English Literature University degree course (September 2009).

1. History of English Language
Contemporary

2. Standard English
• Linguistic fact (it is not intelligible, to
speakers of any other language or it does
not have a standard system of spelling)
and political wishes decide when a
language is considered a language in its
own right.

3. Language varieties or dialects
• Welsh
• Scots
• Staffordshire, Hertfordshire, Westmorland, London,
Liverpool or Newcastle.
• North America
• Caribbean
• Central and South America
• Asia
• Africa
• Oceania

4. Esperanto (“one who hopes”)
• 1870-80, Unua Libro 1887.
• L.L. Zamenhof in Poland.
• Russians, Poles, Germans and Jews (each
of them spoke their own language and
looked on all the others as enemies.
• Created as a symbol of peace, harmony or
against Russian, English imperialism or
any other majority, totalitarian language.

5. English words used in Esperanto
• haven : port, haven
• hotel : hotel
• rival : rival
• send : to send
• special : special
• specimen : specimen
• team : team
• unik : unique
• universal : universal

6. Sample Text
• Dum trosekeco oni preĝis en la temploj,
ke la drako-reĝo donu pluvon al la homa
mondo
• During times of drought, people would
pray in the temples that the dragon-king
would give rain to the human world

7. Esperanto Facts
• An international auxiliary language.
• Easy-to-learn language to facilitate
international understanding.
• Fluent speakers: est. 100,000 to 2 million
• Native: 200 to 2000.
• Important role in several religions, such as
Oomoto from Japan and the Baha'i Faith
from Iran.