Thad Williamson discusses alternative approaches to measuring and understanding poverty. He argues poverty is best understood as a clustering of social and economic disadvantages that constrain well-being and human functioning, not just as an income level. He presents data showing that in Richmond, 36% of households fall below half the U.S. median income, 48% fall below 70% of the median, and 14% earn less than $10,000 annually, suggesting poverty and economic insecurity affect nearly half the city's population. Williamson advocates considering poverty through a "capabilities" lens that focuses on expanding human capacities beyond just income.
Immanuel Wallerstein was born in 1930 in New York where he grew up and obtained his BS, MA, and PhD degrees from Columbia University where he remained a faculty member from 1958 to 1971. He aimed to provide a new theoretical paradigm to guide investigations into the emergence of capitalism, industrialization, and national states by achieving a conceptual break from modernization theories.
1. The document discusses common relationship problems, family disputes, and their negative impact on children. It notes that witnessing fights and disrespect between parents can cause children to experience depression, lack social skills, and have poor self-esteem.
2. Some of the relationship issues highlighted include lack of understanding and communication between spouses, financial dependence of women, male-dominated attitudes, and interference from in-laws.
3. To gain respect and independence, the document argues that women should be financially self-sufficient and that couples should make efforts to understand each other, give respect, appreciate each other's work, and resolve disputes privately without involving children.
This document discusses how socioeconomic status impacts students' education. It begins by outlining the demographics of poverty in the US and differences among racial groups. It then examines achievement gaps in test scores, graduation rates, and college retention between low-income and higher-income students. Many poor-performing schools are located in low-income areas and have high populations of disadvantaged students. Finally, it analyzes how factors like home and community support, nutrition, shelter, and clothing can influence low-income students' educational experiences and outcomes.
Presentation impact of discrimination for lgbtLeslyCortez2
Â
The document discusses the impact of discrimination on LGBTQ+ communities. It notes that while many LGBTQ+ people deal well with systemic discrimination, experiences with discrimination can lead to higher rates of emotional distress, depression, and anxiety. It also discusses how LGBTQ+ people may feel pressure to fit societal gender norms and can face ridicule, intimidation, or abuse if they do not. Even with increasing acceptance, many still face discrimination at work, school, and socially. This discrimination negatively impacts mental health by increasing rates of depression and anxiety among LGBTQ+ communities. The document outlines a campaign aimed at improving understanding of discriminatory behaviors and their effects.
Seasonal migration for livelihood in indiaAnoop K Mishra
Â
This document discusses types of migration and theories of migration based on a study by Rao in 2001. It then summarizes findings from a study comparing migration patterns in Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Some key findings include: in AP 25% of households migrated compared to 52% in MP; in AP 16% of income came from outside village work while over 50% did in MP; land ownership negatively correlated with migration in MP but not AP; scheduled tribes and castes migrated more in both states. Skilled migration helped improve lives through investments in homes, education, and marriages.
The document summarizes information about urban poor families in 3 sections. It begins by defining urban areas and the urbanization process. It then discusses who the poor are, noting they often lack basic needs, assets, opportunities, and access to services. The third section defines urban poor families as those living in cities whose income falls below the poverty line. It lists common problems as lack of decent housing, insufficient services, lack of jobs, and spread of diseases. Common occupations include sidewalk vending, scavenging, and driving. Frequent illnesses include dengue, sexually transmitted diseases, diarrhea, and food poisoning.
Poverty is defined as not having enough money for basic needs like food, water, shelter, and toilets. It is most prevalent in developing areas of Africa, Latin America, and parts of Asia, and can be caused by factors like illiteracy, changing economic trends, lack of education, overpopulation, and diseases. There are two main types of poverty: absolute poverty where basic survival needs are not met, and relative poverty where a family's standard of living is below that of the overall society. Proposed solutions to poverty include promoting peace, education, job opportunities, charitable donations, and greater government assistance programs.
Globalization and poverty are controversial issues. While globalization can lead to economic growth through increased trade and investment, it also widens inequality gaps and disproportionately impacts developing regions. Globalization promotes the interests of developed nations over poorer ones, making them more reliant on unstable foreign industries and employment. However, globalization itself is not the sole cause of poverty and, if implemented carefully and inclusively, it could still help develop nations compete internationally. The relationship between the two phenomena is complex with reasonable arguments on both sides.
Immanuel Wallerstein was born in 1930 in New York where he grew up and obtained his BS, MA, and PhD degrees from Columbia University where he remained a faculty member from 1958 to 1971. He aimed to provide a new theoretical paradigm to guide investigations into the emergence of capitalism, industrialization, and national states by achieving a conceptual break from modernization theories.
1. The document discusses common relationship problems, family disputes, and their negative impact on children. It notes that witnessing fights and disrespect between parents can cause children to experience depression, lack social skills, and have poor self-esteem.
2. Some of the relationship issues highlighted include lack of understanding and communication between spouses, financial dependence of women, male-dominated attitudes, and interference from in-laws.
3. To gain respect and independence, the document argues that women should be financially self-sufficient and that couples should make efforts to understand each other, give respect, appreciate each other's work, and resolve disputes privately without involving children.
This document discusses how socioeconomic status impacts students' education. It begins by outlining the demographics of poverty in the US and differences among racial groups. It then examines achievement gaps in test scores, graduation rates, and college retention between low-income and higher-income students. Many poor-performing schools are located in low-income areas and have high populations of disadvantaged students. Finally, it analyzes how factors like home and community support, nutrition, shelter, and clothing can influence low-income students' educational experiences and outcomes.
Presentation impact of discrimination for lgbtLeslyCortez2
Â
The document discusses the impact of discrimination on LGBTQ+ communities. It notes that while many LGBTQ+ people deal well with systemic discrimination, experiences with discrimination can lead to higher rates of emotional distress, depression, and anxiety. It also discusses how LGBTQ+ people may feel pressure to fit societal gender norms and can face ridicule, intimidation, or abuse if they do not. Even with increasing acceptance, many still face discrimination at work, school, and socially. This discrimination negatively impacts mental health by increasing rates of depression and anxiety among LGBTQ+ communities. The document outlines a campaign aimed at improving understanding of discriminatory behaviors and their effects.
Seasonal migration for livelihood in indiaAnoop K Mishra
Â
This document discusses types of migration and theories of migration based on a study by Rao in 2001. It then summarizes findings from a study comparing migration patterns in Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Some key findings include: in AP 25% of households migrated compared to 52% in MP; in AP 16% of income came from outside village work while over 50% did in MP; land ownership negatively correlated with migration in MP but not AP; scheduled tribes and castes migrated more in both states. Skilled migration helped improve lives through investments in homes, education, and marriages.
The document summarizes information about urban poor families in 3 sections. It begins by defining urban areas and the urbanization process. It then discusses who the poor are, noting they often lack basic needs, assets, opportunities, and access to services. The third section defines urban poor families as those living in cities whose income falls below the poverty line. It lists common problems as lack of decent housing, insufficient services, lack of jobs, and spread of diseases. Common occupations include sidewalk vending, scavenging, and driving. Frequent illnesses include dengue, sexually transmitted diseases, diarrhea, and food poisoning.
Poverty is defined as not having enough money for basic needs like food, water, shelter, and toilets. It is most prevalent in developing areas of Africa, Latin America, and parts of Asia, and can be caused by factors like illiteracy, changing economic trends, lack of education, overpopulation, and diseases. There are two main types of poverty: absolute poverty where basic survival needs are not met, and relative poverty where a family's standard of living is below that of the overall society. Proposed solutions to poverty include promoting peace, education, job opportunities, charitable donations, and greater government assistance programs.
Globalization and poverty are controversial issues. While globalization can lead to economic growth through increased trade and investment, it also widens inequality gaps and disproportionately impacts developing regions. Globalization promotes the interests of developed nations over poorer ones, making them more reliant on unstable foreign industries and employment. However, globalization itself is not the sole cause of poverty and, if implemented carefully and inclusively, it could still help develop nations compete internationally. The relationship between the two phenomena is complex with reasonable arguments on both sides.
Poverty is defined as a lack of material possessions necessary to live a decent quality of life. In the Philippines, over 22 million people, more than one-fifth of the population, live below the national poverty line. Poverty has negative impacts on health and development, as those living in poverty experience worse physical and mental health outcomes and are at higher risk for unhealthy behaviors. Poverty also affects children's growth and development both physically and cognitively. While some believe poverty can be overcome through hard work alone, reports show many Filipinos work hard yet remain in poverty due to unstable socioeconomic conditions.
Gender identity and sexual orientation powerpointNathan Dorval
Â
The document defines key terms related to gender identity and sexual orientation such as gender identity, gender expression, transgender, cisgender, and more. It then discusses main points about the LGBTQ community including health risks faced by lesbians from behaviors like smoking and the negative impacts of discrimination. It also covers bold ideas around prohibiting employment discrimination and perspectives on schools providing more support for LGBTQ students.
Homelessness is defined as lacking stable housing or living in shelters, warming centers, or other inadequate locations. The top three causes of family homelessness are lack of affordable housing, poverty, and unemployment, while the top three causes for single individuals are substance abuse, mental illness, and lack of affordable housing. An estimated 100 million people worldwide were homeless in 2005, including 40% of youth and 1 out of every 50 children in the US. Countries assist the homeless through services providing food, shelter, and clothing run by community groups and governments.
Sexism is portrayed in various media sources such as TV shows, movies, advertisements and books. A survey of 23 people found that most had witnessed sexism towards women, including portrayals of women as inferior or belonging in the kitchen. However, opinions varied on whether sexism is a major problem, with about half believing it is a problem and half not seeing it as a big deal. While some media sources portray women in sexual or subservient roles, the impact of these portrayals is unclear according to the survey responses.
The document discusses poverty around the world. It defines poverty as a lack of basic needs including food, shelter, water, education, and healthcare. Poverty can be absolute, with income below a minimum level to afford basic needs, or relative, with income 50% below the average. The document then lists causes of poverty such as corruption, lack of education, overpopulation, and economic issues. Effects of poverty include problems with health, society, and the economy. Some solutions proposed are creating jobs, access to services, empowering women, and microfinancing. In 2015, 10% of the world lived in extreme poverty of less than $1.90 per day.
Gay marriage, also known as same-sex marriage, is the marriage between two people of the same sex. While some cultures have accepted same-sex unions throughout history, gay marriage is a recent development and is still controversial. Supporters argue that denying gay people the right to marry denies them equal rights and benefits. However, others argue that gay marriage weakens traditional family values or goes against certain religious beliefs. The debate around legalizing gay marriage involves discussions of ethics, equality, and how society defines marriage.
Poverty in America is a slideshow final I did to bring awareness to the rising issue of Poverty for one of my Human Service classes. Again, I hope to demonstrate my ability and dedication.
1. The theory focuses on consumption values that influence consumer choice, including functional, social, emotional, epistemic, and conditional values.
2. These values make differential contributions to consumer choices in specific contexts. For example, functional value may influence purchase of gold coins more than other values.
3. A choice can be influenced by multiple consumption values simultaneously. Buying a home may provide functional, social, emotional, epistemic, and conditional value.
O3b Networks is launching a satellite-based telecommunications infrastructure to provide broadband internet access globally by the end of 2010. Facebook has over 300 million users, more than 70% of whom are outside the US. Mobile phone penetration has reached over 90% in many countries, providing an opportunity to distribute audio Bibles digitally to more people worldwide.
Della reflects on how her view of teaching mathematics has changed from solely using traditional classroom methods like chalkboards and textbooks to realizing she now has many online resources available from mentors across the Caribbean and worldwide through the internet. She feels energized and empowered with her newfound knowledge to bring math to life for her students and motivate them to do well, hoping to impart what she has learned in a way that enhances their education and spiritual growth.
This document provides information about whitewater kayaking opportunities in Kentucky for paddlers of different experience levels. It discusses the class rating system for river rapids from class 1 being very small rough areas to class 6 being extremely dangerous. Examples are given for novice, moderate, and challenging rivers in Kentucky along with their class ratings and locations. Safety tips are also outlined, such as wearing a helmet, personal flotation device, and having a whistle, first aid kit, and cell phone. Contact information is given for local kayaking clubs and additional online resources for planning a kayaking trip.
This document discusses how songs can be used in language learning. It notes that songs help students learn vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation and listening skills. They enhance memory and can help with classroom management. The document provides tips for using songs, such as modeling lyrics, having students sing, and using songs that fit the lesson topic like parts of the body, animals or food. It recommends pre-teaching new words and playing the song repeatedly. Songs should not be overused or too difficult. Suggested online resources for educational songs are also provided.
The document outlines a lesson plan about the branches of government and geography of Colombia. It includes dividing students into groups to present on topics like the Colombian state, territories, population, and using an activity with lemons to demonstrate how people can look different on the outside but be similar on the inside. The lesson aims to teach students about the executive, legislative and judicial branches, geography terms like longitude and latitude, diversity in Colombia, and that despite surface level differences, fundamentally people are alike.
The Digital Bible Platform provides Bible content through various digital platforms and social networks. It utilizes cloud technologies, APIs, and standards compliant formats to distribute content internationally on mobile apps and online. The goal is to make the Bible widely accessible through modern digital tools.
This document discusses various methods for measuring poverty. It begins by explaining that poverty is typically defined based on a poverty line which represents a minimum level of income needed for basic needs. The most common measure is the headcount ratio, which calculates the percentage of people below the poverty line. However, this does not account for how far below the line people are. Other measures like the poverty gap ratio and income gap ratio aim to capture the depth of poverty. The Foster-Greer-Thorbecke index incorporates both the headcount ratio and gaps. Multidimensional poverty indexes also exist to measure non-income aspects of poverty.
Read Kraft & Furlong Chapters 9Chapter 9 Welfare and Social .docxAbhinav816839
Â
This document discusses poverty and social welfare programs in the United States. It provides statistics on poverty rates over time and how they vary among different demographic groups. It also examines different perspectives on the causes of poverty and debates around the appropriate role of government programs. The document focuses in particular on Social Security, describing it as the largest federal program that provides income for retired workers, their beneficiaries, and disabled workers. It outlines who is eligible for Social Security benefits and how the program is financed through a tax on income.
Social Alternatives Vol. 32 No 1, 2013 19The Politi.docxwhitneyleman54422
Â
The document discusses poverty in Canada. It notes that poverty is a contested concept without an official definition or measure. While poverty rates have declined slightly according to some measures, particular groups still experience much higher rates of poverty. Public policy responses increasingly focus on short-term job training rather than comprehensive programs that address the underlying causes of poverty. The prospects for making poverty reduction a higher priority remain low given the current political climate favoring austerity over social support programs.
Read¡ Coombs and Holladay, Managing Corporate Social Responsibil.docxcargillfilberto
Â
Read
¡ Coombs and Holladay, Managing Corporate Social Responsibility, pages 1-49 and 153-163.
¡ Jacquelyn Smith, Forbes Staff (2014).Â
The Companies With the Best CSR ReputationsLinks to an external site.
¡ Jurate Banyte and Agne Gadeikiene (2013). âLong-term Relationships between Consumer and Socially Responsible Company: The Effect of Consumerâs Support for CSR,â International Journal of Management Cases, 15:2, 153-168.
¡ John Paluszek, â
Transforming Communication/Corporate Social Responsibility,Links to an external site.â including three-minute video, 2014.
Watch
¡ â
Harvard's Michael Porter Tell Us How Business Can Win Back Its' Reputation,Links to an external site.â CSR For Forbes.com.
¡ â
Corporate Social Responsibility is an Investment in the Future: Markus Conrad, Tchibo chairmanLinks to an external site..â
¡
Patagonia Corporate Responsibility.Links to an external site.
¡
Video debate with Robert Reich and David Vogel on CSR.Links to an external site.
Assignments
¡ CSR Report â Analyze a Fortune 500 multi-national companyâs most recent social responsibility report. Prepare an approximately 1000-word analysis that 1) identifies CSR issues important to the company, 2) describes the companyâs CSR philosophy and approach, 3) explains strategies used by the company in addressing CSR issues, and 4) analyzes the companyâs approach to CSR in the context of CSR concepts discussed in Coombs and Holladay. Post your analysis on the Discussion Board.
FIGURE 10.1 Contemporary economic development often follows a similar pattern around the world, best
described as a growing gap between the haves and have-nots. (Credit: Alicia Nijdam/Wikimedia Commons)
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER OUTLINE
10.1 Global Stratification and Classification
10.2 Global Wealth and Poverty
10.3 Theoretical Perspectives on Global Stratification
The April 24, 2013 collapse of the Rana Plaza in Dhaka, Bangladesh that killed over 1,100
people, was the deadliest garment factory accident in history, and it was preventable (International Labour
Organization, Department of Communication 2014).
In addition to garment factories employing about 5,000 people, the building contained a bank, apartments,
childcare facilities, and a variety of shops. Many of these closed the day before the collapse when cracks were
discovered in the building walls. When some of the garment workers refused to enter the building, they were
threatened with the loss of a monthâs pay. Most were young women, aged twenty or younger. They typically
worked over thirteen hours a day, with two days off each month. For this work, they took home between twelve
and twenty-two cents an hour, or $10.56 to $12.48 a week. Without that pay, most would have been unable to
feed their children. In contrast, the U.S. federal minimum wage is $7.25 an hour, and workers receive wages at
time-and-a-half rates for work in excess of for.
Suburban poverty affects over 16.4 million people across the U.S. and is growing rapidly, significantly outpacing the growth rate of urban poverty over the last decade (64% vs. 29%). Experts suggest that the problem of suburban poverty is âthe new normal.â While the basic needs of the poor in the suburbs are similar to those of the urban poor (e.g. education inequity, poor access to quality healthcare etc.), there are some critical systemic differences (e.g. limited transportation options, jurisdictional challenges etc.). These challenges are further exacerbated by the lack of awareness and understanding of the problem and
potential solutions.
Poverty is defined as subpar living conditions compared to the surrounding area and is subject to change over time. The US defines poverty through an annual ratio issued by the Census Bureau that accounts for inflation but has not been substantially updated since the 1960s. It is calculated using USDA and food expenditure data. Critics argue it does not adequately capture factors like assets and costs of living. There are differences between Democratic and Republican views on how to address poverty, with Democrats favoring more government assistance programs and Republicans preferring less government intervention and believing individuals are responsible for their economic situations. Current policies under the Republican-led House propose deep cuts to programs assisting low-income Americans.
Poverty is defined as a lack of material possessions necessary to live a decent quality of life. In the Philippines, over 22 million people, more than one-fifth of the population, live below the national poverty line. Poverty has negative impacts on health and development, as those living in poverty experience worse physical and mental health outcomes and are at higher risk for unhealthy behaviors. Poverty also affects children's growth and development both physically and cognitively. While some believe poverty can be overcome through hard work alone, reports show many Filipinos work hard yet remain in poverty due to unstable socioeconomic conditions.
Gender identity and sexual orientation powerpointNathan Dorval
Â
The document defines key terms related to gender identity and sexual orientation such as gender identity, gender expression, transgender, cisgender, and more. It then discusses main points about the LGBTQ community including health risks faced by lesbians from behaviors like smoking and the negative impacts of discrimination. It also covers bold ideas around prohibiting employment discrimination and perspectives on schools providing more support for LGBTQ students.
Homelessness is defined as lacking stable housing or living in shelters, warming centers, or other inadequate locations. The top three causes of family homelessness are lack of affordable housing, poverty, and unemployment, while the top three causes for single individuals are substance abuse, mental illness, and lack of affordable housing. An estimated 100 million people worldwide were homeless in 2005, including 40% of youth and 1 out of every 50 children in the US. Countries assist the homeless through services providing food, shelter, and clothing run by community groups and governments.
Sexism is portrayed in various media sources such as TV shows, movies, advertisements and books. A survey of 23 people found that most had witnessed sexism towards women, including portrayals of women as inferior or belonging in the kitchen. However, opinions varied on whether sexism is a major problem, with about half believing it is a problem and half not seeing it as a big deal. While some media sources portray women in sexual or subservient roles, the impact of these portrayals is unclear according to the survey responses.
The document discusses poverty around the world. It defines poverty as a lack of basic needs including food, shelter, water, education, and healthcare. Poverty can be absolute, with income below a minimum level to afford basic needs, or relative, with income 50% below the average. The document then lists causes of poverty such as corruption, lack of education, overpopulation, and economic issues. Effects of poverty include problems with health, society, and the economy. Some solutions proposed are creating jobs, access to services, empowering women, and microfinancing. In 2015, 10% of the world lived in extreme poverty of less than $1.90 per day.
Gay marriage, also known as same-sex marriage, is the marriage between two people of the same sex. While some cultures have accepted same-sex unions throughout history, gay marriage is a recent development and is still controversial. Supporters argue that denying gay people the right to marry denies them equal rights and benefits. However, others argue that gay marriage weakens traditional family values or goes against certain religious beliefs. The debate around legalizing gay marriage involves discussions of ethics, equality, and how society defines marriage.
Poverty in America is a slideshow final I did to bring awareness to the rising issue of Poverty for one of my Human Service classes. Again, I hope to demonstrate my ability and dedication.
1. The theory focuses on consumption values that influence consumer choice, including functional, social, emotional, epistemic, and conditional values.
2. These values make differential contributions to consumer choices in specific contexts. For example, functional value may influence purchase of gold coins more than other values.
3. A choice can be influenced by multiple consumption values simultaneously. Buying a home may provide functional, social, emotional, epistemic, and conditional value.
O3b Networks is launching a satellite-based telecommunications infrastructure to provide broadband internet access globally by the end of 2010. Facebook has over 300 million users, more than 70% of whom are outside the US. Mobile phone penetration has reached over 90% in many countries, providing an opportunity to distribute audio Bibles digitally to more people worldwide.
Della reflects on how her view of teaching mathematics has changed from solely using traditional classroom methods like chalkboards and textbooks to realizing she now has many online resources available from mentors across the Caribbean and worldwide through the internet. She feels energized and empowered with her newfound knowledge to bring math to life for her students and motivate them to do well, hoping to impart what she has learned in a way that enhances their education and spiritual growth.
This document provides information about whitewater kayaking opportunities in Kentucky for paddlers of different experience levels. It discusses the class rating system for river rapids from class 1 being very small rough areas to class 6 being extremely dangerous. Examples are given for novice, moderate, and challenging rivers in Kentucky along with their class ratings and locations. Safety tips are also outlined, such as wearing a helmet, personal flotation device, and having a whistle, first aid kit, and cell phone. Contact information is given for local kayaking clubs and additional online resources for planning a kayaking trip.
This document discusses how songs can be used in language learning. It notes that songs help students learn vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation and listening skills. They enhance memory and can help with classroom management. The document provides tips for using songs, such as modeling lyrics, having students sing, and using songs that fit the lesson topic like parts of the body, animals or food. It recommends pre-teaching new words and playing the song repeatedly. Songs should not be overused or too difficult. Suggested online resources for educational songs are also provided.
The document outlines a lesson plan about the branches of government and geography of Colombia. It includes dividing students into groups to present on topics like the Colombian state, territories, population, and using an activity with lemons to demonstrate how people can look different on the outside but be similar on the inside. The lesson aims to teach students about the executive, legislative and judicial branches, geography terms like longitude and latitude, diversity in Colombia, and that despite surface level differences, fundamentally people are alike.
The Digital Bible Platform provides Bible content through various digital platforms and social networks. It utilizes cloud technologies, APIs, and standards compliant formats to distribute content internationally on mobile apps and online. The goal is to make the Bible widely accessible through modern digital tools.
This document discusses various methods for measuring poverty. It begins by explaining that poverty is typically defined based on a poverty line which represents a minimum level of income needed for basic needs. The most common measure is the headcount ratio, which calculates the percentage of people below the poverty line. However, this does not account for how far below the line people are. Other measures like the poverty gap ratio and income gap ratio aim to capture the depth of poverty. The Foster-Greer-Thorbecke index incorporates both the headcount ratio and gaps. Multidimensional poverty indexes also exist to measure non-income aspects of poverty.
Read Kraft & Furlong Chapters 9Chapter 9 Welfare and Social .docxAbhinav816839
Â
This document discusses poverty and social welfare programs in the United States. It provides statistics on poverty rates over time and how they vary among different demographic groups. It also examines different perspectives on the causes of poverty and debates around the appropriate role of government programs. The document focuses in particular on Social Security, describing it as the largest federal program that provides income for retired workers, their beneficiaries, and disabled workers. It outlines who is eligible for Social Security benefits and how the program is financed through a tax on income.
Social Alternatives Vol. 32 No 1, 2013 19The Politi.docxwhitneyleman54422
Â
The document discusses poverty in Canada. It notes that poverty is a contested concept without an official definition or measure. While poverty rates have declined slightly according to some measures, particular groups still experience much higher rates of poverty. Public policy responses increasingly focus on short-term job training rather than comprehensive programs that address the underlying causes of poverty. The prospects for making poverty reduction a higher priority remain low given the current political climate favoring austerity over social support programs.
Read¡ Coombs and Holladay, Managing Corporate Social Responsibil.docxcargillfilberto
Â
Read
¡ Coombs and Holladay, Managing Corporate Social Responsibility, pages 1-49 and 153-163.
¡ Jacquelyn Smith, Forbes Staff (2014).Â
The Companies With the Best CSR ReputationsLinks to an external site.
¡ Jurate Banyte and Agne Gadeikiene (2013). âLong-term Relationships between Consumer and Socially Responsible Company: The Effect of Consumerâs Support for CSR,â International Journal of Management Cases, 15:2, 153-168.
¡ John Paluszek, â
Transforming Communication/Corporate Social Responsibility,Links to an external site.â including three-minute video, 2014.
Watch
¡ â
Harvard's Michael Porter Tell Us How Business Can Win Back Its' Reputation,Links to an external site.â CSR For Forbes.com.
¡ â
Corporate Social Responsibility is an Investment in the Future: Markus Conrad, Tchibo chairmanLinks to an external site..â
¡
Patagonia Corporate Responsibility.Links to an external site.
¡
Video debate with Robert Reich and David Vogel on CSR.Links to an external site.
Assignments
¡ CSR Report â Analyze a Fortune 500 multi-national companyâs most recent social responsibility report. Prepare an approximately 1000-word analysis that 1) identifies CSR issues important to the company, 2) describes the companyâs CSR philosophy and approach, 3) explains strategies used by the company in addressing CSR issues, and 4) analyzes the companyâs approach to CSR in the context of CSR concepts discussed in Coombs and Holladay. Post your analysis on the Discussion Board.
FIGURE 10.1 Contemporary economic development often follows a similar pattern around the world, best
described as a growing gap between the haves and have-nots. (Credit: Alicia Nijdam/Wikimedia Commons)
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER OUTLINE
10.1 Global Stratification and Classification
10.2 Global Wealth and Poverty
10.3 Theoretical Perspectives on Global Stratification
The April 24, 2013 collapse of the Rana Plaza in Dhaka, Bangladesh that killed over 1,100
people, was the deadliest garment factory accident in history, and it was preventable (International Labour
Organization, Department of Communication 2014).
In addition to garment factories employing about 5,000 people, the building contained a bank, apartments,
childcare facilities, and a variety of shops. Many of these closed the day before the collapse when cracks were
discovered in the building walls. When some of the garment workers refused to enter the building, they were
threatened with the loss of a monthâs pay. Most were young women, aged twenty or younger. They typically
worked over thirteen hours a day, with two days off each month. For this work, they took home between twelve
and twenty-two cents an hour, or $10.56 to $12.48 a week. Without that pay, most would have been unable to
feed their children. In contrast, the U.S. federal minimum wage is $7.25 an hour, and workers receive wages at
time-and-a-half rates for work in excess of for.
Suburban poverty affects over 16.4 million people across the U.S. and is growing rapidly, significantly outpacing the growth rate of urban poverty over the last decade (64% vs. 29%). Experts suggest that the problem of suburban poverty is âthe new normal.â While the basic needs of the poor in the suburbs are similar to those of the urban poor (e.g. education inequity, poor access to quality healthcare etc.), there are some critical systemic differences (e.g. limited transportation options, jurisdictional challenges etc.). These challenges are further exacerbated by the lack of awareness and understanding of the problem and
potential solutions.
Poverty is defined as subpar living conditions compared to the surrounding area and is subject to change over time. The US defines poverty through an annual ratio issued by the Census Bureau that accounts for inflation but has not been substantially updated since the 1960s. It is calculated using USDA and food expenditure data. Critics argue it does not adequately capture factors like assets and costs of living. There are differences between Democratic and Republican views on how to address poverty, with Democrats favoring more government assistance programs and Republicans preferring less government intervention and believing individuals are responsible for their economic situations. Current policies under the Republican-led House propose deep cuts to programs assisting low-income Americans.
Individuals across all income levels and demographics sometimes need access to funds quickly to cover unexpected expenses. However, lower-income individuals often face more stringent lending terms and rely on higher-cost sources of emergency funds such as overdrafts, payday loans, pawn shop loans, and title loans. New financial technologies allow employees to access a portion of earned wages before payday, which could help reduce the need for expensive emergency loans while improving financial wellness especially for those living paycheck to paycheck.
The document discusses various aspects of poverty in America, including:
1) Different definitions of poverty including absolute poverty and relative poverty.
2) Factors that contribute to higher rates of poverty such as recessions, lack of access to affordable credit options, and higher costs of basic needs in low-income areas.
3) Debates around the causes and effects of poverty, and the impact of policies aimed at reducing poverty.
The document summarizes two articles about reducing poverty in developing countries. The first article discusses how around 1 billion people have been lifted out of extreme poverty in the last 20 years due to factors like emerging capitalism and free trade. It aims to reduce the number of extremely poor people by another billion by 2030. The second article discusses how developing countries have started implementing social safety net programs like cash transfers to help the poorest citizens. It provides guidelines for countries to implement these programs effectively, such as consolidating services and using biometric identification to reduce fraud.
The Economic Benefits Of Economic Welfare EssayDani Cox
Â
The document discusses how developed nations subsidized their automobile industries during the 2008-2009 global financial crisis. This likely distorted international trade by benefiting domestic producers over foreign competitors. While protectionism may seem reasonable during an economic crisis, it ultimately does more harm than good according to economic research. Protectionism only provides a small and temporary boost to things like the trade balance and GDP, and its effects disappear quickly. It also risks retaliation and does not address the underlying issues, making further adjustments necessary. Overall, protectionism is not an effective response during an economic crisis due to its negative impacts on the domestic economy and international trade.
The New Politics of Consumption Why Americans want so much .docxoreo10
Â
This document summarizes Juliet Schor's book "The New Politics of Consumption" which argues that Americans consume far more than they need due to structural changes in society that have intensified competitive consumption. Upward social comparisons, growing inequality, declining community, and mass media have inflated desires and normalized luxury consumption, outpacing income growth and crowding out savings, leisure, and support for public goods. Individual solutions are insufficient and a collective critique of consumer culture is needed to address quality of life issues in an era of intense consumption pressure.
16 contexts.orgrethinkingamericanpovertyby mark r. rank.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
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16 contexts.org
rethinkingamericanpoverty
by mark r. rank
Itâs a fundamental paradox: in America,
the wealthiest country on earth, one also
finds the highest rates of poverty in the
developed world. Whether we examine
childrenâs rates of poverty, poverty
among working age adults, poverty
within single parent families, or overall
rates of poverty, the story is much the
sameâthe United States has exceedingly
high levels of impoverishment.
Itâs a fundamental paradox: in America,
the wealthiest country on earth, one also
finds the highest rates of poverty in the
developed world. Whether we examine
childrenâs rates of poverty, poverty
among working age adults, poverty
within single parent families, or overall
rates of poverty, the story is much the
sameâthe United States has exceedingly
high levels of impoverishment.
rethinkingamericanpoverty
by mark r. rank
17spring 2011 contexts
food stamps at some point during childhood. Life expectancy in
Harlem is shorter than in Bangladesh. The bottom 60 percent
of the American population currently holds less than 1 percent
of the financial wealth in the country. And two thirds of the
counties that black children are growing up in are considered
high poverty with respect to impoverished neighborhoods.
Although there are several possible explanations for why
these conditions exist, the argument developed here is that a
major reason has to do with how we as a society have tended
to conceptualize the issue of poverty and, based upon this
thinking, how we have acted (or better put, failed to act) toward
the issue.
The traditional manner of thinking about poverty in the
U.S. has viewed impoverishment as largely the result of individ-
ual inadequacies and failings. These shortcomings include not
working hard enough, failure to acquire sufficient skills, or just
making bad decisions. Consequently, the problem of poverty is
often seen through a lens of individual pathology. Since indi-
viduals are perceived as having brought poverty onto them-
selves, our collective and societal obligations are seen as limited.
The age-old distinction between the deserving versus the unde-
serving poor reflects this perspectiveâunless the working-age
poor have very good grounds for their
poverty, theyâre deemed largely unde-
serving of help. Poverty is therefore
understood as primarily affecting those
who choose not to play by the rules of
the game. Ultimately, this perspective reflects and reinforces
the myths and ideals of American society: there are economic
opportunities for all, individualism and self-reliance are para-
mount, and hard work is rewarded.
This overall mindset has long influenced both the general
publicâs attitudes toward the poor and much of the policy and
academic work analyzing poverty. Nevertheless, it seriously mis-
construes the true nature of poverty and fosters a lack of polit-
ical and social will to address the problem itself. Three major
chan ...
16 contexts.orgrethinkingamericanpovertyby mark r. rank.docxdrennanmicah
Â
16 contexts.org
rethinkingamericanpoverty
by mark r. rank
Itâs a fundamental paradox: in America,
the wealthiest country on earth, one also
finds the highest rates of poverty in the
developed world. Whether we examine
childrenâs rates of poverty, poverty
among working age adults, poverty
within single parent families, or overall
rates of poverty, the story is much the
sameâthe United States has exceedingly
high levels of impoverishment.
Itâs a fundamental paradox: in America,
the wealthiest country on earth, one also
finds the highest rates of poverty in the
developed world. Whether we examine
childrenâs rates of poverty, poverty
among working age adults, poverty
within single parent families, or overall
rates of poverty, the story is much the
sameâthe United States has exceedingly
high levels of impoverishment.
rethinkingamericanpoverty
by mark r. rank
17spring 2011 contexts
food stamps at some point during childhood. Life expectancy in
Harlem is shorter than in Bangladesh. The bottom 60 percent
of the American population currently holds less than 1 percent
of the financial wealth in the country. And two thirds of the
counties that black children are growing up in are considered
high poverty with respect to impoverished neighborhoods.
Although there are several possible explanations for why
these conditions exist, the argument developed here is that a
major reason has to do with how we as a society have tended
to conceptualize the issue of poverty and, based upon this
thinking, how we have acted (or better put, failed to act) toward
the issue.
The traditional manner of thinking about poverty in the
U.S. has viewed impoverishment as largely the result of individ-
ual inadequacies and failings. These shortcomings include not
working hard enough, failure to acquire sufficient skills, or just
making bad decisions. Consequently, the problem of poverty is
often seen through a lens of individual pathology. Since indi-
viduals are perceived as having brought poverty onto them-
selves, our collective and societal obligations are seen as limited.
The age-old distinction between the deserving versus the unde-
serving poor reflects this perspectiveâunless the working-age
poor have very good grounds for their
poverty, theyâre deemed largely unde-
serving of help. Poverty is therefore
understood as primarily affecting those
who choose not to play by the rules of
the game. Ultimately, this perspective reflects and reinforces
the myths and ideals of American society: there are economic
opportunities for all, individualism and self-reliance are para-
mount, and hard work is rewarded.
This overall mindset has long influenced both the general
publicâs attitudes toward the poor and much of the policy and
academic work analyzing poverty. Nevertheless, it seriously mis-
construes the true nature of poverty and fosters a lack of polit-
ical and social will to address the problem itself. Three major
chan.
The document discusses various definitions and conceptualizations of poverty. It defines poverty as a lack of basic needs like food, shelter, and income, as well as a lack of access to opportunities and social inclusion. Poverty is multidimensional and can be defined and measured in both absolute and relative terms. The document also discusses causes, effects, and types of poverty.
Martin Ravallion - Georgetown University
ERF Eminent Lecturer Series on Global Poverty and Anti-Poverty Policies
Egypt, Cairo, ERF Premises December 10, 2017
www.erf.org.eg
This document is an argumentative essay on raising the minimum wage. It summarizes research showing that a 12% increase in the minimum wage would provide benefits to 16.8% of workers living in poverty. However, other research cited finds little relationship between minimum wage increases and reducing overall state poverty rates. The essay argues that the minimum wage should be raised to at least $10 an hour to help reduce poverty and decrease reliance on government assistance, given that the cost of living has increased while the minimum wage has remained low. However, small increases in the minimum wage may negatively impact wage growth for some low-income workers.
Looking at the statistics around the demographic splits and how they affect economic growth and prosperity, it becomes obvious that a Youth Movement is Required and Soon.
Analysis On The Result And Implication Of The PolicyCrystal Torres
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The document analyzes the results and implications of a poverty reduction policy in Indonesia called PNPM. It notes that while the policy showed some early success in decreasing poverty rates, the progress was slow. There were also issues with misuse of funds intended for poverty programs. The policy failed to properly target the poor. Additionally, there was a lack of coordination between government agencies regarding poverty reduction efforts. Overall, the analysis finds that while the policy aimed to help the poor, weaknesses in implementation meant it did not fully achieve its goals.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
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Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind fĂźr viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heiĂes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und LizenzgebĂźhren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer mĂśglich. Das verstehen wir und wir mĂśchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lÜsen kÜnnen, die dazu fßhren kÜnnen, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nÜtig, und wie Sie ßberflßssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen kÜnnen, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnÜtigen Ausgaben fßhren kÜnnen, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins fßr geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren LÜsungen. Und natßrlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Ăberblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und ĂźberflĂźssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps fßr häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
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Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
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An English đŹđ§ translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech đ¨đż version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
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5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power gridâs behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Â
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where weâll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, weâll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sourcesâfrom PDF floorplans to web pagesâusing FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether itâs populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
Weâll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether youâre at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. Weâll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
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Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Donât worry, we can help with all of this!
Weâll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. Weâll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally weâll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
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Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
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Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Webinar: Designing a schema for a Data WarehouseFederico Razzoli
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Are you new to data warehouses (DWH)? Do you need to check whether your data warehouse follows the best practices for a good design? In both cases, this webinar is for you.
A data warehouse is a central relational database that contains all measurements about a business or an organisation. This data comes from a variety of heterogeneous data sources, which includes databases of any type that back the applications used by the company, data files exported by some applications, or APIs provided by internal or external services.
But designing a data warehouse correctly is a hard task, which requires gathering information about the business processes that need to be analysed in the first place. These processes must be translated into so-called star schemas, which means, denormalised databases where each table represents a dimension or facts.
We will discuss these topics:
- How to gather information about a business;
- Understanding dictionaries and how to identify business entities;
- Dimensions and facts;
- Setting a table granularity;
- Types of facts;
- Types of dimensions;
- Snowflakes and how to avoid them;
- Expanding existing dimensions and facts.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
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ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di piÚ di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilitĂ , standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunitĂ open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. à stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
National Security Agency - NSA mobile device best practices
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Holistic view of poverty
1. âA Holistic Approach to Povertyâ
Thad Williamson, University of Richmond
July 13, 2011
*DRAFT*
Iâve been asked to speak about alternative approaches to measuring poverty, and I said I would
do that but wanted to open it up into a broader discussion about thinking about poverty and
disadvantage. Statistics are very helpful, and itâs important that we undertake this anti-poverty
work with a solid analysis of the specifics of whatâs going on in Richmond. But poor people are
not statisticsâthey are human beings with desires, hopes, needs, fearsâin short, lives of their
own. Any discussion of how to realistically address poverty while building a better city must
keep that in mind.
I. Measuring Poverty and Disadvantage in Richmond
The official government poverty line is based on an estimate of the cost of meeting a householdâs
basic needs. Though this is the most widely used indicator, there are many good reasons why we
should not take it is our sole barometer of measuring economic disadvantage. The formula has
not been updated in decades and hence does not reflect the rising costs of health care, for
instance; nor does it account for child care and transportation costs associated with women
entering the work force, or higher tax rates, or regional variations in the cost of living. On the
other hand, the formula also ignores in-kind benefits such as food stamps as well as tax rebates
via the Earned Income Tax Credit. Many experts think the official formula on balance overstates
available income in low-income households by some 10-20%. But beyond these technical
critiques of the formula, there are strong philosophical reasons to also look at other measures.
I want to stress two important points in this regard. First, poverty is best understood not as a
absolute dividing line that a person or household is on one side or another, based on their income
at a given time. Rather, it is best understood as a clustering of social and economic disadvantages
of different kinds which severely constrain human functioning and well-beingâor to put it in
simpler terms, disadvantages that constrain the kind of life one is able to live. Not having enough
money to meet basic needs is one very important dimension of poverty, but so is social
exclusion. We must pay attention not just to absolute deprivation but also relative deprivationâ
that is how far below the accepted social standards of a given society oneâs household falls. And
we must pay attention to the subjective dimensions of povertyâwhat it feels like to be poor and
socially excluded, and how this impacts individualsâ sense of self. Many scholars now think that
discussions of poverty are best framed not by looking only at income levels, but a fuller picture
of the range of functionings (or capabilities) that make up a satisfying human life. I will be
discussing this âcapabilitiesâ approach to thinking about poverty in more detail shortly.
1Â
Â
2. Second, even in narrow economic terms, we need to be as concerned with persons and
households just above the poverty line as those just below. Many of the same kinds of practical
problems and concerns apply to both groupsâthe challenge of finding and keeping steady work,
the stress of making ends meet, the fear and vulnerability experienced. In fact, over time, there is
an enormous amount of churning in the bottom-half of the income distribution. Households
climb out above the poverty line for a time, and then fall back; and vice-versa. A common theme
of both academic and high-caliber journalistic investigations into poverty in the U.S. over the
past decade has been the persistent instability the working poor experience. (Here I recommend
among others David Shiplerâs book âThe Working Poor,â as well as Katherine Newmanâs book
âThe Missing Class.â) Enormous personal effort to get ahead can easily be undone by an event
out of oneâs control, or by a relationship or family situation that alters for the worse, or by a risk
taken that doesnât work out. Those just above poverty donât often have a buffer when adverse
events happen and hence are at risk of seeing their income and standard of living decline. A
major policy challenge then, is how to provide support and more of a buffer for those who are
now just barely making it but are at risk of falling back. Put another way, the challenge is to
build a true ladder that persons and households striving to move from poverty to a position of
economic security can truly grab on to, to replace the random and dispiriting game of Chutes and
Ladders many households must now play, in which one bad roll of the dice can knock you back
all the way to where you started.
Consequently, I think it makes a lot of sense to focus our attention not just on all households who
happen to be below the technical poverty line at a given moment, but all those who over, say, a
ten year period, are at significant risk of slipping into poverty at some point. Here in Richmond,
we have recently been using the figure 22% as the estimate of the cityâs poverty rate, which is
the 5-year average from 2005-2009 according to Census Bureau data collected via the American
Community Survey. The actual poverty rate at the moment is probably even higher than that
because of the recessionâindeed, the most recent available one-year estimate of the poverty rate
was 24%.
Add bread-basket
But consider what we find if we look beyond that number to three alternative measures of
deprivation. The first is a measure of how many Richmonders now fall below half the median
household income in the U.S (about $50,000 in 2009)âthat is, less than $25,000. As Dr. Moeser
pointed out in his presentation to this group in May, the standard of falling below half the median
income is widely used in other nations as a measure of poverty: it reflects both objective
deprivation and relative deprivationâthe extent to which a household is falling behind the norm
in a given society.
The second is a measure of how many Richmonders fall below 70% of the median household
income in the U.S. (i.e. $35,000). I would consider this figure a reasonable approximation of
how many Richmonders are at substantial risk of slipping into poverty.
2Â
Â
3. The third, finally, is a measure of extreme economic poverty, which are households making less
than 20% of the median income, or under $10,000 a year. I call attention to this simply because
in looking at the data, it is striking how many Richmond residents fall into this lowest income
category, compared to the regional and national averages.
[POWERPOINT SLIDE A]
The first measure shows that nearly 36% of Richmond households fall below half the median
household income line (under $25k). I think this figure is a fair measure of the percentage of
households who are experiencing substantial economic stress and deprivation in Richmond right
now. Some of these households are not technically in poverty right now, but they are struggling
to make ends meet.
The second measure shows that 48% of Richmond households are below 70% ($35,000) of the
median household income for the U.S. This is a reasonable estimate of the total number of
Richmond residents who either are deprived now or are at some substantial risk of falling into
deprivation.
This is, or should be a startling figure. It suggests we should not be thinking about poverty
simply as an isolated problem limited to a few neighborhoods, but as something which touches
nearly half the population of our city. But I think this is a reasonable estimate of the actual
situation.
Jared Bernstein, formerly Vice President Bidenâs staff economist, and the Economic Policy
Institute have calculated âfamily budgetsâ for every metropolitan area in the United States. This
budget is an estimate of the cost of a decent standard of living that meets all core needs in a
given area. Specifically the budget includes the cost of housing (in the 40th percentile of an areaâs
rent), food, child care, transportation, health care, other necessities for households of a given
size, and taxes. For a family of four with two adults and two young children, the estimated cost
of meeting these needs in the Richmond metro area, as of 2008, is $3970 a month, or $47,645 a
year. Just over half of Richmond families make less than that. Earning $48,000 a year implies
two adults must have jobs at $12/hr, or more optimistically, one job at $24/hr or better.
[POWERPOINT SLIDE B]
But we know many households are single-parent. A two-person household of one adult and one
child needs nearly $3,000 a month to meet basic needs, according to Bernsteinâs analysis, or
$36,000 a year.
Analysis of data from Bureau of Labor Statistics shows that the mean hourly earnings for all
workers in the Richmond metropolitan area in 2009 was $19.79, meaning youâd have to have a
job considerably close to or even just above the average in order to get by in a single-earner
household.
3Â
Â
4. What about the $12/hr needed for a two working-adult householdâis that more achievable?
Here is a list of average hourly wage per selected occupations (in the Richmond metro area) that
we often associate with the working poor.
[POWERPOINT SLIDE C]
Security guards: $12.22
Cooks : $9.98
Fast Food Workers: $7.89
Maids and Housekeepers: $9.14
Landscaping and Groundskeepers: $11.04
Bus Drivers: $14.46
Child Care Workers: $8.23
Receptionists: $14.31
[Note: these figures are for wages and exclude benefits. BLS studies show that hourly workers
earning less than $15/hr are significantly less likely than other groups to receive health benefits.
Just 25% of workers in the lowest 25% of the wage distribution participate in a health plan.]
Overall, some 25% of jobs in the Richmond metropolitan area pay less than $11.72/hr, and if you
take state and local government out of the picture, 25% of private sector jobs in the Richmond
metro are pay less than $10.77/hr. A couple who each had a job at that level would make just
over $43,000 a year. Relative to a lot of people in Richmond, that is doing pretty well, and if
everyone in Richmond did that well the city would be a lot better off. But even that is not enough
to meet the needs of a four person family budget, as estimated by Bernstein.
Consequently, a great many households in Richmond fall well short of having enough money to
meet all these needs on their own. How are those households in fact getting by? Housing
assistance through Section VIII and public housing certainly helps a lot. Some likely use lower-
quality child care than the benchmark for the study; 17% of Richmond residents do not have
health care coverage; some lack adequate transportation; some are utilizing Food Stamps or
sacrificing adequate healthy nutrition. It is possible to survive at lower income levels than the
family budget calculator benchmark. The point is that survival for the poorest one-third or so of
Richmond households requires either public or charitable assistance, significant cutbacks in
consumption in core areas compared to prevailing norms, or, often, both, and that life when you
are poor or very poor often consists of painful, stressful and difficult choices between competing
needs.
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5. Now, I said I would come back to the question of our third measure of poverty in Richmond: the
extreme economic poverty of those earning less than $10,000. Currently 14% of households in
Richmond fall in that category, and 10.5% of all families in Richmond earn less than $10,000,
compared to 3.6% of families in the metropolitan as a whole and 4.9% of families nationally. By
any measure, we have well more than our fair share of persons experiencing severe economic
deprivation.
This suggests that in trying to tackle poverty in Richmond, we would do well not to think of âthe
poorâ as a single homogenous group with identical problems. In fact, the data seems to show
there are at least three categories of people we should be thinking about: the most economically
disadvantaged; those who are just below or just above the poverty line; and those who for now
are above the poverty line but remain at risk of falling back into poverty should they encounter
job loss, a major health problem or some other adverse event. These different groups likely have
different needs and will require different policy approaches.
In my view, there are strong moral and practical reasons for putting quite a bit of effort into
trying to improve the situation of the worst-off group. But to build a true ladder out of poverty,
we must also pay substantial attention to the question of what can be done to help those who may
be employed and may be able to meet many of their basic needs right now, but for whom making
ends meet is still a major struggle; and we must pay attention to the concerns of the next group
up, those who are making ends meet but lack a buffer against adversity and remain vulnerable.
And to put on my political scientist hat for a moment, the city and the mayorâs anti-poverty
initiative will be best served if we avoid framing the interests of the poor as somehow opposed to
those of the middle class. We need to instead show that successful, sustained effort to tackle
poverty in this city will benefit not just a small minority but a very large swath of our cityâs
residents, and that making progress in this regard will be in the interests of everyone in
Richmond.
Here it is worth noting one important dilemma about trying to reduce poverty in an urban
context: the tension between helping poor people escape poverty, and helping poor communities
escape poverty. It is possible that we could make many improvements that helped poor people
escape poverty, without making much visible improvement in the city of Richmond, qualitatively
or statistically. All that would have to happen is for the successful kids and adults to leave the
city as soon as they got the chance, and never come back; while the less successful stay in the
city. Breaking that cycle is a tough nut to crack, but we need to at least name it. In my view,
recognizing this dynamic indicates that we need to be thinking in terms of building up assets,
wealth, and opportunity on a community-wide basis, rather than just using an individual
âescapeâ paradigm for thinking about poverty. This means thinking about creating anchoring,
wealth and employment-generating institutions such as community banks, community
development corporations, community-based businesses for all of our impoverished
neighborhoodsâthat is, creating permanent assets that will stay in place to stabilize the
neighborhood even after some people get a little richer and decide to leave the area.
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6. II. Thinking About Poverty Holistically
Now I want to shift gears here and return to the idea that we should not be thinking about
poverty simply as a statistically defined economic condition. The ultimate reason for caring
about poverty is that we want people to have meaningful lives with a meaningful experience of
freedom. Not having enough money to meet needs is one important form of disadvantage, but we
need to think about disadvantage in holistic terms. Other things matter to low-income
communities and individuals besides just money, and if we ignore them, we run the serious risk
of causing more harm than help when we undertake anti-poverty public policy. And more
generally, I think we need to be sure our focus is helping actual low-income peopleâs lives in
Richmond improve, rather than solely focusing on improving the statistics.
The Nobel Prize winning economist Amartya Sen has argued that we should view poverty
through the lens of human developmentâexpanding not just peopleâs bank accounts, but
peopleâs capacities. Other scholars have taken it a step further and asked in very specific terms,
what are the distinctive functionings of a well-developed human being?
Below is one well-known list of functionings (or âcapabilitiesâ), associated with philosopher
Martha Nussbaum and appended by Jonathan Wolff (with some further abridgements and
additions by myself).
[POWERPOINT SLIDE D]
Life: Being able to live to the end of a human life of normal length
Bodily Health: Being able to have good health, to be adequately nourished, to have
adequate shelter.
Bodily Integrity: Freedom of movement and freedom from assaults and violence.
Sense, Imagination, and Thought: Being able to use the senses, to imagine, to think and
reasonâand to do those things in a way informed by an adequate education.
Emotions: Being able to have attachments to things and people outside ourselves; being
capable of love (of self and others) and being capable of expressing oneâs appreciation for
others.
Practical reason: Being able to form a rational plan about how oneâs life will go (and to act
on the basis of that plan); being able to revise it as necessary.
Affiliation (community): Being able to live with and toward others, to recognize and show
concern for other human beings, to engage in various forms of social interaction. Having
the social bases of self-respect and non-humiliation. Not being discriminated against on the
basis of race, etc.
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7. Other species: being able to relate to animals, appreciate the natural world.
Play: being able to laugh, to play, to enjoy recreational activities
Control over oneâs environment: Being able to participate in choices that affect oneâs life.
Equal opportunity to seek employment and have property.
Abiding the Law: Being able to meet oneâs basic needs without breaking the law or
cheating other persons or institutions.
Understanding the Law and Rights: Being aware of oneâs rights and knowing how to
advocate for them. Being aware of benefits, opportunities to which one is legally entitled.
Realistically, many people in Richmond, even under the best case scenario, are going to have
relatively low incomes for the foreseeable future. But this more nuanced view of human well-
being gives us a way to think about what can be done to improve the lives of low-income
communities and individuals, so as to make the impact of low income less corrosive, less
harmful, and less likely to determine the fate of the next generation of children growing up in
low-income communities.
In the context of Richmond, just reading this list of capabilities suggests a to-do list for action:
what can be done to improve health care access in low income communities? To make citizens
aware of their rights and opportunities? To expand access to employment? To improve access to
recreation, and to nature? To provide educational development opportunities to not just children
but also adults? We could do much worse as a commission than using the capabilities in just this
way, as a checklist for improving the quality-of-life in all our communities.
But I want to stress today two themes that come up from this list of capabilities and functioning
that I think are particularly relevant for Richmond as we try to address poverty and its
consequences. I present these both as challenges to grapple with.
The first is recognizing the central importance of social affiliation and social relationshipsâ
communityâin any human life. Social networks are critical to sustaining and enhancing the lives
of low-income people in Richmond. Those low-income people without access to social networks
and support can be fairly described as our least well-off citizens. It is important to peopleâs sense
of self that they feel like other people care about them, and that they belong to a community. In
my own work with the grassroots organization Richmond Street Soccer, and Iâm sure many of
you have seen the same thing in your own work, just the simple recognition that somebody cares
can have a powerful, even transformational impact on individuals in need. We need to pay close
attention to the networks of support and community that already exist in low-income
communities and make sure that we do not thoughtlessly dismantle or disrupt those networks.
And we need to recognize the damage that comes from the stigmatization and isolation of low-
income communities. The challengeâand it is a challengeâis to both respect and strengthen
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8. existing networks of support within low-income communities and to break down the walls
isolating our poorest neighborhoods from the rest of the city. Yet we canât ever really be one city
if our affluent and low-income citizens lead essentially separate lives with no meaningful points
of contact between them.
The second is recognizing the importance of recognizing low-income persons as agents in this
process of addressing poverty, not objects of policy. The orientation must not be, as in 1950âs
style urban renewal, what we should do to low-income communities, nor even the charitable
orientation of what we can do for low-income communities, but rather the democratic orientation
of what we can do with low-income communities and individuals. This means taking the
knowledge and perspective of low-income persons seriouslyâby listening, and by giving low-
income persons a meaningful voice in the policy decisions that impact them, as well as in
deliberations about policy, such as this commission. It means making a serious effort to step
inside the shoes and brains of other people, including those whom we might be most likely to
stereotypeâthe marginally employed 20 year old young African-American male who seemingly
has no real life plan. We cannot make real progress without the community not just âbuying inâ
but actively helping shape initiatives. And we cannot reach those who are seemingly most lost,
most alienated, most at risk, without addressing and recognizing them as whole persons. And
when we recognize low-income individuals as whole persons, we have the best chance of
making the connections needed to produce real change, on the personal, social and economic
level.
Let me give you three short examples of what I have in mind.
The first is Richmond Street Soccer, which is a grassroots organization devoted to using soccer
as a vehicle for personal development among homeless and formerly homeless people. For the
past several seasons, an eight member team has participated in the national Street Soccer USA
tournament in Washington. Street Soccer is not a social service agency, although it has received
important support from such agencies. Rather itâs a space for people to exercise and play in the
context of a supportive community. This sounds trivial in terms of the wider issues of poverty
and homelessness, but itâs not. The capability list I read before helps explain whyâbeing able to
play is an important human need, and so is feeling valued as part of a community. So is having a
sense of purpose. For those who have stuck with it, affiliation with the street soccer program has
been a crucial support of community, a release from stress, and provided an expanded social
network; our veteran players see themselves as leaders in the community. This in turn has helped
in their own struggles to find secure employment and housing. Just this past week, one of our
veteran players, Rodney Knight, received street soccerâs highest honorâheâs been named to the
U.S. national street soccer team that will compete against sixty other countries at the Homeless
World Cup in Paris next month. More importantly, Rodney now also has full-time employment,
permanent housing, and is hoping to go to college to get a degree in education.
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9. The second example is probably known to many of you here, and it was the model for
Richmondâs application for a Promise Neighborhood grant from HUD. This is the Harlem
Childrenâs Zone led by Geoffrey Canada. Now what is most interesting to me is not the charter
school in itself, Promise Academy, but the way in which the school is integrated with other
deliberate efforts to address the comprehensive needs of the children and their parents, starting
with pre-natal parenting classes. Canada frames these efforts as giving low-income parents
access to the same information and insights on child development as middle-income parents.
And while it will take years to see the full results of the Harlem Childrenâs Zone effort, Canada
has unquestionably succeeded in raisingâdramaticallyâthe expectations of the children
involved about what their future can look like. He has gotten kids to believe that their life is
important and that they can and will make it, and hence they think differently about themselves
and their lives. Whether or not the specifics of this sort of model make sense or are replicable in
Richmond, this is the level of effort and comprehensiveness that is appropriate if the goal is to
give our kids the same chance as kids elsewhere.
But you canât reach all the kids unless also reach the parents, and address the core issue of
adequate remunerative employment. The third example is less well-known, and that is what is
going on in Cleveland with the Evergreen Cooperative Fund. There the Cleveland Foundation
has launched a major anti-poverty initiative in the University Circle neighborhood, with the goal
of creating living wage jobs in the green technology sector for neighborhood residents. They
have established three new businessesâa green Laundromat, a solar panel installation firm, and
an urban greenhouse that will grow produceâand eventually plan to establish a $50 million fund
aimed at starting least a dozen more firms. About $40 million in investment has already been
leveraged from some $5 million in seed capital. The key to this strategy is the participation of the
cityâs universities and hospitals, which have agreed to give contracts to the new firms, allowing
them to get off the ground and be viable from the start, with the aim of building on that start to
find larger markets. The firms are organized as cooperatives, which does not mean they are
anarchist operations consumed by endless meetings. Rather, it means that the firms are
permanently rooted in and committed to the neighborhood, that each worker in addition to a
wage gets a small profit share that is banked in an accumulating asset fund, and that the workers
have a particular pride in these new firmsâthey feel like they are not just âworking for the
man,â but working for themselves and their neighborhood. This is an inspiring example of using
all the resources of the community to create new opportunities, and to do so in a way that
respects the workers as a whole people. Again, whether or not the specifics of this make sense
for Richmond, this is the kind of bold and innovative approach that is needed to address the
depths of our problem.
I will close by stressing what a challenging job we have. Many of the factors that affect poverty
and well-being in Richmond are a function of the national economy and state and federal policy,
things outside of our immediate control in Richmond. But we are not powerless to address this.
There are significant resources in this city than can be leveraged to expand opportunity and
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10. improve quality of life. We absolutely must address the economic development issue by thinking
strategically about both how to increase the number and quality of employment opportunities for
our residents, and how to better prepare them to take advantage of those opportunities. But we
also must not neglect doing what we can do to improve the quality of life and effective
functionings of our low-income neighborhoods and households, and doing so in a spirit of
mutual respect.
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