my effort in literature

2. Social Background
• The English Bourgeois Revolution and
Restoration
• 1) The weakening of the tie between monarchy
and bourgeois:
• 2) The Clashes between the King and
Parliament:
• 3) The outburst of the English Revolution:
• 4) The split within the revolutionary camp:
• 5) The bourgeois dictatorship and the
Restoration

3. Historical events
• Reign of James I (1603 – • King james II flees – 1688
1625) – The Jacobean Age • William III & Mary II –
• Reign Of Charles I (1625 – 1689
1649) The Coroline Age
• Mary II – dies, 1694
• Common Wealth (1649 –
1660) The Interim Period of • William III – Dies 1702
Commonwealth
• Restoration of Charles II
(1660 – 1685)
• The Theatres closed – 1642
• Reign of James – II (1685 –
1688) • Reopening of the theatre –
•
1660
The Glorious Revolution -
1688 • The Great Fire of London -
1666

4. The English Revolution and
Puritanism
• The English revolution was carried out under a religious
cloak
• English revolution also called the Puritan revolution
• The Puritan Movement aimed to make man honest and to
make man free.
• preached thrift, sobriety, hard work, but with very little
extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labor
• Worldly pleasures were condemned as harmful.
• the triumph of Puritanism under Cromwell, severe laws were
passed
• Until the end of the Commonwealth, there were two leaders
in England, Cromwell the man of action, and Milton the man
of thought.

5. Literature of the Revolution
Period
 General characteristics
1) The Revolution Period was one of confusion in literature due to
the breaking up of the old ideals. The Puritans believed in
simplicity of life. They disapproved of the sonnets and the love
poetry written in the previous period. Literature was as divide din
spirit as were the struggling parties.
 2) Literature in the Puritan Age expressed age and sadness. Even its
brightest hours were followed by gloom and pessimism.
 3) Romantic ardor can not be found in literature of the Puritan
period.
 4) John Milton, whose work would glorify any age and people, and
in his work the indomitable revolutionary spirit found its noblest
expression. For this reason, this period is also called Age of Milton
 5) The main literary form of the period was poetry ． Besides
Milton, there were two other groups of poets, the Metaphysical
Poets and the Cavalier Poets

6. Metaphysical Poets
• The Metaphysical Poets appeared at the beginning of
the 17th century
• Sought to shatter myths and replace them with new
philosophies, new sciences, new world and new
poetry
• Rebellious spirit, they favored in poetry a more
colloquial language, a single-minded working of one
theme
• Tended to logically reason the things, esp. emotions,
psychologically analyze the emotions of love and
religion, love the novelty and the shocking, use the
metaphysical conceits, and ignore the conventional
devices.

7. Metaphysical Poets
 John Donne (1573-1631) is  John Donne (1573 – 1631)
the founder of the  Abraham Cowley (1619 –
Metaphysical School 1667)
 masterpiece is Songs and  Richard Crashaw (1613 –
Sonnets, The Sun Rising 1649)
and The Flea  George Herbert (1593 –
 “were men of learning,& to 1633)
show their learning was their
 Henry Vaughan (1622 –
1695)
whole Endeavour…. they  Thomas Traherne (1634 –
neither copied nature nor 1704)
life… thoughts are often new

8. Cavalier Poets
• Most of these poets were • Robert Herrick (1591 –
courtiers and soldiers 1674)
• They sided with the king to • Thomas Carew (1598 –
fight against the revolution 1639)
• supported King Charles I • Francis Quaries (1592 –
during the 1644)
English Civil War • Sir John Suckling (1600 –
• King Charles was a 1642)
connoisseur of the fine arts • Richard Lovelace (1618 –
and therefore demanded 1658)
their creation, i.e. masques,
• Andrew Marvell (1621 –
poetry, and drama
1678)

9. John Milton’s Life
• Born: December 9, 1608, • John Milton was an
London English poet
• Died: November 8, 1674, • Polemicist, a scholarly
Chalfont St Giles man of letters, and a civil
• Full name: John Milton servant for the
• Commonwealth of
Parents: John Milton
England under Oliver
• Education: Cromwell
University of Cambridge,
St Paul's School, London,
Christ's College,
Cambridge

10. John Milton’s Life
• I Period – Closing with • II Period – The Horton
the end of his Cambridge period – Closing with his
Career – 1632 departure for the
• His first work is an ode continent - 1638
On the Morning of • 4 minor poems of such
Christ’s Nativity beauty & power
• Its far from perfect • L’Allegro (1633)
• Sadly Marred by • II Penseroso ( 1633)
Conceits & inequalities • Comus (1634)
of Style • Lycidas (1637)
• Remarkable Production
for a poet of 21

11. John Milton’s Life
• Under the inspiration of the • The poet dwqells frankly
learning & art of the upon the pleasures of
renaissance – Write romance & rustic sports –
• Puritan element was at 1st The Greek Drama & The
quite subordinate gradually beauty of Church
the dominant element inhis Architecture & music
writing • Comus
• L’Allegro & II Penseroso • The specific quality of his
• Charming contrasted moral teaching
pictures of Man, Nature, & • a masque in honour of
Art as seen through the chastity
medium of the mood, in the
one case of gladness, and in
the other meloncholy.

12. Comus
 Two brothers and their
sister, simply called  Rescued with help of
"Lady“ An Attendant spirit &
 Lost in a journey The river Nymph
through the woods.
 Lady becomes fatigued,  Patent allegory of
and the brothers wander virtue attacked by
off in search of sensuality &
sustenance conquering by divine
 Lured away by Comus aid
& his band revelers &
rescued by her brother

13. Lycidas
 Lycidas first appeared in a 1638 collection of
elegies entitled Justa Edouardo King Naufrago.
 the death of Edward King, a collegemate of
Milton's at Cambridge
 Monody. A lyrical lament for one voice.
 begins with an invocation,
 then explores the conventions of the pastoral
 ends with a conclusion to Milton's "emotional
problem"

14. Milton’s life
 III Period – Prose  Modern English prose
writing from 1640 – had not yet come into
1660 existence
 20 years continued  Areopagitica –
active as a writer of Essentially a plea for
prose freedom of thought &
 Dozen sonnets Speech
 Style is heavy &  Read by every lover of
Cumbrous Lit. & intellectual
liberty
 “His left hand didn’t
possess the cunning of
his right”

15. IV Period of Milton
 The last Poetic period or  Satan is the real hero of the
period of his great poem
achievement  Adam --The first human,
 Stupendous masterpiece of the father of our race
intellectual energy &  Eve --The first woman and
creative power
the mother of mankind.
 Paradise Lost – English  God the Father - creates
Heroic verse without rime
the world by means of God
 Paradise Regained the Son, creating Adam and
 Samson Agonistes Eve last
 "to justify the ways of God  God the Son - Jesus Christ,
to man“ – Theme offers himself as a sacrifice
 Also about the fall of Men: to pay for the sins of
man’s disobedience and the mankind
loss of Paradise

16.  Paradise Regained  betrayed by his wife and
 explores the theme of blinded by his enemies the
temptation and fall and Philistines
shows how humankind, in  One day he was summoned
the person of Christ, to provide amusement for
withstands the tempter and his enemies by feats of
is established once more in strength in a temple
the divine favor  wreaked his vengeance
 Samson Agonistes upon his enemies by pulling
 a poetical drama modeled down the temple upon them
on the Greek tragedy and upon himself in a
common ruin
 the Old Testament
 Samson signify Milton
 Samson was an athlete of
the Israelites
 stood as their champion,
fighting for the freedom of
his country

17. Features of Milton's Poetry
 Great revolutionary poet of the 17th century. He is also an
outstanding political pamphleteer of the Revolution period.
He made a strong influence on the later progressive English
poets.
 Great stylist. His poetry has a grand style. That is because he
made a life-long study of classical and Biblical literature.
 Great master of blank verse. He is the glorious pioneer to
introduce blank verse into non-dramatic poetry. He has used it
as the main tool in his masterpiece Paradise Lost. His blank
verse is rich in every poetic quality and never monotonous.
 Wrote the greatest epic in English literature. He made a strong
influence o later English poetry.
 His poetry is noted for sublimity of thought and majesty of
expression.

18. Milton's Shorter Poems - Renascence Editions
 A Paraphrase on Psalm CXIV  On the University Carrier
 Psalm CXXXVI  Another on the Same
 The Fifth Ode of Horace. Lib.  An Epitaph on the
I Marchioness of Winchester
 At a Vacation Exercise  L'Allegro
 On the Death of a Fair Infant  Il Penseroso
Dying of Cough  On Time
 Song: on May Morning  Upon the Circumcision
 On the Morning of Christ's  At a Solemn Music
Nativity
 Lycidas
 The Passion
 PSALMS I-VIII, LXXX-
On Shakespeare
LXXXVIII

19. Sonnet  On The Lord General
 O Nightingale! Fairfax, at the Siege of
 How soon hath time, the
Colchester
subtle thief of youth  To the Lord General
 When the Assault was
Cromwell, May 1652
Intended to the City  To Sir Henry Vane the
 To A Virtuous Young Lady
Younger
 On the Late Massacre in
 To the Lady Margaret Ley
Piemont
 On the Detraction Which
 When I Consider How my
Followed Upon My Writing
Light is Spent
Certain Treatises
 Lawrence of Virtuous Father
 On the Same
 Cyriack, Whose Grandsire
 To My Friend, Mr.Henry
Lawes on his Airs  To Mr. Cyriack Skinner
 On the Religious Memory of
Upon His Blindness
Mrs. Catherine Thomson  Methought I Saw my late
Espousèd Saint

20. Prose
 In Quintum Novembris (1626) - Dana F. Sutton
 Excerpt from Christian Doctrine
 The Reason of Church Government
 Background for Tenure of Kings and Magistrates - Michael
Bryson
 Tenure of Kings and Magistrates
 A Treatise of Civil Power in Ecclesiastical Causes
Of Reformation. 1641
Of Education. 1644
 The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce
 The Judgement of Martin Bucer Concerning Divorce
 Colasterion
 Tetrachordon

21. Other Poets & Prose Writers
 Robert Herrick – (1591 –  Thomas carew (1598 –
1674) 1639)
 Secular & religious  Poems
 Noble Numbers (1648)  “He that loves a rosy
 Haperides cheek”
 His power - Miscellaneous  Sir john Suckling (1609 –
in character 42)
 Compromising addresses to  Ballad upon a wedding
friends  Why so pale and wan, fond
 Fairy poems lover?
 All subject  Richard Lovelace (1618 –
58)
 Love poems
 To Althia from prison
 Exquisite fancy &Lyrical
charm & grace  Lucasta
 To lucasta going to the wars

22.  Andrew Marvell (1621 –  George Herbert (1593 –
78) 1633)
 To His coy mistress  The temple
 The rehearsal transprosed  Affliction
 Ode upon Cromwell’s  Easter wings
return from Ireland  The collar
 New Letters (a prose work)  Man
 Earlier he has written  Collections of Lyrical
characteristics of the entitled poetry
cavalier School  Richard Crashaw (1613 –
 After Restoration- changed 1649)
– Fierce satire in rugged  Carmen Deo Nostro
style on King & Supporters
 The Infant Mortyrs
 Steps to the temple

23.  Henry Vaughan (1622-  Metaphysical poets
95)
 Abraham Cowley(1618-67)
 Poems
 Regeneration  Pyramus & Thisbe
 The retreat  The Mistress
 Olor Iscanus  The Davideis
 Thalia Reudivia
 Pindarique Odes
 Silex scintillans
 Constantia and Philetus
 Francis quarles (1592-  Discourse by way of vision
1644)
 Concerning the Government
 The religious Emblems
of Cromwell (a Prose work)

24.  John Donne (1573 -1631)  Thomas Traherne (1634 –
1704)
 Songs & Sonnets  Poems (1903)
 Aire and angel  Centuries of Meditations
 A Nocturnall upon Lucies (1908) (A Prose work)
Day
 A Valediction: Forbidding  One of the greatest religious
Mourning
& Metaphysical poets as well
 The Extasie
 Devotions (Sermons in Prose) as prose of 17th century
 Ignatius His Enclave (A  Beauty & Eloquence as well
Prose work)
as profundity of thought &
 Of the Progress of the soul
 Death’s Duell spiritual feeling

25. John Bunyan (1628-1688)
 traveler's name is Christian
 The Pilgrim’s Progress
 book falls into two parts.
 religious allegory
 1 tells of the religious
 Concepts - sin, despair, and
faith are represented as conversion of Christian and
people or as aspects of the his religious life in this world.
natural world  2 describes the subsequent
conversion of his wife and
 1st appeals to the poets,
their children
 2nd to the scholars
 Bunyan’s prose is noted for
 3rd to the common religious his simple, biblical style.
people of every age and
condition
 uses idiomatic expressions
naturally.
 religious man’s search for
salvation, and gives a truthful
 biblical language enables
picture of English society him to narrate stories and
reveal ideas in a direct way.

26.  Restoration literature is  The prevalence of the
deeply influenced by French heroic couplet (2 iambic
classical taste.
pentameter lines which
 It is a period of French rime together) in poetry.
influence.
 General characteristics
 Grace Abounding
 The tendency to vulgar  The Life & Death of Mr.
realism in the drama. Badman
Restoration writers sought to  The Holy war
paint realistic pictures of a
corrupt society.  The world’s literature has
 A general formalism. They three great allegories:
produced coarse, low plays  Spenser’s - The Faerie
without interest or moral Queene,
significance.
 Dante’s - Divine Comedy
 The development of a simpler
and more direct prose style.  Bunyan’s - Pilgrim’s

27. John Dryden (1631-1700)
 Aldwinkle All Saints,  Absalom and Achitophel -
Northamptonshire powerful political satire -
 Educated – Westminister & to ridicule and attack the
Trinity college, Cambridge whigs, and to revenge
himself upon his enemies
 Settled in London – 1657
 prose writer - marked
 wrote 27plays
influence on English
 most of them are affected by literature in shortening his
the immorality of the stage sentence and especially in
 All for Love, a tragedy writing naturally
dealing with the same story  cared little for style - tried
as Shakespeare’s Antony and to state his critical ability -
Cleopatra foremost critic of his age
 a poet of intellect, not of  famous prose composition
emotion is An Essay of Dramatic
 controversial and satirical Poesy

28.  Influence on English  Astraea Redux (1663) - the
literature happy restoration of Charles– II
 Established the heroic couplet  Poet Laureate – 1670
as the fashion for satiric,  Absalom & Achitophel(1681)
didactic, and descriptive – Political satires.
poetry  To defend the King’s policy
 Developed a direct and against the Earl of Shaftesbury
concise prose style & Specially famous for its
 Developed the art of literary powerful character-studies
criticism in his essays and in  Shaftesbury as Achitophel
the numerous prefaces to his  The duke of Buckingham as
poems Zimiri
 The forerunner of the English  The Medal – Invective against
classical school of literature shaftesbury
 1st poem – The heroic stanzas  MacFlecknoe – scathing
on the death of Oliver personal attack his friend
Cromwell (1659) Thomas Shadwell

29.  2 Theological Poems  He mostly influenced by
 Religio Laici (1682) – A Cowley – “ The darling of my
defence of the Church of Youth”
England  Annu Mirabilis (1667)
 The Hind & The Panther  2 great events of the
(1687) – favour of Roman wonderful year – The War
Catholicism with Holland: The Fire of
 It exhibits Dryden’s mastery London
 Not strict religious sense  The Fables – written amid the
anxieties of his last years
 The revolution of 1688 came
upon him as a heavy blow  Fine tales
 He lost his poet Laureate  Rank among our best story –
tellers in verse
 As a poet – Ripened slowly
 The palamon & Arcite based
 1st poem – The death of Young
on The Knightes Tale
Lord hastings – in 18 – Crude
& Bombastic

30.  Little imaginative power, depth  The Essay of Dramatic Poesy
of feeling, spiritual glow or – considers the respective
fervour principles & merits of 3 Chief
 2 remarkable Odes - To The types of Drama
Memory of Mrs. Anne  The Classical Drama of
Killigrew Greece & Romans
 Alexander’s Feast  The Neo-Classical drama of
 Splendid intellectuality & the French
manly vigour of style  The Romantic drama of the
 Many passage of wonderful English
strength & eloquence  And Justify the rime in place
 1st great modern prose writer & of Blank Verse
Modern critic  His criticism – historically
 His work is thus of capital importance
importance as a commentary  Prose style – Clearness,
upon the tastes & ideals of the Vigour, wonderful felicity of
rising Classical School of Lit. Phrase & Colloquial

31. Other Works
 Preface to his plays
 An essay of Dramatic Poesy
 Dryden’s plays
 Tyrannic Love
 Conquest of Granada
 All for Love
 The rival ladies
 The Indian Emperor
 Aureng – Zeb
 Don Sebastian
 Cleomenes
 Love Triumphant

32. Samuel Butler (1612 – 1680)
 3 parts of Hudibras – 1663,
 The story begins with these
1664, 1678 – Published 2
 Satire on Puritans  1st part - Tremendous
 Stimulate – Saints & Their conflict with the rabble
Cause (Mob) & leads to their
 Wonderful Burlesque being set by the heels in the
romance parish stocks
 The misadventures of a  2nd part – incidents follow
knight & his squire: I’ll which keep up the interest
fortunes in love till
 2 central figure – the  The rest – composed of
Presbyterian Sir Hudibras Odds & ends of epistles,
(Military enthusiast – digressions, satire tirades
Hypocrite) : Attendant  Some of its best passages
Ralpo (vulgar canting suffer from prolixity
imposter)

33.  The local & temporary nature of its subject –
matter is also a serious disadvantage
 Its full of wit & vivacity
 Doggerel metres & astonishing double rimes
 “intention to kill Puritanism by ridicule & delight

34. Other writers
 Sir William Temple(1628  Essay on the human
– 99) Understanding
 Best know to his relations  Treatise on Government
with Swift  Thought on Education
 Letters & Essays in a plain  Minor prose writers- John
but Polished style Evelyn(1620 – 1706);
 John Tillotson (1630 – 94) Samuel Pepys (1633 –
 Introduced a similar style 1703)
into religious oratory-  Evelyn’s Diary – record of
importance in the contemporary events – the
establishment of the new point of view of a loyal,
prose thoughtful, & high-minded
 John Locke (1632 – 1704) royalist.
 Prose in Philosophic  Grave, simple style
exposition & discussion  Pepy’s Diary – entertaining
was distinctly shown

35.  It covers 10 years nearly  The domestic troubles,
from 1 January, 1660 to 31
st st
the jealousies,
may 1669
Philandering, Success &
 Noteworthy – the
restoration, the Great Disappointment
Plague, The great Fire
 Vivid descriptions which it
gives of the men & Manners
of the day
 the habits, fashions &
Scandals of the town
 The gossip of the streets, the
coffee-houses & the play
houses & personal life &
doings

36. Renaissance
 the ‘rebirth’ of literature, art & learning that progressively
transformed European culture from the mid-14th century in Italy
to the mid-17th century in England, strongly influenced by the
rediscovery of classical Greek and Latin literature, & accelerated
by the development of printing. The Renaissance is commonly
held to mark the close of the middle Ages and the beginning of
the modern Western world. In literary terms, it is marked by a
new self-confidence in vernacular literatures, a flourishing of
lyric poetry, and a revival of such classical forms as epic and
pastoral literature.

37. Soliloquy
 A dramatic convention by means of which a
character, alone on stage, utters his or her
thoughts aloud. Playwrights use soliloquies as
a convenient way to inform the audience about
a character’s motivations and state of mind.

38.  Ballads
 The narrative folk song that tells a story, which originates and is
communicated orally mainly among illiterates, usually in 4-line
stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed
 Epistolary Novel
 A type of novel in which the narrative is carried on by means of
series of letters. Samuel Richardson’s Pamela (1740) and
Clarissa Harlowe (1748) are among the best known epistolary
novels. It can be classified into two kinds: the monologue
epistolary novel and the dialogue epistolary novel

39.  Thank u  Next Chapter
 By
 Age of Dryden
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