable of ionizing a hydrogen atom in the
ground state?
Week 6 Assignment
Quantum Mechanics of Atoms
Please solve the following problems. You must show all work for full/partial credit.
When complete, attach a typed cover sheet and submit to the assignment drop-box.
1) What is the minimum uncertainty in the velocity of an electron that is known to be
somewhere between 0.050 nm and 0.10 nm from a proton?
2) The energy of the first excited state of a hydrogen atom is -0.34 eV ± 0.0003 eV.
What is the average lifetime of for this state?
3) Knowing that a free neutron has a mean life of 900 s and a mass of m = 1.67 x 10-
27kg, what is the uncertainty in its mass in kg?
4) For n = 5, l = 4, what are the possible values of and ml and ms?
5) Draw the ground state energy level diagrams for nitrogen (N) and potassium (K).
6) Calculate the magnitude of the angular momentum of an electron in the n = 7, l= 5
state of hydrogen.
Week 7 Assignment
Nuclear Physics
Please solve the following problems. You must show all work for full/partial credit.
When complete, attach a typed cover sheet and submit to the assignment drop-box.
1) What is the approximate atomic radius of
2) What is the approximate radius of a nucleus?
(b) Approximately what is the value.
60508_paticle like properties of waves.pptxClaireSadicon
Discussion of Properties of Waves
The particle-like properties of electromagnetic radiation
Classical Postulates
Einstein theory
Black Body Radiation
Stefan's radiation law
Wein's displacement law
Rayleigh-Jeans Formula
Planck’s Theory and Radiation Law
The Compton Effect
Bremsstrahlung and X-Ray Production
Pair production
Electron-Positron Annihilation
Physics Sample Paper with General Instruction for Class - 12Learning Three Sixty
Learning 360 brings “Physics sample paper” for CLASS – 12. This document also carries 31 questions with solution of each given question for better understanding of the students. Download for free now; http://www.learning360.net/study_hub/1090-2/
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
1. Homework of Chapter 39
39.5 In the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, what is the de Broglie wavelength for the electron when it
is in a) the n = 1 level and b) the n = 4 level? In each case, compare the de Broglie wavelength to the
circumference 2rn of the orbit.
39.9 If a photon and an electron each have the same energy of 20 eV, a) find the wavelength of each. If a
photon and an electron each have the same wavelength of 250 nm, b) find the energy of each. You want to
study an organic molecule that is about 250 nm long using either a photon or an electron microscope. c)
Approximately what wavelength should you use, and which probe, the electron or the photon, is likely to
damage the molecule the least?
39.12 Through what potential difference must electrons be accelerated so they will have a) the same
wavelength as an X- ray of wavelength 0.150 nm and b) the same energy as the x ray in part (a)?
39.13 A beam of neutrons that all have the same energy scatters from the atoms that have a spacing of
0.090 nm in the surface plane of a crystal. The m = 1 intensity maximum occurs when the angle is 28.6°
as shown in the below figure. What is the kinetic energy (in eV) of each neutron in the beam?
39.18 The uncertainty in the y-component of a proton's position is 2.0x10-12
m. a) what is the minimum
uncertainty in a simultaneous measurement of the y-component of the proton's velocity? b) What is the
minimum uncertainty in a simultaneous measurement of the z-coordinate of the electron when the
uncertainty in the z-component of an electron's velocity is 0.25 m/s?
39.20. a) The x-coordinate of an electron is measured with an uncertainty of 0.20 mm. Calculate the x-
component of the electron's velocity (vx) if the minimum percentage uncertainty in a simultaneous
measurement of vx is 1.0%? b) Calculate vx for a proton with the same situation.
38.22 The unstable W+
particle has a rest energy of 80.40 GeV (it is known that 1 GeV = 109
eV) and an
uncertainty in rest energy of 2.06 GeV. Estimate the lifetime of the W+
particle.
39.37 a) Calculate the energy of a photon that has wavelength 0.10 m. b) Through approximately
compute the potential difference must electrons be accelerated so that they will exhibit wave nature in
passing through a pinhole 0.10 m in diameter and their speed. c) if protons rather than electrons were
used, compute the potential difference would protons have to be accelerated so they would exhibit wave
nature in passing through this pinhole and their speed.
39.39 A beam of photons having the wavelength 150 nm and an electron beam having the same energy as
photons pass through the same slit. The first minimum of diffraction pattern observed on a distant screen
occurs at the angle 25.0o
from the center line for photon beam. a) Calculate the slit’s width. b) Calculate
the deflected angle relative to the centerline where no electron is detected.
39.47 Suppose that the uncertainty in position of a particle in a particular direction is 40% of its de Broglie
wavelength. Show that in this case the simultaneous minimum uncertainty in its momentum component
along the same direction is also 40% of its momentum.
39.49. The radii of atomic nuclei are of the order of 5.0x10-15
m. a) Estimate the minimum uncertainty in
the momentum of an electron if it is confined within a nucleus. b) Take this uncertainty in momentum to
be an estimate of the magnitude of the momentum, then use the relativistic relationship between energy
and momentum, E2
= (mc2
)2
+ (pc)2
, to estimate of the kinetic energy of an electron confined within a
2. nucleus. c) Compare the energy calculated in part (b) to the magnitude of the Coulomb potential energy of
a proton and an electron separated by 5.0x10-15
m.
39.53. Suppose that your mass is 60.0 kg and you would have wavelength of 1.0 m to undergo
considerable diffraction in moving through a doorway. a) Calculate your speed to have that wavelength b)
At the speed calculated in part (a), how many years would it take you to move 0.80 m (one step)? Will you
notice diffraction effects as you walk through doorways?
39.55 In another universe the value of Planck's constant is 6.63x10-22
J.s. Assume that the physical laws
and all other physical constants are the same as in our universe. In this universe, an atom is in an excited
state 4.50 eV above the ground state. The lifetime of electron to stay at this excited state is 2.24x10-3
s.
What is the minimum uncertainty in the energy (in eV) of the photon emitted when the atom make the
transition from this excited state to the ground state.
39.56. For X-rays with wavelength 0.03 nm, the m = 1 intensity maximum for a
crystal occurs when the angle (shown in the right figure) is 35.8°. At what angle
does the m = 1 maximum occur when a beam of 4.50 keV electrons is used instead?
Assume that the electrons also scatter from the atoms in the surface plane of this
same crystal.