Holism Vs Reductionism Essay

Holism Vs Reductionism Essay
Question: What are holism and reductionism? How are they used in psychology? Is one of method
better than the other?
Answer:
The debate over reductionism and holism is controversy and has affected the way that psychology
and psychologist do research. These two totally different approaches in psychology take different
stands in the debate. Some psychologist believes that reductionism is much more useful than holism
while some think holism should be the primary method to use in psychological field. In this paper, I
will explore the meaning of each idea, how they are used in psychology and discover whether there
is an absolute right method for psychology. To understand the ways these two approached used in
psychology, we must understand their definitions. According to the lecture, reductionism is the
belief that human mind and behaviors can be explained by breaking down into smaller component
parts. Reductionists believe that the best way to understand why humans behave the way they do is
to look clearly and closely at the very simple parts that make up our system in order to make the
simplest explanations. Reductionism is actually based on a scientific assumption called parsimony,
which is saying ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, when psychologist study social psychology, they usually studies social variables on
individual behaviors, reactions, attitudes or perceptions. Social psychologists like to put their focus
on whole group to understand human. One popular method to prove peer pressure in an individual is
to put he/she in a group where the group is answering questions. Even though the questions are as
easy as one plus one, when every other group members answer the same wrong answer, that
individual would tend to have the same wrong answer because of peer pressure. This simple but
meaningful experience starts out with holism approach as using a group to understand small parts
and behavior/pressure of
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understand how to plan assessment Essay
3.1
When planing assessments you need to be aware of some key factors so you're assessment is
relevant and fair to your students. Be aware of what your assessing weather final assessment or
ongoing assessment, details which have to be perfect verses details that are not as important, be fully
aware of what your looking for the students to achieve throughout assessment. Conformation of
relevant policies, requirements and qualifications for your particular subject. You will need the
knowledge of the topic you are assessing, you will also need knowledge of assessment procedures.
This is so assessments are fair and there is consistency across all students which hold said
qualification.
Are learners ready for assessment, you will need to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By linking different aspects of learning through holistic assessment you can get a clearer picture of
student ability. This will also highlight student's strengths and weaknesses.
3.3
When planning assessments you will need to take a holistic approach, you will need to make sure
assessment is specific to a qualification, it needs to be clear and relevant to the topic being taught.
The assessment also needs to be measurable, you will need to be able to give a pass/fail or grade on
any assessment given and show any areas not covered during the training. Assessment and to be
achievable, the level of difficulty needs to match the candidates being assessed as well as the
importance of the qualification, four example children would possibly need easier assessments, but
assessments concerning life–saving need to have a relative difficulties so the assessor knows that the
learner could react in a real life situation. Realistic assessment, this is important when it comes to
transferring skills learnt in the classroom to a real life situation, they need to be as real as possible
where they can, Four example manikins used in CPR with given scenarios from real life case
studies. And finally assessments need to be time bound, assessment dates and times are agreed, this
is to incorporate preparation time (Not too much – not too little).
3.4
To minimise the risk to yourself and

The State Of The Dakota Access Pipeline Essay
A battle of saving and maintaining clean water and sacred burial lands is what is at stake with the
possible construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline (White). The Dakota Access Pipeline, or
commonly known as DAPL on the Internet, is a 1,172–mile pipeline that would carry oil. The
pipeline is being proposed to have a route that would travel through the Standing Rock Native
American reservation (Donnella). The reservation spans across both North and South Dakota. The
reservation is inhabited by Lakota and Dakota nations, or commonly known as the Sioux Native
Americans ("History").
With the urgency of hindering the DAPL efforts in building the pipeline have come with protests
from Native Americans and non–Natives alike. Many of these peaceful protests from the Indigenous
people have turned violent with the police pepper spraying and using forceful actions toward those
that are fighting the pipeline ("Protests Over The Dakota Access Pipeline").
The protests have stopped, due to the battle over the construction of this pipeline is switching from
the reservation to court (Richardson). Most recently, President Barack Obama decided to look for
other routes for the project on Dec. 5, and to halt the constriction of the pipeline for the time being
(Richardson). Overall, the conclusion of the pipeline on whether it will be built or not is unknown.
President–elect Donald Trump declined to comment on the issue, but stated that he will work
through this highly contested situation

Patch Adams Reflection
Patch Adams showcases how holism works and how it benefits the patients' mentally and physically.
Holism is tying humanity to the physicality (Kretchmar, 2005) which is the central to Patch's views
of being a doctor and how he practices medicine throughout the film. The way that Patch heals the
patients by using laughter as a part of their treatment illustrates the definition of holism. Patch
Adams demonstrates a holistic approach to his practice by displaying holistic ideas which are that
doctors should connect with their patient on a personal level and the idea of treating the person and
the disease. To understand how Patch Adams exhibits holism, it's important to summarize the movie
to understand Patch's holistic approach. The movie is about Hunter "Patch" Adams' journey in
medical school after he self committed himself to a mental hospital for his suicide attempts. While
he was at the mental hospital, the doctor didn't take the time to truly pay attention to him or give him
actual treatment which inspired him to become a doctor. At medical school, he immediately
disagreed on how the professors were teaching them in terms of just being technical and regarding
themselves about others. He starts visiting the university's hospital even though he isn't allowed
because he was a first year student and starts entertaining the patients. During his mission, the dean
of the university was against his holistic views and tries to expel him but Patch takes him to the
court of

The Journal Of Environmental Management Models And Challenges
With geological experts currently heralding a new geological period, the Anthropocene (Kolbert,
2011), attention is drawn to the overarching impacts of humankind upon the environment. The
article 'Anthropogenic nutrients and harmful algae in coastal waters', published by the Journal of
Environmental Management, Davidson et al. (2014) propose that nutrients from anthropogenic
sources are a major contributing factor towards the increasing occurrence of Harmful Algal Blooms
(HABs) in coastal waters worldwide. The authors conclude that the function of anthropogenically
sourced nutrients in stimulating the growth of HABs is dependent on location, other parameters
often regulate the occurrence of algal blooms. The article is comprehensive from a scientific
perspective, accessing quantifiable parameters from an empirical cause and effect assessment.
However, from an Anthropology perspective there are various perspectives which, overlooked in
this article, could enrich the understanding and comprehension on the causes of HAB events. To
demonstrate how anthropological perspectives could contribute a more complex understanding and
interpose valuable paradigms to environmental management models and challenges. The article by
Davidson et al. (2014) is critiqued with regards to the Humanistic–Scientific spectrum, as well as
the Holistic perspective as opposed to the Reductionist perspective, and the Temporal perspective is
contrasted with the Tempocentric. However, advancing in this

Kolcaba's Theory Of Holism
Holism is when individuals have multiple interacting systems including genetic makeup and
spiritual drive, body, mind, emotion, and spiritual are a total unit and act together, affections one
another (McEwen & Wills, 2014). Human, nursing, health, and environment are four nursing
metaparadigms that are common themes related to holism. There is a need for a mind/body
connection and maintaining balance. Helping patients achieve a balance between mind and balance
is used for improved health. Holism was used in the framework of many theories. Kolcaba's Theory
of Comfort is one of the nursing theories that embrace the holism approach. The Theory of Comfort
focuses on the health and well–being of the individual with comfort being the ultimate ... Show
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Relief is a feeling of reassurance and relaxation following anxiety/distress. Ease is a state of
contentment. Transcendence is a comfort when patients rise above their challenges.
In The Theory of Comfort, understanding of comfort can promote nursing care that is holistic and
inclusive of physical, psychospiritual, social, and environmental interventions (McEwen & Wills,
2014). The mind/body/spirit is related to comfort, as one's thoughts and emotions can distort their
cognitive reasoning by causing illness or delaying recovery. The mind is a powerful tool that can
change the outlook on how one thinks. Intervening variables can stress a person thus decreasing
health–seeking behaviors. One has to change how the mind is thinking. The mind has to have a
positive outlook so that the body and spirit of the person can obtain optimal comfort. Relief, ease,
and transcendence play a part by if a person makes it through these steps, then more positive health–
seeking behaviors can take place. If the person has a negative response, then the body and spirit
aspect will not be a positive one. There is a reciprocal relationship that exists between health–
seeking behaviors and comfort because health–seeking behaviors also can enhance comfort. The
body is then affected by the actions the person takes. If they are in a positive state and relief, ease,
and transcendence was achieved in their mind, then the

What Is Holism?
Holism, in relating to health, acknowledges that there is one functioning system with the ultimate
goal of creating harmony and balance. In order to treat and care for a human being in a holistic
manner, one must move past the primary focus of the physical aspects to understanding that the
being is an indivisible whole (inseparability of the mind and body). It is important to consider all
aspects equally: physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual; for if one area is deficient there is
opportunity for illness or disease.
The shifting views of traditional medicine to a more integrative, holistic approach had begun
decades ago. In 1979 the Journal of Western Medicine acknowledged that the concept of holism will
gradually be integrated

The Ethics of Reductionism in the Medical Sciences
While Marcum's philosophy focuses on medical research at the molecular, genetic, and tissue levels,
Elisabeth Lloyd emphasizes the socioeconomic factors of health. She presents an empirical trend
that permeates through a number of cross–national studies: the degree of income inequality in any
given society is strongly correlated with the society's level of morbidity and mortality. This means
that if a society's income gradient is steep (the poor are severely more poor than the rich), the worse
off everyone is – rich and poor. This phenomenon can be seen in a wide range of diseases, including
allergies, asthma, accelerated aging, cancer, epilepsy, Grave's disease, multiple sclerosis, myocardial
infarction, PTSD, rheumatoid arthritis, just ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both parties must take into account the expected quality of life, other medical problems, support
structures, etc. Tauber argues that the application of medical sciences is not objective, as any
medical practitioner engages in the social domain of the sufferer and family just as much as he must
engage in the genetic and biophysical domains of the body. Therefore, medicine, by its very nature,
is holistic. It seeks to address all aspects of the patient, including illness, history, personal values,
social influences, psychological state, etc. And, in medicine, reductionism should be viewed as a
tool that may be applied to certain aspects as necessary to care for the patient.
We have reviewed the causal effects on human health at genetic, tissue, organismal, and ecological
levels. It appears that the line becomes blurred between reductionism and holism when these levels
of organization are presented next to one another (for example, the organic holism of tissue structure
demonstrated in Marcum's discussion may be considered reductionism when presented relative to
the human as a whole). Consequentially, the various aspects of human health form a continuous,
relative, stack of holism on top of reductionist on top of holism on top of reductionism, etc. We can
more accurately classify these various causal effects as hierarchical levels of explanation, rather than
strictly "reductionist"

Essay On Holism And Reductionism
The concepts of holism and reductionism is related with system dynamics, as it is examined under
broad range of areas such as medicine, philosophy, physics, etc. The principles were defined and
examined in this research paper from the basis of system dynamics according to Saul, Mc. Leod.
(2008). this research paper provides brief concepts of Holism and Reductionism. It mainly covers
Holism and Reductionism and their importance in current world. At the end of this paper, a
comparative study about Holism and Reductionism is explained respectively. Table of Contents
1. Introduction of Holism Vs Reductionism 4
2. Implementation of system thinking 4
3. Holism 4
4. Reductionism 5
5. Comparative study of Holism and Reductionism 5
6. Advantages of Holism on Reductionism 6
7. Conclusion 6
8. Reference 7 1. Introduction of Holism vs. Reductionism:
Reductionism is referred as it helps in detecting the parts and indentifying the working conditions.
Reductionism also supports in interconnections of network in a system. Holism is meant as alternate
approach for the system thinking (ST). The main advantage of holism is it not only identifies the
parts but also understands the evolution of new entities form the existing entities. Hence Holism is
said to be better approach than ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It helps in pointing the attitude or behavior of whole structure and helps in explaining the principles.
Some of advantages with reductionism are it helps in explaining system but lack in finding required
principles. A perfect explanation is provided by the holism Ghadeer, Altamimi. (January 26, 2012) if
there is sufficient data and interaction between the components is available. The widespread
rejection of reductionism in ecology has led to the search of reconciliation through an explicit
recognition of the value of working along the gradient between reductionism and

Core Idea Of Ecological Holism
Introduction
I choose ecological holism. 'It means that one who believes that the fundamental unit of moral
consideration in environmental ethics is the biosphere and its ecosystem.' (Vaughn, 2010) 'The core
idea of Ecological holism is the overall interests of the ecosystem as the highest value rather than
the interests of humanity as the highest value, to whether it helps to maintain and protect the
ecological integrity of the system, harmonious, stable, balanced and sustainable exist as a measure
of all things fundamental scale, as a judge of human life, scientific and technological progress, the
ultimate standard of economic growth and social development.' (王诺,2004)
The reason I choose this is because I think it is the view that shows ... Show more content on
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In order to attain this ideal– ecological holism, we can stop buying GM food and buy some food that
is natural, organic and it is raised in an organic way in order to maintain the balance of the
ecosystem.
'Genetically modified (GM) foods are foods derived from organisms whose genetic material (DNA)
has been modified in a way that does not occur naturally, e.g. through the introduction of a gene
from a different organism. Currently, available GM foods stem mostly from plants, but in the future
foods derived from GM microorganisms or GM animals are likely to be introduced on the market.
Most existing genetically modified crops have been developed to improve yield, through the
introduction of resistance to plant diseases or of increased tolerance of herbicides.' (WHO,2015)
The dangers of GM food are that there are some unexpected side–effects on human health. Since
there are so many chemical compounds present in the human body that may not present in a normal
human diet and it is hard to decide whether there is a long –term effects on our body. In addition,
some patients are not allowed to eat some of the food due to food allergy, GM food may cause
dangers to

The Concept Of Holism Is Popularly Discussed In Relation
The concept of holism is popularly discussed in relation to healthcare and healing as a theory that
promotes the consideration of the patient as more than a physical or biological body with an illness,
but rather a complex and unique human being. Holism promotes the idea of the person as a whole
made up of parts, mainly mind, body, and spirit. When one of these parts ails, harmony cannot exist
and thus the whole suffers. Some holistic philosophies tend more toward incorporating the social
aspects and others the spiritual components, but the common characteristic of all holistic
philosophies is the emphasis on comprehensiveness. What this concept analysis aims to achieve is to
explore the different interpretations of holism and how it is ... Show more content on
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Traditionally, nursing takes a holistic approach to practice by taking into account the person as a
whole and considering the social, economic, physical, emotional, and psychological factors as
contributing factors to a patient 's condition and recovery. However, the concept of holism is not
specific to nursing or healthcare. Holism is even currently being studied by economists as it relates
to how the lack of considering the whole, in this case meaning the all of te complexities of a
economy, lead to the breakdown and ultimate failure of a successful economy (The Guardian).
Modern nursing education puts emphasis on practicing nursing with a holistic approach. Nursing
students are taught to reflect on their own feelings, opinions, and beliefs in order to become more
self– aware and therefore able to better understand and communicate with patients to develop a
therapeutic relationship. Critical and Defining Attributes of Holism: Repeatedly in literature the
attributes of holism are "mind, body, and spirit," "whole," "harmony," and "healing." Antecedents
Before the concept of holism can be practiced, certain behaviors and attributes must exist, these are
antecedents. Antecedents to holism for are need, disharmony between mind, body, and spirit, illness,
caring healthcare providers, trust, communication, intuition, and understanding that the person is a
complex and unique

Chronicle I : Seven Dimension Of Health And Holism
Chronicle I: Seven Dimension of Health and Holism
Diksha Pradhan
Health is not the mere absence of disease. Optimal health is a state of complete well being. When an
individual comes to realization of the fullest potential of health and fulfill their role 's expectation,
wellness is achieved. That being said, wellness is subjective and relative from person to person.
There are seven dimension of wellness. It is important to balance all aspects in order reach optimal
health. The dimension most people are familiar with is physical. It is the functioning of all eight
body systems, and avoiding harm. The second dimension is psychological, the ability to feel and
express the entire range of human emotions. Third is spiritual, the belief in ... Show more content on
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However, I have been working on my social skills by participating in class more and improving my
interacting skills. It has been a process, and will continue to be a lifelong process. Since switching
my major to IHC and learning more about health, improving my health has been easier, and life has
been more enjoyable. Knowledge of the dimensions of wellness has been a benefactor to this. Being
educated on the history and background of medicine is beneficial. Looking at past philosophies can
provide insight and understanding. The founder of conventional medicine is Rene Descartes, who
believed the mind and body are separate. Isaac Newton 's principle also has a contribution. His view
of nature as mechanical has reduced the body into "broken parts" that need to be "fixed." Treatment
is designed to reverse symptoms quickly. Albert Einstein 's theory of relativity linked traditional
eastern medicine with biomedicine, which in turn introduces CAM. His study looks at matter and
energy being interchangeable, since all matter interacts at a subatomic level through electron
bonding. This gives the perspective that the body is a whole part. Things like thoughts and feelings
affect daily living and ultimately, health. Thus giving a holistic approach to healing. After reflecting
on conventional medicine 's perspective of healing,

Similarities Of Holism And Reductionism
Holism Holism has been defined as that particular approach that tends to emphasize the entire idea
rather than focusing on the constituent elements of the provided thoughts or ideas (Looijen, 2000).
The concept of holism suggests that there are various levels of explanation and that every level
happens to possess different properties that cannot be understood alone. Holism is greatly applied in
psychology to understand human behavior by concentrating on the entire behavior rather than
choosing a single element of the behavior experienced by humans (Verschuren, 2001). It is
important to understand that the concept of holism is usually based on the idea that the whole is
always more that the sum of all the constitutive parts that form the whole. ... Show more content on
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One of the similarities that exists between the two is brought about by the fact that the aim of the
two approaches is to understand different concepts and behaviors as well as different life aspects in
the society (Looijen, 2012). The other similarity is that, the two approaches can be applied in
different disciplines for purposes of bringing a clear understanding of all the concepts that are
applied in these disciplines (Verschuren, 2001). On the other hand, there are a number of differences
that exist between the two concepts. One of the differences that is coming out clearly is that of
having the holism approach focusing on the whole element rather than focusing on the specific parts
that make up the entire element. On the contrary, the reductionism approach works following the
principle of looking at the specific parts that make the entire element. Additionally, Holism focuses
more on the final product and it is not usually interested with the specific roles that make up the
whole element (Looijen, 2012). On the other hand, reductionism is always interested with the
specific parts that make up the whole element rather than struggling to research on the entire
element while being unaware of the important functions of the key parts of the

Anthropological Critique Of Davidson Et Al
Anthropological Critique of Davidson et al. (2014) 'Anthropogenic Nutrients and Harmful Algae in
Coastal Waters'
Introduction
With geological experts currently heralding a new geological period, the Anthropocene (Kolbert,
2011), attention is drawn to the overarching impact of humankind upon the environment. The article
'Anthropogenic nutrients and harmful algae in coastal waters', published by the Journal of
Environmental Management, Davidson et al. (2014) propose that nutrients from anthropogenic
sources are a major contributing factor towards the increasing occurrence of Harmful Algal Blooms
(HABs) in coastal waters worldwide. The authors conclude that the function of anthropogenically
sourced nutrients in stimulating the growth of HABs is dependent on location, other parameters
often regulate the occurrence of algal blooms. The article is comprehensive from a scientific
perspective, accessing quantifiable parameters from an empirical cause and effect assessment.
However, from an Anthropology perspective, there are various perspectives which, overlooked in
this article, could enrich the understanding and comprehension of the causes of HAB events. To
demonstrate how anthropological perspectives could contribute a more complex understanding and
interpose valuable paradigms to environmental management models and challenges. The article by
Davidson et al. (2014) is critiqued with regards to the Humanistic–Scientific spectrum, as well as
the Holistic perspective as opposed to

The Pros And Cons Of Dualism
#1: Select one of the three philosophical perspectives regarding the nature of the human person (e.g.,
mind–body dualism, scientific materialism, or holism). First, describe the basic tenets of the selected
perspective. Second, what are strengths and weaknesses of this perspective? Third, how might this
perspective influence or inform your work in your future profession (e.g., physical therapy, teaching,
coaching, etc.)?
Having a holistic perspective means to visualize the mind and body as parts that are separate but
come together and work as a whole. Holism emphasizes the importance of the whole body.Whether
it is physical, chemical, or mental, every part of our body is connected and is related to one another.
Our book "Practical Philosophy of Sport and Physical Activity" (Kretchmar R., Scott 2005) states
that holism is ideally promised to revolutionize the way we think about people, how we educate
them, treat them medically, promote their spiritual growth, and help them move(pg102). However, a
holistic approach on medicine has both its advantages and disadvantages. An article called "Pros and
Cons of Holistic Medicine" lists some strengths of an holistic perspective that includes the personal
connection you can make with your patient by giving them all your attention, treating the patient as
a whole, and the stress reduction of the patient. This approach of treating patients as a whole allows
patients to consider their wellness overall and encourages them to live a

Dr Confogel's Impact On Society
The well–renowned founder of Old Bridge Dental care of was born on March 7, 1972, at new
jersey.Dr. Avi earned a BA in biology and psychology at Rutgers University and a DDS in New York
University College of Dentistry.Dr.Weisfogel is a big fan of the LinkedIn and the hosting company
Regfox.During his first 15 years of his career as a dentist, his interaction with different industries
and people across the world,acted like a boost to his thinking and strength of his projects. This
positive impact improved each and every time he socialized. However, the strategy of regional
marketing,assisted him in venturing into the entrepreneurship.He actually encountered some failures
in this but this never killed his determination to success.Moreover, having

Water and Human Rights by Barbara Johnston
Barbara Johnston mentions in "Water and Human Rights" how dams are supposed to regulate water
and make water more accessible for humans and their communities and project energy and
economic goals. Yet, the building of dams has not done any of those following goals and has showed
more of a decline than an increase in those areas (Johnston, 445). In addition, Johnston mentions
how 60% of the rivers were dammed making an extreme impact on the extinction of 30% of the
worlds freshwater fish (Johnston, 445). Other problems faced due to the dam construction other than
extinction of freshwater fish would be the displacement and severe poverty of 80 million people
around the world, majority being from indigenous and ethnic minorities (Johnston, 445). Another
problem that is brought up by Johnston is the privatization of water and how water should not be
privatized. Johnston mentions water is a human right and that when building dams the water is
automatically privatized and the people who were displaced do not get any of the dam water, the
water that they get is contaminated and not healthy for human living (Johnston, 449). This is
happening and has happened in numerous countries, the ones that Johnston mentions, China,
Turkey, Africa, and Chile, are just a few of them. Johnston agrees that the clean water from dams
does some good for people, but the lack of distribution, the displacement, and extinction of
animals/fish are negative effects seen when looking at everything

Holism: The Case Of Ozti: A Natural Mummy
The case of Özti, a natural mummy found in an Italian glacier in 1991, is a prime example of holism
within anthropology. The research done to explore Özti's origins has incorporated both definitions of
holism as outlined in Introduction to Anthropology: an interdisciplinary approach towards
anthropology, as well the understanding that different aspects of societies are inter–related (Text,
2017: 27). To begin, holism is displayed in the way in which research was done regarding Özti's life.
Many different people with various backgrounds were called upon to assemble Özti's past. Firstly,
there was the team of archeologists who unearthed both Özti and the artifacts buried with him. The
expertise of such people allowed them to discover artifacts

The Holistic Approach Of Education
The conceptual map, figure: 2.2 provides the summary of this discretion in a schematic form.
The Holistic Approach in Education Holistic education stands clear that learners, need a wide range
of skills to transform their lives, and that of others around them. Certainly educating children is not
a matter of flooding the market needs and fulfillment. According to Singh (2007), in the progressive
changing world, learners need the capability to deal with the indeterminable future. In point of fact,
a conventional wisdom pinpoints that a "holistic education" approach tackles all aspects of human
challenges (p. 107) in life. Then, he went on to ask, whether an education, support learners to create
capability, a useful key factor for the reconstruction of any country. The education system, scarcely
provides learners for instance, with skills for commendable eating habit. That, in turn leads to the
other question, of how often the education offers learners with the knowledge of avoiding the
consumption of alcohol, tobacco, or drug that may ruin their health (Singh, 2007). A few
aforementioned examples represent a segment of problems among others that children face daily,
but not offered in their learning process. Schools should not create receivers of fresh ideas, as a
substitute, instead support learners to ask questions in their learning process. Singh (2007) continues
to argue that education should support learners in the creation of strong body and mind for thinking,

Localization Vs. Holism : Language Essay
Localization vs. Holism: Language in the Brain
Introduction
The brain is undoubtedly the most complex organ within the human body. Despite advances in
technology and extensive research, the brain remains a mysterious and controversial structure. One
controversial topic in particular involves the areas of the brain that coordinate the complicated and
elaborate process of language. That is, there is division concerning whether language is localized in
a specific region or regions, or if it is distributed throughout the entire brain. These contradictory
theories are more commonly known as localization and holism, respectively. This paper will
investigate this issue by first detailing both theories. Then, my personal perspective on this
controversial topic will be addressed and defended. Finally, the clinical implications that are
intertwined in these theories will be examined.
The first of the two opposing theories to be investigated is localization, which is a school of thought
that attributes specific functions to specific areas of the brain (Northoff, 2014). To obtain a better
understanding of this theory, the history of this theory will be explored. In 1825, the localization of
mental processes was introduced by Franz Joseph Gall. Gall proposed that the brain contained
distinct organs within its cortex, each of which served a specific moral, spiritual, or intellectual
ability. Localization was mostly a discredited concept until Paul Broca's critical supporting
contribution

Holism Vs. Reductionism
Holism vs Reductionism Balamurali Vallappa Wilmington University Contents Holism 3
Reductionism 5 Holism vs. Reductionism 7 Conclusion 8 References 9 Holism The theory which
communicates that parts of whole system has relationship among themselves and whole world can
give better game plans in this present reality by understanding it. Holism is in like manner joined
with various mental states vernaculars & nature. A widely inclusive structure involves a couple
segments, which constitute to the whole the kind of a request. Holism is generally called structure
assuming it also helps in the view of old substances to new components. Communicating differently
concerning each and every basic system, it is understood ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
They are extensively used as a piece of analysis. Nevertheless, analysis of just parts does not give
any critical reaction to the structure understanding. In this way it is urgent to enhance usage of
complete quality for system understanding. Both the investigative parts are profitable in their own
benefit (Weinberg, 1975). Conclusion Strengths and weaknesses as well as pro and cons are found in
both holism and reductionism. It makes the feeling that both are important and both can supplement
each other. Thus as a completing up enunciation in this paper, it is possible to unite both the
instruments with a particular final objective to have broad understanding that can help in settling on
all that much instructed decisions. Regardless, the properties and relations between the parts are
seen as focal basic to fathom the whole

Holism And The Definition Of Body
The term holism is derived from the Greek word holos meaning whole, entire, complete, or total
(Griffin, 2016, p. 310). The keywords of holism, holistic, body, and spirit were placed into the
search engines and any of the words that did not give the intended meaning of the theory and
practice of nursing or health were ignored. The definition of body is the entire physical structure of
an animal or human being, the flesh ("Body", 2011, 1a and 2). Holistic theory is defined as the
theory that the parts of any whole cannot exist and cannot be understood except in their relation to
the whole ("Holism", 1). Holism holds that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts; a theory or
belief that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts; a

Quine Writes 's Two Dogmas Of Empiricism
Elisabeth Daigle Massey Contemporary Philosophy 8 December 2015 Contemp. PHL Paper Draft
Quine writes "Two Dogmas of Empiricism" critiquing two parts of empiricism separate from the
rest of what empiricism entails. These two dogmas are: a) there is a principled distinction between
analytic and synthetic propositions, and b) reductionism is true. Quine also explains undetermination
and its uses. His application is that anyone can believe anything if they are willing to let go of some
background knowledge which could refute it. Commonly said as, believe x, come what may. Laudan
has set out to demystify underdetermination because Quine's use has been oversimplified and
misused by many. It will be helpful to first define dogmas, reductionism ... Show more content on
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One of the dogmas that Quine addresses is "reductionism." Reductionism refers to the empiricist
claim that the meaning of a proposition is its verification conditions. The belief that each statement
is equivalent to some logical construct upon terms which refer to immediate experience,
observations. Underdetermination is the thesis explaining that for any scientifically based theory
there will always be at least one rival theory that is also supported by the evidence given, and that
that theory can also be logically maintained in the face of any new evidence. This theory allows for
conflicting things to coexist, they might be consistent by they are not necessarily rational. The
Quine–Duhem thesis involves the idea that a "physicist can never subject an isolated hypothesis to
experimental tests, but only a whole group of hypotheses." This is to say that when an experiment is
conducted and fails, the conductor cannot say I will test "x" and prove that "it was x that was in
disagreement" because all he knows is that at least one variable, one hypotheses, in the group is
unacceptable and therefore must be changed. The experiment does not flag the culprit, the reason the
whole failed. Instead the entire hypothesis is put into question and can, in it's entirety be tried again.
This would seem to be analogous, though on its face it is not clearly analogous, to all theories and
hypotheses, not just

What I Am Proactive?
Earlier in the year I had written an essay based off a private victory that I had encountered within the
course. I have established a dominant process of thinking where I am proactive, maintaining the end
in mind, putting first things first, thinking with a win/win mentality, and seeking first to understand
to then be understood...all to lead me up to Habit 6 – Synergy. Covey's words and habits may seem
somewhat difficult to comprehend at first, but as I have grown as a person drastically throughout the
semester, I find each concept easier to understand with each passing section. I have been immensely
grateful for this course and what it's been able to provide for my life and my future. I have no idea if
Covey organized this purposely when he wrote the section, but synergy was without a doubt, the
easiest section to relate and apply. I found myself undergoing the entire process before even reading
the section and realizing what exactly I was doing subconsciously. Synergy not only focuses on the
proactivity of oneself, but also the proactivity of others and how we can combine our proactivities to
become unstoppable. Synergy is not just about applying the concept in a classroom or a workspace,
although synergy works extraordinarily in those scenarios, synergy should be applied to every social
interaction we face. Synergy, in simple terms is when the whole means more than the sum of its
parts. In order to appreciate the whole, one needs to first value the differences. This

The Whole of Holism
The Whole of Holism It is not what you look at that matters, it is what you see. The word "look" is
typically associated with appearances, whereas seeing orients around discernment. It is from
discernment that one's intentions, and actions, are produced. Nursing literature would argue that you
cannot see anything properly – or alternately, adequately discern anything – without considering the
whole; to only look at part of something obscures its true appearance. Holism is a word that
concerns itself with the whole of an individual. Holism is a word that concerns itself with seeing:
with understanding, with consideration, with discernment. It is from an understanding of what
defines holism and what holism defines, that nurses can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Importance of Holism This importance transcends itself into the nursing profession because no
longer are nurses merely taught a concern for "..."hard/biological sciences" derived from the
prevailing medical model..." (Lane, O'Brien, Gooney, & Reid, 2005, p.132). Through educational
expectancies and curriculum requirements, nurses today are pushed to comprehend "...the physical,
emotional, and spiritual needs of patients" (Lane, O'Brien, Gooney, & Reid, 2005, p.132). A more
integrated approach in nursing education enables a more integrated approach in nurse–patient
interaction (Lane, O'Brien, Gooney, & Reid, 2005). Holism allows nurses to meet patients on their
terms. Meeting someone on their terms means being able to better create a practical, personal
treatment plan. Meeting someone on their terms enables a nurse to enhance patients' sense of control
over their own health; this empowerment flows from the nurse's ability to understand how the
patient has, can, and will interact with available resources for health promotion (Kitson, 2004). Not
only is the creation of a treatment plan then more efficient, but any need for treatment alterations is
more readily recognized and attended to (Kitson, 2004). The Practice of Holism It would be naive to
infer that once a nurse understands holism they are enabled to practice it. Nursing can be an
incredibly overwhelming profession. When thrust into a busy ward it

Holism: Diverse Fields Of Study
Holism
The holistic approach is practical in a diverse range of fields of study. However, these fields seem to
hold consensus on holism as an analytical approach that reviews an object or a thing as a whole.
Even though the concept of holism is trending currently, it is a relatively ancient concept. The
present day science recasts holism as system thinking. As such the holistic approach relates the
objects or entities of interest to a system where very many basic units (parts) make up the complex
whole. These independent parts have different attributes and roles within the complex (Bossel,
2007). Regardless of the fact that these parts possess variances, they are structurally and functionally
integrated and also dependent on each other.
The

Comparing The Core Values Of Responsible Nursing Practice...
Nurses have the greatest potential for improving a patient's well–being. As a profession, nurses need
to promote the core values and code of Ethics amongst them. Nurse practitioners are required to
understand and practice the specific knowledge and skills of core values such as nurse caring,
advocacy, holism and professionalism to assist the patients in their critical condition (Volp 2007a).
This essay will discuss the core values of responsible nursing practice and code of ethics in relation
to the young patient who is suffering from paraplegia. Paternalism A policy or practice of treating
people patients in a fatherly manner, especially by providing for their needs without giving them
responsibilities. Paternalistic practices, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, a young adult patient diagnosed with paraplegia, they have need to a good
rehabilitation program then they can live independently as soon as possible. So, doctors and nurses
provide proper care to patient by changing their position, pads, giving them proper diet and
medication on time. But these are depending on the doctors and nurses. Young adult patient only
follow these rules because patient suffered from paraplegia and adult patient cannot do anything
without doctors advice. So, doctors and other staff members need to give proper care to the patient,
then patient can come back their better condition and do something independently because the
patient really want to be independent as soon as he can. In addition, paternalistic health care
professionals or other staff members believing that some patients are not able to make own decision
because of illness or lack of knowledge, make decisions for patients with the perception that they
are guarding the well–being of patients. At the last step we can say that (paternalism)doctors and
nurses making their own decision for the care of the paraplegic patient in this case but it is really
beneficial for that adult patient. Core values and Code of Ethics In nursing core values and code of
ethics. What we will first discuss is what are the core values and code of ethics and the second
discussion about how can we apply

Individual And Contextual Factors: The Ethics Of Care
Individual and Contextual Factors: The ethics of justice maintain the focus on solitary and structural
consistencies which are the rules and the principle. This implies that all ethical occurrences to be
interpreted on the basis of a universal rules. For instance, the general rules apply to a larger
population or group that shares the same occurrence (Ebrahimi et al, 2015). On the other hand, the
ethics of care phenomenon focus on the direct contexts and their importance. In the decision
making, the nurse will accommodate the sole needs of the individual that is involved in a particular
situation (Ebrahimi et al, 2015; Hooft, 2011).
Holism and Reductionism Hooft, (2011) echoes that holism

Toolbox Vs Holism
Abstract Many principles form the basis of system dynamics and become groundwork for thinking.
Holism and reductionism often criticize each other's work, but in the end, both ideas can work
together to create the greatest understanding. The Scientific Method is the only method taught in
grade school by both the teachers and the textbooks. However, using one method for all of science
can leave many questions unanswered.
Introduction
This unit mentioned systems dynamics mostly, but I thought it was interesting to see the different
perspectives when talking about holism versus reductionism, as well as The Scientific Method
versus The Scientist's Toolbox. Systems dynamics is an important part of this unit, but I also think
that comparing different ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Filling a glass of water is not simply just water flowing into the glass. There is a control of how
much water (feedback loop).
Applications
Personal perspective: In terms of systems dynamics, I think it can be used when analyzing many
different systems. On the Scientist's Toolbox side of things, I think this should be taught along with
the Scientific Method. Global perspective: Systems dynamics is found all over in the population,
ecological, and economic systems. Understanding systems dynamics can help everyone gain a better
understanding of that system. As far as the Scientist's Toolbox, I think it would be great if teachers
and textbooks taught it to their students, so they can understand that using just one method isn't
always the most

Holism In Medicine
In the western healing arts, vitalism is a holistic approach intended for the prevention and treatment
of disease by promoting one's vital force. Therefore, Di Stefano describes the vital force as a
'coherent life force that regulates and governs the growth, repair and regeneration of the body and its
diverse systems, it has also been described as the spirit of life, or spiritus vitae' (Di Stefano, 2006,
pp. 107). Similar to 'chi' in Chinese medicine or 'prana' in Ayurveda, the vital force acts as a defense
against disease and is often referred to as a medium that connects us with the rest of the world and
universe. Contrastingly, the concept of holism aims to treat the vital force in a holistic manner, by
treating all aspects of the individual, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hippocrates put forth the idea that the doctor could aid the 'physis' through patient means such as
nutrition and the removal of toxins from the body. Seven centuries later, the philosophy of vitalism
was modified by Galen. He was focused in finding correlations and solutions for natural phenomena
in the organism. Moreover, Galen proposed the concept of the 'pneuma' or spirit, detailing three
different spirits that were inside all humans: the vital, animal and natural spirits (Wood, 2005).
Interestingly enough, these were the perspectives of vitalism at the time Paracelsus began to enter
the medical field. Therefore, Paracelsus had a much different view of the vital force, 'he saw
vitalism as an active, directing intelligence, which conserved and restored the organism in an active
fashion' (Wood, 2005, pp. 14–15). Paracelsus' notion of vitalism exerted a significant influence in
the evolution of medicine, including Van Helmont's alchemical medicine, Hahnemann's
homeopathy, eclecticism and Thomsonian herbalism. Furthermore, we can see throughout history
how the concept of vitalism has evolved, but it is still maintained around the fundamental principle
as the force that drives us, that gives us our

Being A Family Physician And It
I learned that there is not only one standard way to do things in the medical field. This matters to me
due to the "mistreatment" I have received in hospitals. It also matters to me because I plan to
become a family physician and it is essential that I know the proper way to treat my patients at the
right time. Before I started the class, I used to lean more towards the reductionism approach. I was
the type that wanted to be treated as quickly as I could. Whenever I go to the doctor, I expect them
to know how treat me as fast as they should when they find the symptoms. Also, I used think there
was some type of guidebook that doctors look at to determine how to treat the patients, and I used to
believe that whatever could be in the book was the "only" and "right" way to do things. Little did I
know, there are various ways to approach a problem and give it a proper solution. The pre–class
reading that had to done was at first confusing to me before we discussed it class. I had many
questions in mind. I was trying to figure out why doctors only used one approach when there were
several others that could be much more beneficial. The article that stood out to me the most was
Medical reductionism: lessons from the great philosophers by Mark J. Beresford. The article stated
how reductionism was used to simplify things. The article also states the way reductionism is used
in cancer. I was thinking to myself why the holistic approach could not be used. I felt like there are
some

The Framework Pillars Of South University
Since the beginning of nursing as a profession, Nightingale made us look at the environment as an
integral part of the healing process. Many theorists after her expanded upon this aspect, none so
adamantly as Martha E. Rogers. Rogers elaborates on the holistic approach with her conceptual
model/theory. Rogers' science of unitary human beings is an indispensable research tool that relates
to all South University Framework Pillars. Its historical significance only validates its invaluable
quality. Rogers' ideas are still functional today through the Commission of Collegiate Nursing
Education professional core competencies, care plans, clinical application, current individualized
healthcare, and healthcare of populations. The five conceptual framework pillars of South
University are caring, communication, critical thinking, professionalism and holism (South
University, West Palm Beach [SUWPB], 2016). In order to provide optimal care, this framework
must work as an interconnected system where each one plays a crucial role. The five major
components must be integrated in every facet. For example, caring is one of the fundamental cores
of nursing, which must be used along with communication, professionalism, the ability to use good
critical thinking skills, and holism. Holism is what Rogers' unitary model emphasizes upon. Rogers'
science of unitary human beings allows the pillars to be interdependent on each other. In a holistic
model, holism encompasses the other pillars in that

Multifacetedness Relativism And Holism
After the thorough examination of different developmental theories, my understanding of life span
development can be summarized in three words: multifacetedness, relativism, and holism.
Everything from the conception to death continuously changes, moves in different directions and
with different pace. The modeling of human nature is relative and holistic, because the aspects of
our growth cannot be view in isolation from biological, cognitive, social and cultural contexts, and
also consider separately from other scientific disciplines. Development can be perceived as major,
transitional changes that are persistent and inevitable. They lead to qualitative differentiation and
reflect holistic transitions in thinking, feeling, interpersonal

Reductionism In The Simpsons
Looking at these statistics, the logical response is that there was a trend that women tended to apply
more to competitive departments with low rates of general admission, whereas men followed an
opposite trend. They tended to apply to less competitive departments with high rates of admission.
This is only one example of Simpson's paradox, but you can see how when looking at the 'whole' it
does seem reasonable to assume there was a bias against women, however upon the examination of
the 'parts' a bias in favor of women is the reality. In order to understand Simpson's paradox,
reductionism and holism must first be understood. Reductionism and holism are two different
positions to the 'parts–whole relation'. Reductionism is the position in ... Show more content on
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Using reductionism, the example of the admittance of women against men at University of
California, Berkeley would not have been fully understood. The individual department statistics
needed to be analyzed by themselves, independent of the total acceptance rate in order to determine
bias. If holism was used in that scenario, the University would have most likely been found guilty of
discrimination towards women. A strength reductionism has is its correlation to the medical
community. It offers physiological explanations, making it a scientific approach to understanding
relationships. Reductionism can tell us what happens when someone experiences love, which
hormones are triggered in the brain and what chemical signals are sent. However, reduction fails to
explain why love can be shared between people but not between a whole other set of people. In the
same way, reductionism can explain how the brain reacts to different music by the use of a scanner,
but it cannot determine how one feels when they hear certain music. There are arguments against for
reductionism for this exact reason. Some argue because it cannot explain this phenomenon and only
understand scientific relationships, it lacks validity. In additions to the lack of validity, it is argued
that the reductionist approach does not answer the question of why certain behaviors happen. "
[Reductionism] can explain that running away from a

Running Head : Holistic Nursing
Running Head: Holistic Nursing 1
13
Holistic Nursing
Name of Student
Professor's Name
Course
Date
Introduction
The unprecedented growth in the world technological scope in the biomedical discipline has led to
high specialization in the health sector making almost all disease curable. Contrary to curing a
myriad of diseases, there are several ailments that require long–term rehabilitation process.
Contemporarily, health in the medical field is intertwined concept with individual well–being in a
given set up rather than what many are accustomed to as the absence of ailments with the presence
of diseases ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Background information
Concept Analysis and understanding
Understanding the meaning of the concept holistic may be subjective hence need to understand the
concept, or else it may dilute the relevance of their use in practice. According to McBrien (2006),
exquisite definition and understanding are key to helping implementation of terms in question and
their ultimate application in research support and theory development. Even though there lie several
baselines for concept analysis, Rogers (1989), a qualitative approach ideal for it gives an inductive
and dynamic perspective into the theoretical analysis, unlike the more restrictive and inductive
quantitative analysis. Holism is a concept that ha for ages been synonymous with the nursing
practice and has undergone a transformation over time. Roger (1989) supports this through the
recognition that theories are subject to influence by use and time factors. This is further backed up
by Cutliffe and Mckenna (2007) when they insinuated that ideas use real life mode situations to
show traits, antecedents, and effects of the concept. Below is Rodgers (1989) framework used in
concept analysis The Term Holistic Nursing/Holism
According to Griffen (1993), the term Holism originates from a Greek word, Holos which means
whole. Kennedy (2001) in his studies on Greek dialects reported that health and health were
stemmed from Greek word 'Hale' which further means whole. Therefore, Holism, healing, and
health are terms that are

Iceman Reborn Film Analysis
The film, "Iceman Reborn", reveals that the concept of holism is extremely relevant to the story of
Otzi. Holism, meaning that the parts of a whole are interconnected and cannot be fully understood
separately. (McGarry 2017) The story of the iceman includes research and discoveries that come
from a variety of sources. The information that is documented on the mummy today came from
scientists, radiologists, historians, archaeologists and the list continues. Without all of these sources
working together on the remains of Otzi, their research would not be as advanced as it is.
It all began in 1991 when two hikers stumbled upon the iceman on a 10 000ft glacier on the border
of austria and italy ( Brennan 2016). It was quickly discovered by carbon ... Show more content on
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Severe damage found in the joints of his legs showed that he was a constant traveller (Brennan
2016). Scientists performed an autopsy to remove specimens from his stomach that would extract
the meal that otzi had consumed hours before his death, this reveals that he was most likely a hunter
(Brennan 2016). Otzi's caretaker shares that Otzi had 61 tattoos that were located by using a special
camera (Brennan 2016). Archaeologist, Aaron Deter– Wolf came to Gary's studio to look into the
meaning behind the placing of the art on his body (Brennan 2016). The iceman had arthritis on his
lower back, right knee, and ankles and lower right abdomen gall worms and all of the tattoos were
strategically placed where he experienced pain (Brennan 2016). This reveals that his tattoos were
therapeutic and he is the earliest evidence of this type of treatment (Brennan 2016). David Wood,
expert of fungi and archaeologist, Patrick Hunt track down mushrooms in the woods of upstate New
York to find two varieties that Otzi carried with him, discovering that he may have ingested the
mushroom as a form of painkiller (Brennan 2016). This shows that the mummy was the earliest
discovery that knew the mushroom was capable of that (Brennan

Holism Attributes
Attributes Many attributes can be associated with the concept of holism. The three most prevalent
attributes are healing, caring and integral. These are the ideals that are described most often and
practice under the concept of holism.
Healing
In general terms, healing is defined as the return to health. It is restoring someone to their former
state of health or function. "The American Holistic Nurses Association defines holistic nursing as 'all
nursing practice that has healing the whole person as its goal' " (Bair, 2016). Holistic nursing care
encompasses the idea of caring for the entire person, not just their physical body. "Healing is a
dynamic process of recovering from a trauma or illness by working toward realistic ... Show more
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Integral health involves the process through which we reshape basic assumptions and worldviews
about well–being and see death as a natural process of living. Integral health care is a patient–
centered and relationship–centered caring process that includes the patient, family, and community
and conventional, integrative, and integral healthcare practitioners, services and intervention in all
endeavors. The Integral nurse is a modern day Florence Nightingale. The nurse that implements the
integral theory recognize the important of the whole person in the healing process. They are able to
promote healing through their knowing, doing, and being. "Integral nursing involves a
comprehensive integral worldview and process that includes holistic theories and other paradigms;
holistic nursing is included (embraced) and transcended (goes beyond); this integral process and
integral worldview enlarges our holistic understanding of body–mind spirit connections and our
knowing, doing, and being to more comprehensive and deeper levels." (Dossey & Keegan,

Consequences Of Antecedent Analysis
An antecedent is a thing or event that existed before. In healthcare, an antecedent refers to an
occurrence that precedes an event. Without the antecedents, caregivers will not be able to provide
holistic care. A consequence is the result or effect of an action or condition. It follows the result of
an event. Consequences are events that occur as a result of the concept. Antecedents and
consequences are an important part of any concept analysis. They provide further clarity and
understanding regarding the concept of interest Antecedent An antecedent to holism would be vision
and commitment. "Several nurse leaders have begun to expand their thinking around the holistic
framework and its inability to adequately describe and support ... Show more content on
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Patients that are treated with a holistic approach can be followed to determine if the holistic
approach made them recover faster and have better overall health and function once they get home.
These patients can be followed or interviewed at intervals over the course of a year via a telephone
interview regarding their health and quality of life. "We concluded that given the highly subjective
and personal nature of healing, a mixed–methods approach to measurement is most appropriate.
This approach engenders a more robust understanding of the healing construct via interview probes
expressly geared to the understanding of the holistic, transformative processes of the healing
experience, as well as the quantitative measures of physiological change, symptom resolution,
improved sense of wellbeing, sense of coherence, and enhanced relationships. Categories of
qualitative data may include (1) changes in sensations and feelings; (2) changes in self–concepts and
values; (3) changes in medical symptoms and complaints; and (4) construction of meaning or
cognitive reframing" (Firth, et.al,

Empiricism, Positivism, And Positivism Essay
The Science is the idea that we need to understand and distinguish it from other kinds of
investigation in the world. We also refer it as "empiricism", the scientific way we gain our
knowledge from experience. Empiricism is also a view that all kinds of knowledge come from, not
just scientific knowledge. Scientific thinking and investigation have the same basic pattern as
everyday thinking and investigation. (Godfrey–Smith, 9) Again, we call it "empiricism" in terms of
philosophical way, but in earliest form, the "empiricism" was referred as "logical positivism".
Logical Positivism is a systematic reduction of all human knowledge to logical and scientific
foundations. Thus, a statement is meaningful if it is either purely formal (essentially, mathematics
and logic) or capable of empirical verification (Mastin,12) One of the most important American
philosophers, W.V.O. Quine, creates the two dogmas of empiricism and logical positivism. The two
dogmas that Quine attacked were the distinction between analytic and synthetic statements and the
verification dogma of radical reductionism (Mattey,8) Quine discusses against both the dogmas,
with two consequences: A blurring of the distinction between natural science and metaphysics and a
turn toward pragmatism (Mattey,1) Although he made arguments on the dogmas of empiricism and
logical positivism, Quine criticized on empiricism that the analytic and synthetic statements have
definitions that are mere reports of the synonymy of

Holism Vs Reductionism Essay

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