Ancient Egypt emerged along the fertile banks of the Nile River around 6,000 years ago. Egyptian society was highly stratified, with the pharaoh as absolute ruler at the top. Common people worked as peasants farming the land or as craftsmen and merchants in cities, while scribes and priests comprised the privileged upper class. Egyptians mummified their dead and built elaborate tombs and temples, leaving behind artifacts that provide insight into their religious and cultural practices today.
Ancient Babylonia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. The Babylonian Empire lasted from the 18th-17th centuries BC and was a powerful civilization for about 100 years under King Hammurabi's rule. Babylonia had many major cities with populations between 10,000-50,000 people. The Babylonians made important contributions to mathematics, astronomy, law, and architecture. They built ziggurats and temples to their polytheistic gods like Marduk, Ishtar, and Tiamat.
This document provides information about ancient Greece. It describes the location and borders of Greece and key cities like Athens and Sparta. Athens was the largest city-state and capital, known for architecture like the Parthenon. Sparta was located in the Peloponnese and had a military-focused society. Greek civilization emerged around 800 BC and city-states developed with different forms of government. Greek culture was advanced in areas like philosophy, literature, theatre, science, and architecture. Sports were also important, with the ancient Olympics held every four years in Olympia to honor Zeus.
The document summarizes prehistoric human development from the earliest human ancestors around 5 million years ago until the development of writing around 5,000 years ago. It describes the major periods of the Palaeolithic Age (stone age), Neolithic Age (new stone age), and Metal Ages. During the Palaeolithic, early humans like Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens lived as hunter-gatherers. In the Neolithic, humans transitioned to agriculture and settled into villages. The Metal Ages saw the development of tools and objects from copper, bronze, and iron.
Ancient Egypt was located along the fertile Nile River valley. The predictable flooding of the Nile provided rich silt that made the land ideal for agriculture. Farming was based around the seasonal flooding of the Nile. Egypt was united under a dynastic system in which power was passed down families. Major construction projects like the pyramids were built during stable periods like the Old Kingdom. The Middle Kingdom saw Egypt become a world trade power. The New Kingdom expanded Egypt's borders through military campaigns.
The Sumer civilization thrived in ancient Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. It was the first civilization to develop systems of writing, government, religion, economic classes, advanced architecture like ziggurats, science, arts, and literature such as the Epic of Gilgamesh. The Sumerians invented innovations like the wheel, plow, calendar, bronze metallurgy, silver currency, and the first written legal code. However, rivalry among Sumerian city-states led to decline, and the Akkadian Empire later conquered and unified the region under rulers like Sargon I.
Ancient Egypt emerged along the fertile banks of the Nile River around 6,000 years ago. Egyptian society was highly stratified, with the pharaoh as absolute ruler at the top. Common people worked as peasants farming the land or as craftsmen and merchants in cities, while scribes and priests comprised the privileged upper class. Egyptians mummified their dead and built elaborate tombs and temples, leaving behind artifacts that provide insight into their religious and cultural practices today.
Ancient Babylonia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. The Babylonian Empire lasted from the 18th-17th centuries BC and was a powerful civilization for about 100 years under King Hammurabi's rule. Babylonia had many major cities with populations between 10,000-50,000 people. The Babylonians made important contributions to mathematics, astronomy, law, and architecture. They built ziggurats and temples to their polytheistic gods like Marduk, Ishtar, and Tiamat.
This document provides information about ancient Greece. It describes the location and borders of Greece and key cities like Athens and Sparta. Athens was the largest city-state and capital, known for architecture like the Parthenon. Sparta was located in the Peloponnese and had a military-focused society. Greek civilization emerged around 800 BC and city-states developed with different forms of government. Greek culture was advanced in areas like philosophy, literature, theatre, science, and architecture. Sports were also important, with the ancient Olympics held every four years in Olympia to honor Zeus.
The document summarizes prehistoric human development from the earliest human ancestors around 5 million years ago until the development of writing around 5,000 years ago. It describes the major periods of the Palaeolithic Age (stone age), Neolithic Age (new stone age), and Metal Ages. During the Palaeolithic, early humans like Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens lived as hunter-gatherers. In the Neolithic, humans transitioned to agriculture and settled into villages. The Metal Ages saw the development of tools and objects from copper, bronze, and iron.
Ancient Egypt was located along the fertile Nile River valley. The predictable flooding of the Nile provided rich silt that made the land ideal for agriculture. Farming was based around the seasonal flooding of the Nile. Egypt was united under a dynastic system in which power was passed down families. Major construction projects like the pyramids were built during stable periods like the Old Kingdom. The Middle Kingdom saw Egypt become a world trade power. The New Kingdom expanded Egypt's borders through military campaigns.
The Sumer civilization thrived in ancient Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. It was the first civilization to develop systems of writing, government, religion, economic classes, advanced architecture like ziggurats, science, arts, and literature such as the Epic of Gilgamesh. The Sumerians invented innovations like the wheel, plow, calendar, bronze metallurgy, silver currency, and the first written legal code. However, rivalry among Sumerian city-states led to decline, and the Akkadian Empire later conquered and unified the region under rulers like Sargon I.
The document summarizes the major early civilizations that arose near river valleys, including Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus River Valley civilization, and Chinese river valley civilizations. All developed irrigation, systems of government and religion, legal codes, trade, and writing. They established some of the first major cities and advanced technologies like wheels, plows, sailing, bronze working, and calendars. Mesopotamia introduced cuneiform writing and Hammurabi's Code, while Egypt had powerful pharaohs and built pyramids and the Great Sphinx. The Indus civilization developed gridded cities and plumbing, and China built the Great Wall and worked with bronze, iron, silk, and coinage
From the Sumerians through the Phoenicians and Persians, these are some of the innovations developed by the peoples and empire of this river valley region.
The Romans were very religious and believed in many gods and spirits. They adopted gods from other cultures but maintained gods specific to Rome like Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. Religion was an important part of Roman society and integrated into both public and domestic life. Over time, Christianity grew despite early persecution until it became the dominant religion in the late Roman Empire.
Ancient Egypt had a rich culture that lasted over 5000 years, influencing later cultures in Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Some key aspects of their culture included hieroglyphic writing, literature dating back to the Old Kingdom, religions such as ancient Egyptian and later Coptic Christianity and Islam, and architectural marvels like the Great Pyramids and Sphinx. The Egyptians also made contributions to arts like sculpture, painting, pottery and music.
Women held privileged positions in ancient Egyptian society, including respected roles as mothers, wives, workers, and priestesses. As priestesses, some women performed daily rituals and ceremonies. More broadly, women were visible members of society who had significant legal rights and independence, including rights to inheritance, property, and participation in legal proceedings. As mothers, women were crucial to Egyptian culture's emphasis on fertility and child-rearing.
The document provides an overview of the geography and history of ancient Rome. It discusses how Rome's central location in Italy contributed to its success in unifying the Italian peninsula and surrounding Mediterranean lands. Key events summarized include the transition from kingdom to republic around 509 BCE, the expansion of Roman territory through military conquests, the establishment of an empire under Augustus, and the eventual split of the empire into western and eastern halves in the 4th century CE. The document also examines factors that influenced the rise and fall of the Roman Empire such as invasions by barbarian tribes, the adoption of Christianity as the official religion, and the lasting impacts of Roman civilization.
During the Middle Kingdom (2175-1541 BCE):
- Thebes became the new capital and Egypt was reunited under its rule. Egypt expanded its territory by annexing Nubia and established trade routes.
- Pharaohs like Amenemhat I and the 12th dynasty built large temples and public works projects. They conquered Nubia and established a golden age of literature and craftsmanship.
- Egyptian beliefs about the afterlife changed - common people were now believed to have an afterlife alongside the pharaoh, which influenced Judaism and Christianity. This period marked the peak of Egypt's power before its decline.
Greek civilization flourished between 1000 BC to 323 BC, originating in areas settled by ancient Greeks like the Greek peninsula, Cyprus, and parts of modern-day Turkey. It was characterized by the rise of independent city-states like Athens and Sparta, which practiced different forms of government. Athenian democracy and Spartan militarism were dominant. Greek culture had a significant influence on Western civilization through developments in philosophy, drama, architecture, science, and more. The civilization ended with the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the rise of Hellenistic empires.
Ancient Roman culture was heavily influenced by Ancient Greek culture, adopting many everyday customs, laws, architectural styles, and more from the Greeks. Rome was a massive city at its peak, with population estimates ranging from 450,000 to over 3.5 million. Daily life in Roman cities revolved around the central Forum district, where people would shop, trade, participate in events. Several iconic structures that still stand today were built during the Roman Empire, including the Colosseum, Pantheon, Domus Aurea residence of Nero, Trajan's Market, Trevi Fountain, Temple of Vesta, Temple of Saturn, Arch of Septimius Severus, Baths of Caracalla, Appian
The document provides information about Crete and the ancient site of Knossos from the Stone Age through Minoan times. It discusses evidence that the first settlers arrived in Crete from Asia Minor around 7000 BC and established an early settlement at Knossos. Archaeological finds at Knossos include remains of Neolithic houses, tools, pottery, and figurines. The document also summarizes debates around interpreting the function and leadership at Knossos, with some arguing it was a palace, necropolis, or temple complex, and debates around whether Minoan society was peaceful or aggressive.
Greek civilization flourished between 1000 BC to 323 BC, originating in ancient Greek city-states located around the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Key aspects included the emergence of democratic and other forms of government in city-states like Athens and Sparta, the development of philosophy by thinkers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, and advances in areas such as architecture, medicine, history, drama, and science that formed the foundation of Western civilization. The civilization came to an end in 323 BC following the conquests of Alexander the Great that spread Greek culture throughout his vast empire.
The document summarizes the three Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage between 264-146 BC. The First Punic War was primarily a naval conflict that Rome eventually won by adapting its naval tactics. The Second Punic War featured Hannibal's surprise invasion of Italy over the Alps. Although Hannibal won several battles, he could not defeat Rome. Rome ultimately defeated Carthage in North Africa under Scipio. The Third Punic War ended with Rome destroying Carthage completely.
Daily life in ancient Egypt centered around the pharaoh and family. Peasants spent their days farming and had a heavy diet due to high taxes, while living in small homes made of brick with elevated doors and flat roofs to keep out sand and water. Both men and women wore simple tunics and sandals or went barefoot, and adorned themselves with jewelry, with priests wearing leopard robes and wealthy Egyptians donning long robes.
The document discusses social organization and social status in prehistoric societies. It presents a typology of social organization developed by Elman Service that categorizes societies from small bands of hunter-gatherers to large states based on factors like population size, social complexity, and economic systems. The more complex a society, the more social stratification exists. Archaeological evidence can indicate social status through differences in housing, grave goods, and burials of children versus adults. Gender roles also influenced social status, though interpretations must consider changing views of gender. Overall the document provides a framework for analyzing social structure in past cultures.
Ancient Greece was located on a mountainous peninsula in Europe surrounded by seas. The geography divided the land into small regions and isolated communities, preventing a unified government. Instead, independent city-states developed like Athens and Sparta. Athens developed a direct democracy while Sparta focused on strict military training. These city-states were later united against the Persian Empire in the Greco-Persian wars, resulting in key battles like Marathon, Thermopylae, and Salamis. During the Golden Age of Greece under Pericles, Athens grew powerful and advanced art, architecture, drama, and philosophy flourished. However, tensions later erupted into the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta.
The Greek city-states known as poleis developed various forms of government from monarchy to democracy. Tyrants could gain power by seizing control with mercenaries but also support reforms benefiting citizens. In Athens, Solon's reforms reduced slavery and opened political offices to more citizens. However, aristocratic infighting continued until Cleisthenes fully established democracy, granting all male citizens equal political rights. Meanwhile, the Persian Empire posed a threat that would unite the Greeks.
The document summarizes the major early civilizations that arose near river valleys, including Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus River Valley civilization, and Chinese river valley civilizations. All developed irrigation, systems of government and religion, legal codes, trade, and writing. They established some of the first major cities and advanced technologies like wheels, plows, sailing, bronze working, and calendars. Mesopotamia introduced cuneiform writing and Hammurabi's Code, while Egypt had powerful pharaohs and built pyramids and the Great Sphinx. The Indus civilization developed gridded cities and plumbing, and China built the Great Wall and worked with bronze, iron, silk, and coinage
From the Sumerians through the Phoenicians and Persians, these are some of the innovations developed by the peoples and empire of this river valley region.
The Romans were very religious and believed in many gods and spirits. They adopted gods from other cultures but maintained gods specific to Rome like Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. Religion was an important part of Roman society and integrated into both public and domestic life. Over time, Christianity grew despite early persecution until it became the dominant religion in the late Roman Empire.
Ancient Egypt had a rich culture that lasted over 5000 years, influencing later cultures in Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Some key aspects of their culture included hieroglyphic writing, literature dating back to the Old Kingdom, religions such as ancient Egyptian and later Coptic Christianity and Islam, and architectural marvels like the Great Pyramids and Sphinx. The Egyptians also made contributions to arts like sculpture, painting, pottery and music.
Women held privileged positions in ancient Egyptian society, including respected roles as mothers, wives, workers, and priestesses. As priestesses, some women performed daily rituals and ceremonies. More broadly, women were visible members of society who had significant legal rights and independence, including rights to inheritance, property, and participation in legal proceedings. As mothers, women were crucial to Egyptian culture's emphasis on fertility and child-rearing.
The document provides an overview of the geography and history of ancient Rome. It discusses how Rome's central location in Italy contributed to its success in unifying the Italian peninsula and surrounding Mediterranean lands. Key events summarized include the transition from kingdom to republic around 509 BCE, the expansion of Roman territory through military conquests, the establishment of an empire under Augustus, and the eventual split of the empire into western and eastern halves in the 4th century CE. The document also examines factors that influenced the rise and fall of the Roman Empire such as invasions by barbarian tribes, the adoption of Christianity as the official religion, and the lasting impacts of Roman civilization.
During the Middle Kingdom (2175-1541 BCE):
- Thebes became the new capital and Egypt was reunited under its rule. Egypt expanded its territory by annexing Nubia and established trade routes.
- Pharaohs like Amenemhat I and the 12th dynasty built large temples and public works projects. They conquered Nubia and established a golden age of literature and craftsmanship.
- Egyptian beliefs about the afterlife changed - common people were now believed to have an afterlife alongside the pharaoh, which influenced Judaism and Christianity. This period marked the peak of Egypt's power before its decline.
Greek civilization flourished between 1000 BC to 323 BC, originating in areas settled by ancient Greeks like the Greek peninsula, Cyprus, and parts of modern-day Turkey. It was characterized by the rise of independent city-states like Athens and Sparta, which practiced different forms of government. Athenian democracy and Spartan militarism were dominant. Greek culture had a significant influence on Western civilization through developments in philosophy, drama, architecture, science, and more. The civilization ended with the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the rise of Hellenistic empires.
Ancient Roman culture was heavily influenced by Ancient Greek culture, adopting many everyday customs, laws, architectural styles, and more from the Greeks. Rome was a massive city at its peak, with population estimates ranging from 450,000 to over 3.5 million. Daily life in Roman cities revolved around the central Forum district, where people would shop, trade, participate in events. Several iconic structures that still stand today were built during the Roman Empire, including the Colosseum, Pantheon, Domus Aurea residence of Nero, Trajan's Market, Trevi Fountain, Temple of Vesta, Temple of Saturn, Arch of Septimius Severus, Baths of Caracalla, Appian
The document provides information about Crete and the ancient site of Knossos from the Stone Age through Minoan times. It discusses evidence that the first settlers arrived in Crete from Asia Minor around 7000 BC and established an early settlement at Knossos. Archaeological finds at Knossos include remains of Neolithic houses, tools, pottery, and figurines. The document also summarizes debates around interpreting the function and leadership at Knossos, with some arguing it was a palace, necropolis, or temple complex, and debates around whether Minoan society was peaceful or aggressive.
Greek civilization flourished between 1000 BC to 323 BC, originating in ancient Greek city-states located around the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Key aspects included the emergence of democratic and other forms of government in city-states like Athens and Sparta, the development of philosophy by thinkers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, and advances in areas such as architecture, medicine, history, drama, and science that formed the foundation of Western civilization. The civilization came to an end in 323 BC following the conquests of Alexander the Great that spread Greek culture throughout his vast empire.
The document summarizes the three Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage between 264-146 BC. The First Punic War was primarily a naval conflict that Rome eventually won by adapting its naval tactics. The Second Punic War featured Hannibal's surprise invasion of Italy over the Alps. Although Hannibal won several battles, he could not defeat Rome. Rome ultimately defeated Carthage in North Africa under Scipio. The Third Punic War ended with Rome destroying Carthage completely.
Daily life in ancient Egypt centered around the pharaoh and family. Peasants spent their days farming and had a heavy diet due to high taxes, while living in small homes made of brick with elevated doors and flat roofs to keep out sand and water. Both men and women wore simple tunics and sandals or went barefoot, and adorned themselves with jewelry, with priests wearing leopard robes and wealthy Egyptians donning long robes.
The document discusses social organization and social status in prehistoric societies. It presents a typology of social organization developed by Elman Service that categorizes societies from small bands of hunter-gatherers to large states based on factors like population size, social complexity, and economic systems. The more complex a society, the more social stratification exists. Archaeological evidence can indicate social status through differences in housing, grave goods, and burials of children versus adults. Gender roles also influenced social status, though interpretations must consider changing views of gender. Overall the document provides a framework for analyzing social structure in past cultures.
Ancient Greece was located on a mountainous peninsula in Europe surrounded by seas. The geography divided the land into small regions and isolated communities, preventing a unified government. Instead, independent city-states developed like Athens and Sparta. Athens developed a direct democracy while Sparta focused on strict military training. These city-states were later united against the Persian Empire in the Greco-Persian wars, resulting in key battles like Marathon, Thermopylae, and Salamis. During the Golden Age of Greece under Pericles, Athens grew powerful and advanced art, architecture, drama, and philosophy flourished. However, tensions later erupted into the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta.
The Greek city-states known as poleis developed various forms of government from monarchy to democracy. Tyrants could gain power by seizing control with mercenaries but also support reforms benefiting citizens. In Athens, Solon's reforms reduced slavery and opened political offices to more citizens. However, aristocratic infighting continued until Cleisthenes fully established democracy, granting all male citizens equal political rights. Meanwhile, the Persian Empire posed a threat that would unite the Greeks.
6. • Hititler’ den önce Anadolu’ da beylikler ve ASUR TİCARET KOLONİLERİ
bulunuyordu…
• Yazılı belgelere Anadolu’ da ilk kez Asur Ticaret Kolonileri’ nin
bulunduğu karumlarda(Kayseri) rastlanmıştır…
14. HİTİT X MISIR
•SURİYE
TOPRAKLARINI
PAYLAŞAMADILAR
•ASUR TEHLİKESİ
NEDENİYLE SAVAŞI
BIRAKTILAR,BARIŞ
YAPTILAR.
15. • Eğer yabancı bir memlekette bir
düşman Hatti memleketine gelirse
ve Hatti memleketi Kralı, Büyük Kral
Hattuşili bana “Ona karşı koymak
için bana yardıma gel” diye bir
haber gönderirse Mısır memleketi
Kralı, Büyük Kral Rea-Maşeşa Mai
Amana piyadesini süvarisini
gönderecek onu öldürecek, Hatti
memleketi için ondan intikam
alacak.
• Eğer Hatti memleketi Kralı, Büyük
Kral Hattuşili tâbi beylerine kızarsa,
onlar ona karşı bir kusurda
bulunursa Mısır memleketi Kralı
Büyük Kral Rea-Maşeşa Mai
Amana’ya haber gönderirse Mısır
memleketi Kralı piyadesini ve
süvarisini ona gönderir. O kimlere
kızmışsa onları imha eder.
16. •Kadeş
antlaşmasının
Hattuşa’da
bulunan çivi
yazılı tabletinin
büyütülmüş
kopyası New
York’ta
Birleşmiş
Milletler
Binasında
asılıdır.
17. PANKUŞ
HİTİT DANIŞMA MECLİSİ
• Pankuş, 'İmparatorluk Meclisi' veya 'Soylular
Kurulu' olarak da adlandırılabilecek Hitit
Parlamentosu
• Pankus'u oluşturan soyluların yüksek hakları vardı ve
kralın yargısına bağlı değillerdi. Soylulara devlet
tarafından bir miktar toprak verilir, buna karşılık onlar
da krallık ordusuna gerekli silahları ve atlı savaş
arabalarını tahsis etmekle görevlendirilirlerdi. Birçok
ülke sorunu ve tartışmalı konular Pankus'ta kralla
birlikte görüşülür ve karara bağlanırdı. Pankus, kralın
kararları hakkında söz sahibi bir kurul ve böylelikle de
onun mutlak hakimiyetinin tek denetleyicisiydi.
• Pankuş’ taki en önemli ve söz sahibi
kişilerden biri de ana kraliçe Tavananna idi…
21. • Hititçe ile Hint-Avrupa dilleri arasındaki yakınlık bakımından bazı
karşılaştırmalar vermek gerekirse:
• Hititçe vatar "su", İngilizce water "su", Slav dillerinde voda "su".
•
Hititçe et "yemek", İngilice eat "yemek", Almanca essen "yemek".
•
Hititçe eku "içmek", Latince aqua "su".
•
Hititçe genu "diz", Almanca Knie "diz", İngilizce knee "diz".
•
Hititçe milit "bal", eski Yunanca meli "bal".
•
Hititçe viyana "şarap", İngilizce wine "şarap", Fransızca vin "şarap".
•
Hititçe kuis "kim", Latince quis "kim".
•
Hititçe kuiski "bir kimse", Latince quis quis "bir kimse".
22. • Hititler’ de farklı yazılar ve diller
kullanımdaydı.
• Resmî diplomatik yazışmaları ve
saray arşivleri Âsur (Akad) çivi
yazısıyla yazılırken, kayalardaki
kabartmalar ve yazıtlar için Hiyeroglif
denilen yazı kullanılırdı.
• Hitit çivi yazısının dili Friedrich
Hrozny tarafından 1915'te çözülmüş,
Hitit hiyeroglif yazısının 1940'lı
yıllarda başlayan çözülmesinde ise
Helmuth Theodor Bossert'in büyük
katkısı olmuştur.
23. HİTİT KANUNLARI
• Hititler’de kanun, Büyük Kral’ın yetkisi
altındaydı.
• Kral, başkomutan, baş yargıç ve başrahip
sayılıyordu. Ancak Kral, kararları onaylatma
yükümlülüğü altındaydı.
• Onaylayan kurum ise, Pankuş adı verilen
soylular meclisiydi. İnsana ve insanın
yaşama hakkına saygı duyan ve önem
veren bir uygarlık olan Hititler, Anadolu’da
bundan binlerce yıl önce halka istediği dine
inanma ve istediği dili konuşabilme hakkı
vermiştir.
• Kadın ve erkek her koşulda eşit sayılmış ve
kanunlar önünde cinsiyet ayrımcılığı
yapılmamıştır.
24. • Hitit kanunları, kölelere de para ödeyerek özgürlüğüne
kavuşabilme ve evlenme hakkı tanıyordu.
• Kralın, konumu nedeniyle ölüm cezalarını kaldırma yetkisi
vardı; ölüm cezaları ise büyücülük ya da krala karşı gelme
sonucu veriliyordu.
• Ayrıca “kardeşlerle ilişki kurmak ya da evlenmek” de
Hititler’de sonu ölüm olan bir suçtu.
• İdam cezası uygulayan bir toplum olan Hititler, işkenceye ise
karşıydı.
• Boşanma ve aile konusunda da kanunları olan Hititler’den
günümüze, bu kanunların yer aldığı tabletler de kalmıştır.
• Bunların dışında askerlik, Hititler’de bir zorunluluktu. Herkes
askerlik görevini yerine getirmek zorundaydı.
25. • Kısasa kısas (göze göz, dişe diş) prensibinin yerine tazminatın
geçerli olduğu Hitit kanunlarında ölüm cezaları; kralın emrine
karşı gelmek, cinsel suçlar ve büyü yapmak gibi ender hallerde
veriliyor. Ancak ölüme mahkûm edilen birini kral da
affedebiliyor. Adam öldürme suçlarına bile tazminat cezası
uygulayan Hitit kanunları, cinsel suçlar için ölümden başka bir
ceza tanımıyor . Cinsel suçlara ait maddelerin çokluğu Hititlerin
ahlaki değerlerin korunmasına verdiği önemi de ortaya
koyuyor.
• “Eğer bir adam bir kadını dağda alırsa (tecavüz ederse), suç
adamındır ve o ölsün. Ama eğer onu evde alırsa (tecavüz
ederse), suç kadınındır ve kadın ölsün. Eğer adam (koca) onları
bulursa ve onları öldürürse, onun eylemi cezaya değer
değildir.”
26. HİTİT DİNİ-BİN TANRILI
HALK
• Hitit dini çok tanrılı bir dindir; panteonun (tanrılar ailesi) içinde
binlerce tanrı ve tanrıça vardır ve bunların pek çoğu diğer
kavimlerin dinlerinden alınmıştır.
28. • Hitit tanrı kültleri aslında devlet dinidir
ve bu kültlerin görevlileri de devlet
görevlileridir.
•
Hitit tanrı kültlerinde kaya/açık hava
tapınakları önemli bir yer tutmaktadır.
Günümüze, aşağıda ayrıntılı olarak
incelenmiş, bir çok açık hava tapınağı
ulaşmıştır. Bir çoğu da, ne yazık ki,
defineciler tarafından tahrip edilmiştir.
• Bunlar içinde Yazılıkaya en
önemlileridir. Buradaki tanrılar
geçidinde 60'tan fazla tanrı ve tanrıça
tesbit edilmiştir.
• Tanrıların başında sivri bir külah ve
dizlerinin üstüne kadar inen beli kuşaklı
bir giysi varken, tanrıçaların başında
silindirik bir başlık ve üzerlerinde bluz
ve pilili etek vardır.
29. •Baş tanrı, fırtına
tanrısı Teşup'tur.
Dünyanın düzenini
sağlayan, krallığı ve
ülkenin düzenini
koruyan O'dur. Kral,
efendisi adına ülkeyi
yönetir.
30. • Tapınaklar tam anlamı ile tanrının evi idi.
İlgili tanrının ya da tanrıçanın heykeli burada
durur, ve tanrının ya da tanrıçanın burada
olduğuna inanılırdı.Tanrı heykeli tapınakta
iken sadece kral, kraliçe ve seçilmiş rahipler
heykelin olduğu odaya girmeye izinliydiler.
Başkasının, özellikle de bir yabancının
girmesi ölümle cezalandırılabiliyordu.
•
• Tapınaklar dinsel merkezler olduğu gibi aynı
zamanda ekonomik merkezler de
olmuşlardır. Buralarda sadece tapınağa
verilen hediye ve bağışlar saklanmamış aynı
zamanda tahıl deposu olarak da işlev
görmüşlerdir. (burada genelleme yapmak
olanaksızdır, ancak yapılan kazılar ışığında
böyle bir sonuç çıkarılmıştır.)
31. HİTİT KÜLTÜRÜ
• Baş sahnede Kral Asitavata görülmektedir. Kralın sol elinde bir
köfte, - E. Akurgal'a göre - belki de çiğ köfte var, sağ eliyle bir
pide almak üzere, önünde ve arkasında yelpazeleyen, içki
sunan kişiler var. Sağ alt bölümde krala et sağlamak için
hayvanlar getiriliyor. Sol bölümde krala yemek, içki ve müzik
sunanlar var.
32. Aslında Hattiler'e ait olmasına
rağmen Hitit Güneş Kursu olarak
anılan törensel nesne, Hititlerin
sembolü kabul edilir.
33.
34. HİTİTLER’ E NE OLDU?
• Eski Hitit ( M.Ö. 18.yy.) ve Büyük Hitit Krallığı dönemleri sonunda, yaklaşık
MÖ.1200 yıllarında batıdan gelen ve Deniz Kavimleri diye adlandırılan
toplulukların istilası ile Hitit İmparatorluğu son bulmuş ve Hititler yaşamlarına
şehir beylikleri halinde devam etmişlerdir.
• Hitit Krallığı; M.Ö. 1200'deki Deniz Kavimlerinin göçleri sonunda Trak asıllı
kavimlerin baskıları sonucu yıkılmış olup, dolayısıyla Boğazköy de başkent
olma özelliğini kaybetmiştir. M.Ö. 750 yılında Friglerin yerleşimine sahne
olmuştur.
• Geç Hitit Devletleri de Asur Eyaletlerine dönüştü…
35. GEÇ HİTİT DEVLETLERİ
•TEBAL….Kayseri,Niğde,Ürgüp
•MİLİDİA ve KUMMUH….Malatya
•GURGUM…Kahramanmaraş ve Gaziantep
•HİLAKKU…Toros Dağlık Bölgesi
•ŞAMAL…Antep’ in Güneyi(Fevzipaşa, Zincirli)
•HATTİNA…Antakya
Özel not:Ahmet Ümit’in «Patasana» kitabı
Geç Hititler’i anlatır...
