This ppt provides an outline about the writers given

1. HISTORY OF
ENGLISH
LITERATURE II
(1851-1950)
S. Mohan Raj M.A., B.Ed., M.Phil,
Assistant Professor,
Indo American College, Cheyyar.
Available @ : 9751660760
E-mail: rajmohan251@gmail.com

2. Unit 1 : Poetry
Tennyson, Browning, Mathew Arnold
Unit 2 : Prose
Thomas Carlyle, John Ruskin
Novel
Charles Dickens, Thomas Hardy
Unit 3 : Poetry
G.M.Hopkins, W.B. Yeats, T.S.Eliot
Unit 4 : Drama
George Bernard Shaw, Galsworthy
Unit 5 : Novel
E.M.Forster, James Joyce, Virginia Woolf
HISTORY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE II
(1851-1950)

3. UNIT – I
ALFRED LORD TENNYSON
ROBERT BROWNING
MATTHEW ARNOLD

4. ALFRED LORD TENNYSON
(1809 – 1892)

5. ALFRED LORD TENNYSON
(1809 – 1892)Born at
Somersby,
Lincolnshire His
Father is
a Rector
Went to
TRINITY
COLLEGE,
LONDON
His
personality is
Charming,
optimistic &
melancholic
His First poem is
Timbuctoo (1829), he
recieved Chancellor’s
Gold medal
In Memorium
(1850) is an Elegy
for the death of his
friend Sir
Arthur Hallam
The poem deals
with the
universal ideas
?????!!
Of Life, Death &
Life after Death
1850...He married
Emily Sellwood (short
lived marriage),
Published
In Memorium and he
became Poet Laureate.
** Two patriotic Poems : The Revenge
and The Charge of the Light Brigade
Narrative
Poems : Enoch
Arden, Dora and
The May Queen
*** Philosophical Dramatic Monologue
poem ???! Lucretius (1868)
He attained perfection & fame in
Idylls of the King 1859, 1869 & 1889
* Feministic concern poem
is The Princess (1847)
Blank
verse
poems:
Ulysses ,
The
Lotus
Eaters
etc.,
Three
Historical
Plays:
Queen
Mary
(1875),
Harold
(1876) &
Becket
(1884)
Poetical characteristics:
1) Originality, vivid thinking
2) Excellent craftsmanship: evolve
the lines in his mind, commit
them in the paper & revise until
they were near perfect.
3) Lyrical, brevity & simple.
4) Master of words & essentially
Picturesque.
Era : His era was mixed with the
conflict between SCIENCE &
RELIGION, he reflects them.

6. ROBERT BROWNING
(1812 – 1889)

7. ROBERT BROWNING (1812 – 1889)
Born at
Camberwell
Father Mother
Intellectual Interest
quality in Music Arts
His Father is a
Clerk (Bank
of England)
Privately educated.
Attended Univ.
College Oxford
Father > an artist he
collected more than
6000 books.
Mother> Pianist &
evangelical Christian
Begin to write poetry at
the age of 12, Incondita,
unsuccessful poem.
As a child he is
bright, precarious,
turbulent, at 13
himself declared as a
atheist and
vegetarian.
1845...Met Elizabeth
Barrette Browning, fell
in love, after a secret
marriage sort of elopement.
.
In 1861
she died at
Florence
Died in Italy, buried at Westminster Abbey. Oxford
Univ conferred him D.C.L (Doctor of Civil) degree
1. Pauline (1833) first important work, introspective poem, influenced by Shelley.
2. Paracelsus (1835) >> hero’s thirst of knowledge beyond reach. >>> Life without true Love is failure & God is the
true Master...
3. Stafford (1837) a PATHETIC play.
4. His most obscure work is Sordello (1840) it has striking pen pictures.
5. 1841 to 1846 ^^ series of publication collected & pub. as Bells and Pomegranates (1846) which includes 6 plays.
6. Dramatic Lyrics (1842) & Dramatic Romance and Lyrics (1845) he achieved perfection in DRAMATIC
MONOLOGUE, it is about his happy married life.
7. Men and Women (1855) ** addressed to his wife entirely dramatic monologue. $$ Imp. Poems Fra Lippo Lippi,
Andrea Del Sarto & Cleon == blank verse.
8. 1864 Dramatic Personae >> Dramatic Monologue $$ Imp. Poems Rabbi Ben Ezra & Abt Vogler.
9. The Ring and The Book (1868 – 69) story of a murder. Young wife Pompilia was murdered by Worth less Husband.
The same incident is told by 9 different people.
10. 1889- Asalondo his last work...>>>>

8. Robert Browning...
Themes
Philosophical & religious
Central idea: Life is
something beyond our
reach
Love
Calm & authentic tone
His love poems are his greatest
achievement
Lighter themes...
1) Human soul
2) Abnormal people: use them as his
mouthpiece
His
Style
At the worst > poems are bewildering
mental acrobatics, harsh rhythm & voc.
Unique &
undecidable
style
Greatest optimistic
poet of Victorian
Era.
At the best> noble dignity & verbal music
like that of Tennyson (Master of melody)
His descriptive power & Genius
He is an investigator
Coloured his poems with divines
Par good & intellectual
Master in Dramatic Monologue and
Execute soul struggle of man in it.
Reflects the mood
of his age.
Wrote out of his peaceful
life and enjoyment
His life is full of Journeys bet. France , Italy & England

9. MATTHEW ARNOLD
(1882-1888)

10. Poet critic
Born near Staines.
MATTHEW ARNOLD (1882-1888)
Educated: Winchester, Rugby
schools & Balliol College, Oxford.
Became friend of
William
Wordsworth in
1834.
1841 became
friend with Sir
Arthur Hugh
Clough. (Univ.
Friend ) **
Got Newdigate Prize
for Cromwell (1843)
1845= fellow of
Oriel college
Private secretary to Lord Lansdowne.
1851= he appointed as Inspector of
Schools
1851, after 2 months he married
Frances Lucy, had 6 Children.
1857= Prof. Of poetry,
delivered lecture in
English, Usually it should in
Latin.
Rev. John Keble
is God Father.
1883 he resigned,
receive pension. He died
of Heart Attack.
Inspired by Greek ,
Goethe & William
Wordsworth
His father is a famous Head
Master of Rugby School.

11. Began to write prose in 1853.
Bet. 1865 to 1882 pub. Several volumes including Essays in Criticism (1865)
The Strayed Reveller and
other poems, Empedocles
on Etna appeared with
the initial ‘A’
Classical themes: meditative &
melancholic diction and composition.
Classical stateliness,
formalistic, graceful
& charming.
Carefully woven scholarly lucid style
Nobly
pessimistic in
some poems.
Sub & style: Poetry =
Criticism of
life.
Poetry should be Objective. Ethical & elegiac temper.
Poet of nature like William Wordsworth
excels pastoral elegies.
His genius as a
poet is self
expression.
Apostle of Sanity and culture.Views on poetry
When poet in Arnold
died, critic born.
Criticism uphold,
unrevealed unsaid
things
Touchstone method & high seriousness
Classifies English people into
Barbarians, Philistines & Populace.
*Verbal felicity or magic
**Elegant in choice of Subject.
***Wrote very quotable lines.
Express his age more
abstract & perfect.
Arnold…

12. UNIT – II
THOMAS CARLYLE
JOHN RUSKIN
CHARLES DICKENS
THOMAS HARDY

13. THOMAS CARLYLE (1795-1881)

14. Born at :Ecclefechan, 4 Dec,
Scotland ; 2nd son of
James Carlyle, eldest son of
his 2nd marriage.
8 Brothers & Sisters, so
attached with family.
Thomas Carlyle was a:
*Scottish philosopher
*satirical writer
*essayist
*historian
He attended Village School.
THOMAS CARLYLE (1795-1881)
1809 - Edinburgh University
left without taking degree.
1816 - Joined as a Maths
teacher at Kirkcaldy School,
befriend with Edward Irving.
1819 – Return to Edinburg
University, Lead suffering
life for 3 years. 1818 Become
poor, Sick & torments.
1826 – Married Jane Welsh
unhappy life, But gave his
best novels..
1834 – Moved to Chelsea,
near London. To evade his
poverty try teaching.
1866 – His wife died, illness &
ill-health continues, Feb 5, 1881
Passed away, buried at locale.
James is a Mason & Calvinist
His Earliest works are
translations, essays &
biographies. Translation of
Gothoe’s Wilhelm Meister’s
Apprenticeship – first work.
Important Historical work is
French Revolution (1837).
Vivid word picture, Full of
audacity & color. Carlyle
thinks Individual is center
of life corruption can be
controlled by individual.
Oliver Cromwell’s Letters
and Speeches (1845). The
Life of John Sterling (1851)
** First major important work
is The life of Schiller(1825),
**The Life and Opinions of
Herr Teufelsdrockh (1834) -
Discloses his troubled years.
**His most famous work is,
Sartor Resartus ( 1818 ) -
Reveals his torments. 1834 –
He moved to London &
starts his Literary career.
vibrate > stylish> energetic>
violent > exclamatory.
Latter-Day Pamphlets
(1850), History of Fredrick
the Great (1858 -65). In
1837, he delivered series of
lectures, published as On
Heroes, Hero- Worship
and the Heroic in History
(1841). 1843 - Past and
Present most influential
book about social & industrial
condition.

15. His personality:
@@ Sage of social, Moral &
Political affairs.
@@ Man of sterling
honesty, sagacious &
Powerful mind.
@@ Influential writer like,
Dr. Johnson.
Essentially Biographical, his
@@ HERO = SUPER HERO.
Ex: Cromwell & Frederick.
His style :
= Typical passages, Rude &
uncouth, Ethical &
Philosophic.
= Doctrine of moral in
Epigrammatic Style.
= Use many upper cases,
broken phases, apostrophes,
exclamations, strong
sentences. Denounced
‘Dryasdust’.
Ceaseless writer :
Literary figure & historian
Use Literature as a Medium
of conveying Moral truth,
History & Experience. States,
History is the Essence of
innumerable biographies
Satire, irony & sarcastic tone
Art = Social & Moral
Purpose. He treats,
‘Art as Art’
Specimen genius:
 Lyrical note & meter.
 German models : matured
quizzical humor.
 Omit Pronouns & Coin
new words. Moral fervor &
Poetic imagination.
 Follow Historical Method,
Ex- Cathedra, hate Democracy
Master of DESCRIPTION
& NARRATION.
Carlyle…

16. JOHN RUSKIN(1819-1900)

17. Born: 8 Feb 1819 @ 54,haunter street,
Brunswick square London, England.
Died: 20 Jan 1900, Brantwood,England.
Education : Reckham School (run by Thomas Dale)
Privately educated & at University of Oxford ,King’s
College & Christ Church College.
His father: John James Ruskin, rich wine merchant.
His mother: Margaret Ruskin , Protestant &
Stern Evangelical Christian.
As a boy he enjoyed all the wealth,
Delight & Precocious.
Influenced by his Father to choose Literary
career ; Mother to become a Clergy man.
Great memory power &
Master of Bible
JOHN RUSKIN(1819-1900)
English Art critic of Victorian Era
$ Draughtsman, Scottish Philanthropist.
$ He wrote on Geology, Architecture,
Myth, Ornithology, Literature &
Education.
$ Inspired by Pre-Raphaelites in Art,
Ruskin in fine Arts.
$ In 1869, Slade Professor of Fine Arts
at Oxford.
$ In1879 He resigned due to illness.
$ In1883 again he resume the post &
Settle down in lake district.
$ His later years are of disease & despair
$ Genuine artistic feelings + scientific
spirit + refined observation = Ruskin.
He made sympathetic alignment bet. 19th century England Art criticism 19th century
England painting.
** In 1843 first volume of Modern painters published & continues for next 17 years
(1860). Modern painters– Exploits ‘truth’, Turner’s landscape painting made him
famous.
** Unfinished series of articles Munera Pulveris (1862 – 63) appeared in Frazer's
magazine.
** Shorter & more popular work The Seven Lamps of Architecture(1849).

18. Style:
** Argued with power & sincerity.
** Diction is sweet & simple.
** Purple passage
** Well punctuated lengthy
sentences.
** Colloquial & familiar phrases.
Themes :
*Art
*Morals
*political
*economy
*education
*Ethics
Specimen genius:
Lyrical note & meter
Wrote on German
models
Matured quizzical
humor.
Great master of
description &
narration.
Genius:
*Sincere
*Noble
*Whimsical
*Discursive
** Master piece is The Stones of
Venice (1851-53) In Three volumes.
** Miscellaneous works:
He expound in socio economic theories,
Wrote Essays & Deliver Lectures.
Unto This last (1860) – Series of
article on political economy.
Two Paths (1859) – a course of
Lectures.
His theory on political economy also
appeared in the Cornhill magazine .
** Most popular work:
Sesame and Lilies (1865) - a Course
of lectures on Women’s education.
The Crown of Wild Olive (1866) –
4 Lectures on > War > Future of
England >Work > Wealth.
** Autobiography :
Praeterita (1885-1889).
Spouse : Euphemia Gray.
He is Renowned teacher – Teach Art
(To appreciate Nature) & architecture.
** The only fairy tale he wrote
is The King of the Golden River .
For society he stands against
fallacies of Education in that time.
Ruskin...

19. CHARLES DICKENS (1812 -1870)

20. CHARLES DICKENS (1812 -1870)
Name : Charles John Huffan Dickens
DOB : Feb 7,1812. Portsmouth near Portsea,
England, UK.
DOD : June 9,1870. Higham, Kent, UK.
Buried at : Poet’s corner. (Westminster Abbey)
Nationality : British
Parentage : John Dickens & Elizabeth Dickens
Spouse : Catherine Thomas Hogarth
Occupation : Author, Novelist & Critic.
Notable Works : The Pickwick Papers,
Oliver Twist, Christmas Carol, David Copper
Field , A Tale Of two cities, Great Expectation…
• He wrote 15 Novels, 5 Novellas &100’s of
short stories, Father a clerk in Navy pay
office, 2nd of 8 children.
• Delicate boy, spent childhood at home.
• He read novels of Fielding & Le Sage.
• At early age he was fond of theatre.
• In 1823 his family moved to London (11 years old)
• His father a Micawber type, he imprisoned at
Marshal sea.
• Attended Wellington House Academy School.
• He worked in Blacking factory.
• In 1827 entered office of an Attorney, as Clerk.
• In 1832- Reporter in True sun , In 1834 Reporter
in The Mourning Chronicle.
• His pen name is ‘BOZ’.
In 1836, Sketches of BOZ – Essays.
In 1836, Pickwick Papers , First Smollet Novel Of
Charles Dickens, First Comic novel of England
Died in his favorite house God’s Hill.
His novels :
1) Sketches of BOZ (1836) – About London life.
2) The Pickwick Papers (1836)
3) First novel Oliver Twist (1837) – Novel of Great
Characterization.
4) Second novel Nicholas Nicleby (1838) – Satires
Public Schools.
5) Barnaby Rudge (1841) – Historical Novel
6) Martin Chuzzlewit – Present best immoral
Character Mrs. Gamp.
7) Christmas Carol (1843)
8) Dombey and Son (1846)
9) David Copper Field – Often considered as his
Masterpiece, presents the character of
Micawber, Miss Trotwood & Dora.

21. 10. Bleak House (1852)
11. Hard Times (1854)
12. A Tale of two cities (1859) – Presents
Character of Sydney Carton, Celebrating
Description.
10. Great Expectation (1860) – Realistic Novel.
His genius :
Good story teller, Master of humor & pathos.
Great imagination, Equaled with Shakespeare
in Creating Characters.
Connected with Humanitarian movement of
Victorian Era .
Style :
** Rapid, Workman like, pun cockneyism,
Deeply pathetic, lyric verse in Prose **
*** His Reputation is Humor & Pathos ***
Humor is Deep, Burlesque. Pathos is
Simplicity of Tragic Greatness .
Flat characters & Round characters.
Features of his novels :
• Social reforming writings.
• Poetic Justice.
• Fastidiousness.
• Enormous demand for his novels
pernicious habit, lopsidedness of
construction.
• At the age of 26 he become so popular.
• Ensures Poetic justice.
His success :
Optimistic, democrat, prophet in his novels.
Man of success.
The Modern period (1901-1938)
Change of intellectual in Britain .
Sigmund Freud ( Psychologist)Einstein(Scientist)
,Picasso(Painter) Pulled successfully.
H.M.S Titanic hit on iceberg. Motor cars, Gas,
Electric light, Photography & Telephone were
invented.
Literary features :
1 ) The spread of Education ( Art 1870 & 1902).
2) Bulk publication & book supply.
3) literature for social purpose.
4) Golden time for novels dominative literary forms
5) Rebirth of drama
6) Many new Experiments & novelty in literature .
Social reform and social conscience improved.
Dickens…

22. THOMAS HARDY (1840 – 1928)

23. DOB : 2 June (1840) DOD : 11 June (1928).
POB : Upper Brockhampton, Dorset, England. POD : Dorchester,
Dorset, England. Buried at : Poet’s corner (Westminster Abbey).
Occupation : Novelist , Poet & Short Story Writer.
Literature : Naturalist , Victorian realist
Spouses : 1) Emma Lavinia Gifford ( 1874-1912).
2) Florence Dugdale (1914-28).
Parentage : Thomas (builder & mason) & Jemima (Well read).
Influenced by : William Wordsworth , Charles Dickens ,
George Eliot etc. His father wants to him to be a clergy man.
Descended of Nelson’s captain Hardy. Educated at village
Grammar School at Dorchester.
** Grownup in rural background of Dorchester (Wessex)
** In 1862 moved to London, pursue architect & modern language.
** Apprentice architect under Sir Arthur Bloomfield. In 1865
Published his first article in Chamber’s Journal.
** He set his novels in the background of Wessex.
Notable works : Tess of the d’ Urbervilles, Far from the madding crowed,
Jude the obscure. >> From 1857 began writing essays & poems.
>> His first novel Desperate remedies (1871) anonymously published.
>> From 1871-95 produced novels regularly (wrote 14 novels), Published
volume of poetry (1895 to1913). His famous Epic Drama, The Dynasts
published in this period.
1910 he was awarded the
Order of Merit
THOMAS HARDY (1840 – 1928)

24. His novels :
1) Desperate Remedies (1871) – Wrote on the advice of Meredith.
2) Under the Greenwood Tree (1872) – lightest & most appealing novel set
in Wessex. 3) Far From the Madding Crowd (1874) – First famous &
great novel, a tragic comedy set in Wessex.
4) The Return of Native (1878) – Man’s helplessness before fate.
5) The Mayor of Casterbridge (1854) – His master piece famous
character is Michael Henchard.
6) The Woodlanders (1887) – Tragic story of Giles Winterbourne & Mary
South. 7) Last novels, Tess of the d’ Urbervilles (1871) &
Jude the obscure (1895) About
Sex & Religion. Influenced by:
Science & interpret Nature.
His short stories:
Wessex Tales (1888), A Group of Noble Dames (1891) etc.
His poetry :
Wessex Poems (1898), Poems of the Past and Present (1901) etc.
His dramas : The Dynasts epic Drama of Napoleonic wars with 130
scenes. The famous Tragedy of the Queen Cornwall (1923).
Features : Subject is same, present Men & Women. His Philosophy of life is:
‘Man is plaything of fate’. Theme: Man’s struggle with Universe & fate.
His Style: Shaped by teaching of German Philosophy. Irony , Pathos
& tragedy. His Genius: @@ Unforgettable woman characters.
@@ Great story feller inventive power. @@ Victorian Reminiscent .
‘The last of the Victorians’
Hardy...

25. UNIT – III
G.M.HOPKINS
W.B.YEATS
T.S.ELIOT

26. GERARD MANELY HOPKINS
(1844-1889)

27. GERARD MANELY HOPKINS
(1844-1889)
Born at : 28 July,
1844 Startford,
Essex, England.
Dead at : 8 June,
1889, Dublin,
Ireland.
Buried at : Glasnevin
Cemetery, Dublin.
Parents : Manley &
Catherine Hopkins.
Nationality : British.
Education : Highgate
School, Balliol College,
Oxford.
 Occupation : Poet,
Jesuit Priest, Professor of
Classics.
One of the most
remarkable
religions poet in
English
Between 1822 -84 he
preaches at
various places.
Taught Latin & Greek
in Stonyhurnst.
In 1884 become
Head of Greek at
Royal University
of Ireland. And
serve their until
his death.
His Mother wants
him to be a
Priest.
In 1863 he entered
as a
Exhibitioner
at Oxford.
In 1866 (22) he
turned as
Roman
Catholic.
 While at school
he wrote poems in
Keatsian Manner.
 1860’s While at
Oxford he was
thrown into religious
conflict.
 In 1868 he burnt
all his poems.
 In 1875 at the
end of Jesuit he
starts writing.
After 7 years of
silence wrote.
The Wreck of
Deutschland
(1875)
35 stanzas 8 lined
Ode
Meditative Poem on
the death of five
nuns.
SPRUNG RHYTHM
alliteration
assonance & auto
biographical.
None of his
poems
published in
his life time.
Felix Randal
Dublin period
(1884-89).
SPRUNG
RHYTHM
One stressed
syllable
followed by
many unstressed
syllable.

28. 1884-85 is
a period of
depression
(which was
revealed
from his
sonnets).
His short Poems:
Pied Beauty
The Windhover
God’Grandeur
Felix Randal
Features of his
poetry:
 Loves nature before 1878,
after1875 wrote exclusively
or Religion.
Reconcile natural beauty
with ascetic life.
 Drags immediate attention
 Use inscape or inner
pattern and instress.
His genius
Instress & Inscape
treatment of subject.
‘Oddity’ , ‘Obscurity’,
‘naked shock’ in
language.
 Use Counterpoint
rhythm
Art of coining compound
words like John Keats.
His Language
He use,
 Metaphor
 Symbols
 Imagery
 Colloquial
Intellectual,
complexity,
spiritual, Intensity.
His poems were
mostly published in
the 1st World war.
In 1918 his
friend, Poet
Robert Bridge
collected &
published his
poem.
He was a
greatest
religious
poet after
Milton.
He was a
forerunner
of
Modern
Poetry.
G.M.Hopkins…

29. T.S. ELIOT (1888-1965)

30. THOMAS STEARNS ELIOT
(1888-1965)
1) Born on: 26th september1888,
St.Louis, America.
2) Died on: 4 Jan 1965 (aged 76),
Kensington, London.
3) Father’s Name: Henry Ware Eliot.
4) Mother’s Name: Charlotte
Champe Stearns.
5) Friends : Tom & Conrad Aiken.
6) Studies : Royal grammar school,
Philosophy Oxford. Latin, Ancient
Greek, French & German.
7) Occupation: Poet, Dramatist,
Banker, Teacher, literary &
editor.
8) Spouse: Vivieme Haigh wood
(1915-1932) & Fletcher (1957-65).
Prizes: Noble prize for literature
(1948) & Order of Merit
(1948), Charles Eliot Norton
Professor of Poetry at Harvard
9132-33).
One of the
major
poet of
twentieth
century.
His poems falls
into two
groups-
Despair
and
Hope
poems.
Prufrock and other
observation(1917), First verse
of Despair.
First great poem
The Love song of J. Alfred
Prufrock (1915) (ironic, heroic
dramatic monologue) appeared in
this volume.
Poems(1920), the
difficult Dramatic
Monologue appeared in
this volume, abcb
rhyme.
The waste land (1922)
presents modern London
as a arid wasteland with
the symbols of draught &
flood ; death & rebirth. In
five parts as,
“The Burial of the Dead”
“The Game of Chess”
“The Fire Sermon”
“Earth by Water” &
“What the Thunder Said”
Journey of the Magi,
Four Quartets & Ash
Wednesday (1930) – Hope
poems. Religious, mystic &
allegorical.
Four Quartets (1944) non dramatic
poetry. Truth & meditative.
Four poems in the poem is,
Burnt Norton (1936)
East Coker (1940)
The Dry Salvages (1941) &
Little Gidding (1942).

31. Eliot’s first collection of
essays, The Sacred Wood
(1920), The Idea of a
Christian Society (1939)- Lit.
Criticism.
Greatest critic like
Arnold
Vast scholarship,
individuality, moral,
social, religious &
creativity.
His prose works were,
For Lancelot Andrewes (1928), Selected
Essays 1917-32, The Use of Poetry and
the Use of Criticism (1933) Elizabethan
Essays (1934), After Strange Gods
(1934) & What is a Classic?(1945)
His style:
♣ Typical compression &
clearly visualized.
♣ Metaphysically imagery.
♣ Vocabulary essentially
modern.
♣ Rhythms of ordinary
speech.
He wrote 7 dramas,
Agonistes (1926-27),
The Rock (1934)
Murder in the Cathedral (1935),
The Family Reunion (1939), The
Cocktail Party (1949), The
Confidential Clerk (1953) & The
Elder Statesman (1958)
Eliot was a great
innovator in poetic
craft and practice, his
poetry is difficult full of
Allusions & imagery.
Symbols from French
Eliot can be
considered as
Modern
Metaphysical poet,
classicist in
literature.
His genius:
Modern trends and
tradition …
New Imagery,
New Poetic technique,
New versification &
New diction.
Traditional 4 line stanzas,
blank verse and rhyme.
Innovative devices like
repetition of words,
sounds and undertones.
Eliot…

32. WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS
(1865-1939)

33. WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS(1865-1939)
Born on: June 13,1865 near Dublin in
a cultured Irish family.
Died on: June 28, 1939 France (73).
Education at: Erasmus school,
London.
Friends: G.B.Shaw, Oscar Wilde &
Maud Gonne.
Parents: John Butler Yeats & Susan
Mary Pollexfen.
Married Georgiana Hyde Lees
in1917 (aged 51)
* His father was a painter.
* He studied art but adopted
literature.
* In 1880 he returned to Ireland.
* In 1891 he become a member
in Rhymers Club.
* After 1890 he began to write &
strong adherent of Irish
Nationalist Movement.
* Pre-runner of Irish National
Theatre.
He was elected
senator twice (1922-28).
In 1923
Awarded Noble Prize.
Influenced by P.B.Shelley.
In 1902, Abbey
Theatre came under
his influence.
He become a director
along with J.M.Synge
Yeat’s Era is of spiritual Bareness & sordid
materialism, seek remedy in simplicity of the
past, best poems of this period are,
Poems (1895), Wanderings of Oisin (1889),
The Wind Among the Reeds (1899), The
Wanderings of Oisin and Other Poems
(1889) & The Shadowy Waters (1900).
He developed an interest in magic & Occult
arts, wants to escape into Fairy land.
Influenced by Pre-Raphaelites.
Lyric Poet. 1914-1918 1st World war period 1916
Irish National problem. His new philosophical
system appeared in A Vision (1925).
Peak of his achievement
in poetry, The Towers
(1928) The winding stair
and Other poems (1933)
The Lake Isle of
Innisfree(1893) – Melodic
beauty, simplicity & modern
verse.
His Dramas
Yeats wrote 20 plays. Concern with
Irish Theatre lacks with essential
qualities as a dramatist. 1917-1926
produce plays on Japanese No
model, lack with actualities.

34. Some of his plays, The
Countless Cathleen
(1892), The Land of
Heart’s Desire(1894),
The King’s Threshold
(1894), The House
Glass (1904) etc.
His Prose:
Ideas of Good and Evils (1903),
Discoveries (1907),
A Vision (1925) (very difficult
work dedicated to his wife),etc.
His style is Essentially
symbolistic, Master of
Traditional Verses
Trust imagination& intuition.
Believe SOUL, man is dual
‘Self’ & ‘Anti-Self’.
He consider poetry is a bridge
bet. World of Spirit & Reality.
Artistry:
*Sentimental.
*Simplicity.
*Artistic
*Melodic grace.
*Languid.
Yeat’s three symbols:
1) History / myth.
2) Human experience
3) Personal mythology.
Believes fairies,
magic & spiritualism
after 1916 (marriage).
Most effective
symbols of Yeats …
Helen symbol - Lady
love Maud Gonne,
Tower- Philosophy,
Swan - Purity,
Falcon - Spirit &
Horse - Change.ALL ART IS DREAM
- Yeats
Began as a Late Victorian
Romantic and end as a 20th
Century Metaphysic poet.
Take symbols from French
Symbolists & from Blake
& Shelley.
Yeats…

35. UNIT – IV
G.B.SHAW
GALSWORTHY

36. GEORGE BERNARD SHAW
(1856 – 1950)

37. GEORGE BERNARD SHAW
(1856 – 1950)
Born: 26 July 1856, Dublin, Ireland
Died: 2 Nov,1950 (aged 94) Hertfordshire, UK
Occupation: Playwright, critic, political activist
Nationality: British (1856–1950), Irish (dual
nationality (1934–50)
Awards: Nobel Prize in Lit. (1925), Academy
Award (1938) for Pygmalion.
Parentage : George Carr Shaw & Lucinda
Elizabeth (Father is a Minor Civil Servant).
In 1876, he came to London, Joined Fabian Society.
Famous journalist (1885- 1908 )Worked as Art critic in
Pall Mall Gazette (1885) & The World.
Music Critic in The Star (1888); The World Again
(1890-94)and Dramatic Critic in Saturday Review.
After 4 unsuccessful novels starts as a dramatist,
Widowers’ Houses (1892) - First play. By the
end world war I, he become Famous.
His Plays :- Pleasant and Unpleasant (1898)
contains 7 works: 3 Unpleasant & 4 Pleasant.
3 Unpleasant: Widowers’Houses (1892), Mrs
Warren’s Profession and The Philanderer
(1893). 4 Pleasant: Arms and the Man (1894),
Candida (1895), The Man of Destiny (1895) &
You Never Can Tell (1897).
**Widowers’Houses (1892), Mrs Warren’s
Profession – (Shavian Wit) about Slum Landlordism
& organised Prostitution.
**The Philanderer (1893) – A Satire.
**Arms and the Man – Excellent stage piece.
**Candida - ‘Eternal triangle’Characters.
**Caesar and Cleopatra (1989)- fun &popular.
**Man and Superman (1903)- Most important
play - half serious & half comical.
**Amusing satire on medical profession- The Doctor’s
Dilemma (1906) & Getting Married (1908).
**Fanny’s First Play (1911) & Androcles and the Lion
(1912) - Religious theme. *** Pygmalion (1913) –
Witty study on social convention class distinction.
St.Joan (1924)- Finest play. Apple Cart (1929).

38. 1) He read widely.
2) Socialistic revolutionary thinker,
delivered lectures on Socialism, Art &
Literature.
Shook the orthodox London society
Out spoken Critic.
Shaw’s aim is Serious, His plays are
called Problem plays. Deals with social,
moral and philosophy. Nicoll says Shaw’s
plays are,
‘Comedies of Purpose’
Gives importance to plot.
Special features of his play:
• His ideas – political un humanity
• His preface – unique
• His wit – comedy & fun
• His characters – Vivid & variety
• His Dialogues – highest order very clear
• His Dramas – Excellent
Shaw was a brilliant Talker.
His dialogues are of highest order.
Shavian wit is a new style formed after Him.
Greatest Dramatist after Shakespeare.
Prose works like The Quintessence of
Ibsenism (1891), Dramatic Opinions and Essays (1907) etc.
Features of his plays:
1. Ideas are important to entertain.
2. His Prefaces are striking. Emphatic &
authoritarian in tone.
3. Undying fun and Wit.
4. vivid characterisation. MASTER OF
THE ART OF SURPRISE.
Shaw...

39. JOHN GALSWORTHY
(1867-1933)

40. JOHN GALSWORTHY (1867-1933)
Born on: 14 August, 1867 in Kingston hill in
Surrey, England.
Occupation: Writer.
Citizenship: British.
Parents : John & Blanche Bailey.
Schools: Marymount International school,
Rokeby, Preparatory School, Holy Cross
Preparatory school.
College: Harrow & Oxford. Became Barrister.
Friend: Joseph Conrad, a famous Novelist.
Award: Order of Merit & Noble Prize (1933).
Died on: 31 Jan, 1933 (65) in London.
 He starts his career as
Novelist.
 His first work, a novelette
Jocelyn (1898).
 His aim is to portray upper
middle class Victorian.
 First successful novel The
Man of Property (1906).
Forsyte Saga (1906-29)-
series of novels –striking
modern fiction.
Cool, controlled, ironical
dissection of Forsytes-
city family. (34years)
Covers the changes in the society.
The White Monkey (1924), The Silver Spoon
(1926) & Swan Song (1928).
A Silent Wooing (1927) & Passers By (1927),
collected together as A Modern Comedy(1929)
which also includes,
The Country House (1907), Fraternity (1909),
The Patrician (1911), The Dark Flower(1913)
Etc.
His first play The Silver Box (1906) –
Inequality of Justice.
Strife (1909) – struggle bet. Capital & Labourer,
Justice (1910) – Cruelty of solitary,
Loyalties(1922) – class prejudices &
Escape (1926) – Inadequacy of administration.
Short plays & One Act Plays
The Pigeon, The Mob,
The Eldest Son & The
Little Man.
Some Verse,
Moods, Songs, and
Doggerels (1912),
The Bells of Peace(1921),
Verses of New and Old
(1926).
Essays &Stories,
A Motley (1910), A Sheaf
(1916), Five Tales (1918),
Another Sheaf
(1919), Caravan(1925)etc.

41. His Themes:
*Inequalities
*Injustices
*Objectively
Ironical
His Style:
*Charm
*Descriptive
*Nature,
beauty & love.
Primarily A Social Critic
1) Accurate Observation,
delicacy, impartiality.
2) Concerns class then
character and then motive
and impulse.
Chief weapon
is, irony and
satire.
Characters are well
studied with
Psychological insight,
presents
internal conflict.
Excellent stage pieces.
Natural situation &
dialogues.
Deeper sense of
humanity and concern
for social justice.
No greater hero’s
Total absence of
sentimentalism
JOSEPH CONRAD
called him as,
‘Humanitarian
Moralist’
Galsworthy…

42. UNIT – V
E.M.FORSTER
JAMES JOYCE
VIRGINIA WOOLF

43. EDWARD MORGAN FORSTER
(1879-1970)

44. EDWARD MORGAN FORSTER
(1879-1970)
*Born on: 1 Jan, 1879 at Marylebone, England.
*Died at: 7 june,1970 (91) at Warwickshire.
*Parent: Alice Clara & E.M. Llewellyn Forster.
*Education: Tonbridge school & King’s college.
*Occupation: Writer (Novels, Short story & Essay).
*Subject: Class, division, gender, homosexuality.
*Genre: Realism, symbolism, modernism.
*Award: Order of Merit(OM) & Companions of
Honor (CH).
*Nationality: English.
* His father is an architect & he died of T.B on
1880.
* Strict evangelical family he was governed by
his mother.
* Dayboy at school between 1897-1901 attended
college.
* Active member of Bloomsbury group.
* Wide traveler, In 1921 visit India. He was a
conscientious objector.
* His novels are only 5 in numbers.
* He travelled extensively in Greece, Germany
& Italy.
* During the World War I, he served (Red Cross)
in Alexandria.
* A Room with a view (1908) well constructed
comedy, ironically presents the love affair
between lovers Beebe & Charlotte.
* His craftsmanship is of highest order.
Humour is gift of Forster as Jane Austen.
His works :
* Where Angels Fear to Tread (1905).
(well drawn characters, comedy, conflict between
two different culture, set in Italy & amazing
portrayal of Gino, a spendthrift character)
* The Longest Journey (1907).
( less attractive work, but good characterization &
Richie-the hero, is well portrayed).
* A Room with a view (1908).

45. Forster…
Two Master Pieces :
* Howards End (1910).
(about several social & sexual problems , His
belief is in the genius of a place. Mrs.Wilcox
character is a symbol of permanence).
* A Passage to India ”(1924).
(Conventional, Ideas of colonial & post
colonialism. In 3 parts The Church, The Temple
& The Mosque. The novel emphasis the
relationship bet. Aziz, Mrs. Moore & Fielding).
Short stories :
* The celestial Omnibus (1911).
* The Story of the Siren (1920).
* The External Moment (1928).
Two Critical Works:
* Aspects of the novel (1927).
*Abinger Harvest (1936).
Collection of Miscellaneous essays, lectures &
talks appeared in, Two cheers democracy (1951).
His Genius:
* Most cosmopolitan
man of his day.
* Basically moralist,
Advocate, culture,
tolerance &
civilization.
* Good story teller,
Warmth & colorful in
description.
Nature of his Novels:
* Regular plots.
* Notable Character
* Comic relief.
* moral judgments
* Express humanistic.
* Life fulfills with
love & friendship
* Clear dialogue
Language & Style:
* Moral & Spiritual ideas.
* Didactic, lyric & rhythmical.
* Excels humour.
* Comic & high seriousness of style ,vividness
& lightness.
* Lyrical & rhythmical language.
* Complexities of character, subtle insight &
conscience of presentation.

46. JAMES JOYCE(1882-1941)

47. JAMES JOYCE(1882-1941)
James Augustine Aloysius
Joyce.
Born on:2 Feb,1882 in
Dublin. Died on:13 Jan,1941.
Parentage: John Stanislaus
Joyce & Mary Jane.
Occupation: Irish novelist &
Poet.
Education at: Clongowes Wood
& Belvedere college, Dublin.
Father is a rate collector but
lavish extravagant.
Best work : Ulysses (1922).
Languages: Norwegian, French
& Italian.
*He was eldest of ten children.
*At the time of his birth his family
decline to poverty.
*Most influential Writer of his
age & He uses the stream of
conscious technique.
* 1914-18 he taught language in
Switzerland & he tired writing.
*His first work is Dubliners
(began1900-1914 published).
*It is a collection of short stories
about Dublin slums, history in 4
Parts: Adolescence, Maturity,
Public life & Childhood.
His first novel is A portrait of
the Artist as a young man
(1916),he used stream of
conscious technique for the
1st time.
*Ascetic, Religious,
autobiographical, Hero’s
spiritual life ( Hero Stephen
Dedalus is Joyce.)
Earlier version is “Stephen
Hero” not published until
1944.
The artistic dilemma of
Stephen (Joyce) was re-
expressed as Exiles (1918).
He was Modernist & Avant-
garde writer.
* Educated at Jesuit college
& Royal University.
*Joyce- a keen student
studied philosophy &
modern language, wants to
become a Singer. Settled as a
Writer.
* Ulysses (1912) modeled
after Odyssey .
*Contain 800 Pages, events
of a day16/June/1904 in
Dublin.
*Leopold Bloom-modern
Ulysses - most complete
character.
* Stream of Conscious
technique & internal
monologue.
Finnegan’s Wake (1939) took
17 years to portray Sensation
& experience of Humphrey
Chimpden Earwicker-public
House keeper of Dublin.
H.C.E – Here Comes
Everybody.
Expounds in philosophy of sin
& Redemption.

48. His language:
* Experimental.
* A tool to investigate reality.
* Consider ordinary
language is inadequate to
handle complex themes.
* Fall & rise(Rhythm).
* Startling frankness.
‘Universe of Discourse’
play on words.
His genius:
* Pioneer ardent
experimental.
* Unique fascinating
characterization.
* Brilliant verbal skill.
* Common Physic analyst of
his age.
* Mastery of language &
brilliance.
His Style:
* Simple style.
* Clarity, Obscurity &
Simplicity.
* Complexity gradual growth.
* Simple & Straight forward
writings.
* New vocabularies.
* Comic view of life, full of
wits & puns.
* Sardonic in Tone
His Subject:
* Serious novelist, concern
with relationship:- of a man
to himself, to society and to
the whole race.
* Meanness of modern
society.
* Evils of men. Subtle
analysis of man’s
consciousness.
His Technique:
* Present human dilemma.
* Ceaseless pioneering
technique writings.
* use internal monologue to
reveal.
* Deeper sense of human
consciousness.
Stream of Conscious
technique
Joyce suffered with
Cynophobia (fear of
dog), Astraphobia (fear
of thunder & storm),
Economic struggle &
Public opposition.
Joyce…

49. VIRGINIA WOOLF(1882-1941)

50. VIRGINIA WOOLF(1882-1941)
Born on: 25 jan1882 , Kensington, Middlesex ,
England.
Parents: Sir Leslie Stephen & Julia Stephen.
Occupation : Novelist , Essayist , Publisher & critic.
Nationality : British.
Spouse : Leonard Woolf.
Influential : Bloomsbury Group.
Education : King’s College.
Died on: 28 Mar 1941 (aged 59).
**Her father was a founding editor of the
‘Dictionary of National Biography’.
**She lived during the Inter war period.
Foremost modernists of the 20th century.
**She Wrote in her diary : “I don’t like the
Jewish voice & laugh”. (She married a
Jewish man !!).
**Significant figure of literary society.
**In 1910 with Dreadnought hoax
participated in disguised as a male.
She was a contemporary writer of
James Joyce & Joseph Conrad.
Her works
* The voyage Out (1915)
* Night and Day (1919)
* Jacob’s Room (1922)
* Mrs.Dalloway (1925)
* To the Lighthouse (1927)
* Orlando: a biography (1928)
* The Waves (1931)
* Flush (1933), The years
(1937)
* Between the Acts (1941)
– unfinished, Posthumously Pub.
* The voyage Out (1915)- First novel, told in
conventional narrative manner.
* Night and Day (1919) - Study of personal
development & adjustment.
* Jacob’s Room (1922), Mrs. Dalloway (1925)
& To the Lighthouse (1927) - internal
monologue & Stream of Consciousness in full
fledge.
* Orlando: a biography (1928)- vivid color of
Historical period & setting.
* The Waves (1931)- Symbolistic work of
poetic beauty, An ambitious, experimental work,
contains 6 characters.

51. Features of her novels:
 She reacted against Novel of Social
manners..
 Elusiveness of inner realities, Death &
Time - her themes. Her characters search
realities (inward & spiritual).
 Use Stream of Consciousness technique
followed by Joyce & Dorothy Richardson.
1. Virginia Woolf is a Prose Writer of
Genius.
2. Poetic qualities, poise and charm of
cultured woman and conscious artist.
3. Musical & rhythmical potentiality,
richly figurative style.
4. Accuracy & delicacy of character
analysis.
Only three famous female writers of that era:
* Emily Bronte
* Woolf
* Katherine Mansfield.
Woolf’s fiction is also studied for its insight into:
War, Class & Modern British Society. Three
Guineas (1938) was an indictment of fascism.
Examine the difficulties the female writers.
**Chief source of her learning is well equipped
library of her father.
**From Childhood she suffered from nervous
breakdown & Bipolar Disorder.
**Within 25 years she wrote 12 novels.
Marcel Proust, Joyce & Dorothy Richardson
influenced her.
She ended her life by drowning.
Woolf’s greatest merit if her Style. Feminine style with rhythm & cadences.
She remembered for perfecting Stream of Consciousness technique, high
seriousness & her prose poetic style.
‘WHIMSICAL DARTING HUMOR’
Woolf…

52. GOOD
LUCK