History Of Dth

History of Dth
DTH Satellite TV: Timelines to the Future While today's hot DTH marketplace makes for an
exciting story, this is an industry with a history unknown to most. It is a story of an industry which
was never supposed to exist. An industry born out of the genius of a Stanford University college
professor and publicized by ham radio conversations. An industry that defied all odds to grow from
the backyards of techies and early adapters to today's multi–billion dollar first–line competitor to the
cable monopoly in America. And, it is the story of an industry comprised of thousands of
entrepreneurs who kept the dream alive during long periods of traumatic political and marketplace
upheaval. Come with us now as we look at the people, the events, ... Show more content on
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How did the world find out about Taylor Howard's invention? Well, as an amateur radio operator, he
shared his knowledge with fellow "hams" around the world. This was backed up with a simple how–
to manual on satellite TV published by Professor Howard. As the techies began to grasp the
capabilities of satellite TV, a small group of entrepreneurs moved from hobbyist to businessperson.
These pioneers –– many operating out of their garages –– gave birth to an industry which sold
approximately 5,000 systems in 1980. Each of these systems, boasting an antenna 12 feet or more in
diameter, fetched a whopping $10,000. The journey towards the DTH industry of today had begun.
1981 – 1985 Dish Fever Grows The DTH industry grew quickly from its modest beginnings. As
each new system was installed, the word of mouth advertising grew for the industry. Obviously the
early DTH systems were very large, thus the simple act of having one installed drew the attention
and interest of the neighborhood. Once non–dishowners experienced the diversity of satellite–
delivered programming (new cable services were now launching at a rapid pace) coupled with the
unsurpassed audio and video quality offered by a DTH system, the fever began to spread across the
land. For satellite TV to move beyond the techies and early adapters, into the mainstream consumer
marketplace, three things
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Alternative Communication Systems... during disasters
4.
Alternative Communication Systems... during disasters
In Monsoon–2004, severe flood situations in the States of Assam and Bihar caused major
devastation. Many district head quarters got totally cut–off from the State head quarter and
neighboring districts due to submerged telephone exchanges or damaged cables and disrupted roads
and railways communication. In the worst affected districts the need for relief and rescue operation
could not be communicated to the State head quarters. Realizing this, State
Government requested National Disaster Management Division of the Government of India to
immediately send the emergency coordination kits containing satellite phones to establish
communication links among the severely affected districts ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This may lead to severe losses in terms of human lives, livestock and property. The prime
communication networks of Government of India. NIC: National Informatics Centre (NIC) is a
premiere Science & Technology organization of the Government of India in this field. It functions
through a nationwide information and communication technology (ICT) network called NICNET.
29
BSNL: The Department of Telephone Operations, Government of India became a corporation on
October 1, 2000 and was christened Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL). Today, BSNL is a
leading telecommunication company and the largest public sector undertaking of India. It has a
network of over 45 million lines covering 5000 towns with over 35 million telephone connections.
Its responsibilities include improvement of the quality of telecom services, expansion of telecom
network, introduction of new telecom services in all villages and instilling confidence among its
customers. Modes for Emergency Communication RADIO COMMUNICATIONS In the scenario
where normal telephone and mobile phone network is disrupted or such services have never existed
in the disaster affected area, we need to find out other reliable means of communicating urgent
messages from the site to shorter and longer distances. The first obvious choice is to establish a
wireless radio

Review Of ' The Sci Fi
Ben Moulton
Erika Harnett
ESS 102 AA
15 Apr. 2016
Deadly Debris Humans tend to think of space as infinite, that is true as far as we can tell, however
the space around Earth is not infinite. After the Space race began in the late 1950's countries began
sending satellites into space for various purposes. Today these Satellites are very important to
everyday life, but there is a looming problem that has often been overlooked. Low Earth orbit,
where most satellites and spacecraft are located is filled with the remains of many old and decaying
satellites. Space debris is very dangerous for any human or structure in space and could eventually
make low Earth orbit too hazardous to ever use again. The Sci–Fi paper I am currently working on is
a story about a group of astronauts in the near future who are returning from mining an asteroid. In
this story it is much like the moon landings in that people were very intrigued at first but have lost
interest now. These are just routine missions that hardly anyone knows or cares about. This all
changes however when two satellites in high orbit on Earth collide, one being a communication
satellite with the astronauts. The unaware astronauts, now returning to Earth, have no idea what is
hurtling toward them at 15,000 miles an hour. NASA is unable to reestablish communication quickly
enough and the craft is hit. Now adrift in space the astronauts struggle to survive in the most hostile
environment for humans. There are over five hundred

The Defense Satellite Communications System
The Defense Satellite Communications System (DSCS) began supporting wideband
communications requirements for the government in the summer of 1966; the DSCS was broken
down into three phases. The first phase was to send 26 small communications satellites to orbit with
a lifespan of 18 months with one of the 26 satellites lasting 11 years after the launch (DSCS, 1982).
Phase two of the DSCS program started shortly after the final launches to orbit of phase one. The
first launches of phase two we done in the fall of 1971, phase two DSCS were launched to replace
all phase one DSCS. DSCS phase two had all the incorporated technology form its phase one
predecessors. Phase two DSCS had increased transmission link, increased communications ... Show
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FLTSATCOM constellation consisted of eight–satellite terminal located in the geosynchronous
orbit, ultimately only six survived and lasted there duration till the y got replaced by the UFO
Satellites (Relay, 2003). The first FLTSATCOM satellite was launched in 1978 on top a Atlas rocket,
all eight FLTSATCOM satellites were launched yearly till 1989.
LEASAT The next successor for military communication was the Leased Satellite (LEASAT), this
was a program initiated by congress to increase the use of leased satellites by the U.S. Government
(Relay, 2003). The LEASAT was developed and manufactured by the Hughes Space and
Communications Company, the developed five satellite terminals to go into the geosynchronous
orbit. All five LEASAT terminals were launched on the space shuttle Discovery and Columbia to be
put in orbit, these LEASAT terminals were launched out from 1984–1990. The last LEASAT
terminal was retired and last used till about 1998 ("LEASAT," 1990).
Ultra–High Frequency Follow On The Ultra–High Frequency Follow On (UFO) satellite terminal
was a replacement for the FLASATCOM and the LEASAT satellite terminals in orbit. The UFO
satellite terminal was primarily used for its UHF capability to be used by all military parties for
tactical uses throughout the military, it also provided twice as many channels then what the
FLTSATCOM terminals

Basic Functioning Principle of a Satellite Communication...
1.Introduction
In today's ultra modern civilization, with features like wireless communications, high definition
television broadcasting and Internet access almost in any point of the world the use of the so called
telecommunication satellites is unavoidable. The continuous growth of the satellite industry is due to
the fact of the many advantages of it, like low costs, big covered areas, possibility of broadcasting
and many others. In the present project there will be presented the basic functioning principle of a
satellite communication system, the structure of it and some of the most used applications in the real
life.
An object which revolves around a planet on an elliptical or circular path is called a satellite.
A communication satellite is an artificial satellite, which is sent to the space for the purpose of
telecommunications. It actually reflects (or relays) a radio signal coming from a ground–station back
to the Earth, to the receiving side, using a transponder, which is a receiver and a transmitter of radio
signals. The main components of the satellite consists of the communication system, containing the
transponders and the antennas which receive and transmit the radio–signals, the powering system,
made of solar panels (which collect the sunlight and transforms it into electrical energy), and the
propulsion part, which includes the rockets that move the satellite. The whole system also contains
the two ground stations, from them one transmits the radio signal,

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Satellite Communication
Introduction
Satellite communication is key in today's era of globalization and the role of communication is
becoming critical. Therefore, the Division of Technology Development and Application of Space (
SATD ) established in 2007 is responsible for planning and implementing programs under the
National Space Agency ( Angkasa ) to ensure that the country can fully benefit from the application
of space technology in all fields and sectors Malaysian consumers optimally and safely .
Development of information and communication technology has greatly influenced the culture of
life today. Some previous research has shown that the use of technology has been able to
revolutionize the whole run and in accordance with the present era. With satellite, people could
interconnected, without knowing the distance and the time, even on a remote ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Advantage
– The coverage area of a satellite greatly exceeds.
– Transmission cost of a satellite is independent of the distance from the center of the coverage area.
– Satellite to satellite communication is very precise.
– Higher bandwidths are available for use.
Disadvantage
– Huge initial cost
– Noise and interference
– Propagation delay
Conclusion
In conclusion, the use of satellite technology, particularly in the use of communications satellites has
grown rapidly in the past thirty years. Each day more and more uses for the satellites are being
discovered. Feeding this is the rapid advancement of technology that allows the quick
implementation of these uses.
Reference
Satellite Requirements in the ZENworks 10 Configuration Management Installation Guide and
Deploying the ZENworks Adaptive Agent in the ZENworks 10 Configuration Management
Discovery, Deployment, and Retirement

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Antennas
Antennas – antennas serve as interfaces between transmitted/received signals and
transmitters/receivers. Depending on the type, shape, and size of the transmitter antenna, the
transmitted signal will have directionality and polarization properties. A receiver antenna is designed
to match this directionality and polarization so that the transmitted signal can be received. Earth–
facing antennas are usually designed to provide a coverage region with a particular contour shape.
Typically, horn antennas and parabolic reflector antennas are used for this purpose. In some
satellites, multiple transmit antennas (lens antennas and antenna arrays) are used to generate
multiple "spot beams" for higher signal directionality and gain. The coverage region and the spot
beams may be fixed or dynamically formed depending on the application. Some advanced
experimental ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most of today's satellites are GEO.In a relatively short span of time, satellite technology has
developed from the experimental (Sputnik in 1957) to the sophisticated and powerful. Future
communication satellites will have more onboard processing capabilities, more power, and larger–
aperture antennas that will enable satellites to handle more bandwidth. Further improvements in
satellites' propulsion and power systems will increase their service life to 20–30 years from the
current 10–15 years. In addition, other technical innovations such as low–cost reusable launch
vehicles are in development. With increasing video, voice, and data traffic requiring larger amounts
of bandwidth, there is no shortage of emerging applications that will drive demand for the satellite
services in the years to come. The demand for more bandwidth, coupled with the continuing
innovation and development of satellite technology, will ensure the long–term viability of the
commercial satellite industry well into the 21st

The Digital Satellite Communication Systems
Digital Satellite Communication Systems by Nwodo Nenne
(Matriculation Number: 130805063)
Department of Computer Sciences
University of Lagos
(Ref: CSC422/2014–15)
Abstract
Digital satellite communications is conducted in a bandwidth and power limited system of noise
contributors, filters, nonlinear amplifiers, and adjacent channel interference.
The objective of this paper is to investigate modern digital satellite communication systems. In this
paper, the readers mind will be opened to the overall system architecture, identifying all types of
filters, amplifiers, and modulation techniques in a system involving a transmitting earth terminal and
up–link, a satellite transponder, and a down–link and receiving earth terminal which includes the
receivers.
The growing need/use of satellite communications and constant technological evolvement proves
the significance of this paper in modern day telecommunications.
The introduction unit gives the reader a perfect initiation to satellites and its applications. This is
succeeded by a brief history of digital satellite communication systems.
All the units in this paper will help to clearly discuss the digital satellite communication systems.
Each unit takes a particular subject concerning said topic and expatiates on it.
Introduction
The oxford dictionary meaning of a satellite is stated as follows: "an artificial body placed in orbit
round the earth or another planet in order to collect information or for communication."

The Channel Satellite And Mobile Communications Arm
Abstract The characteristics of the channel satellite and mobile communications arm is an important
and fast–growing wireless communications and play an important role in the transfer of information
through the media of spread from the transmitter to the receiver with the minimum error rate.
Information transmitted from mobiles using satellite space channel suffers from attenuation in
amplitude and phase difference caused by multipath which is affected by the environment. These
disabilities are described in the channel usually by the phenomena that characterize signal
propagation in different environments such as urban areas. A different factor which take into
consideration to evaluate performance represented additive white Gaussian ... Show more content on
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Why is this renaissance happening now? What exactly will the systems do for customers? Why are
so many smart people and companies throwing such enormous amounts of capital into the sky? And
what do these systems mean for terrestrial operators? These are some of the questions we aim to
answer. The renaissance of satellite communications: Satellites have been used in
telecommunications since the mid–1960s. For a decade or so, they carried the bulk of international
telephone calls, which they still do on routes to small and developing countries. In addition, VSAT
(very small aperture terminal) networks provide essential communications for large companies, big
ships, and disaster relief. But the use of satellites on any wider scale has been ruled out by their
traditional disadvantages (high cost, expensive and bulky terminal equipment, and annoying delays
in voice transmission), and by advances in competing media such as undersea fiber–optic cable. The
signs now, however, are that satellites are about to emerge as a powerful force in communications,
as they have already done in television broadcasting. Three factors explain why: Technological
advances are improving the price/performance ratio of

Within A Couple Of Decades, Global Communication Has Gone
Within a couple of decades, global communication has gone from letters and telegraph wire
communications which took a set amount of time, to mobile phone communication which is real
time feedback with the other recipient. But how did this become possible and what makes it
possible? Satellites, in simple terms, answers the question. The philosophical standpoint entails how
have communication satellites evolved over time to accommodate human needs, and how do they
affect our everyday lives? Communication satellites evolved over time to meet the needs of a
technologically–driven world. A communication satellite, "an artificial satellite that receives radio,
television, and other signals in space and relays them back to earth," is a simple, ... Show more
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Scientist came to label his hypothesis as geostationary orbit, and the sector at which satellites today
revolve around, 22,300 miles above the ground, was termed Clarke's belt. Although Sputnik 1,
launched in 1957, was the first artificial satellite to orbit earth, the "first communications satellite
was Score, a United States satellite launched on Dec. 18, 1958. Score broadcast a taped greeting
from President Dwight D. Eisenhower" ("Communications Satellite"). From there, communications
satellites continued to grow and mature in many ways, such as receiving radio waves and re–sending
them back to different locations on earth, that would further connect the world into what it has
become today. Improving the efficiency and effectiveness of communication drives the advancement
of satellites. There are multiple ways to do this, one being incorporating the use of LXI technology,
the standard for ethernet control in the test and measurement industry, to universalize the
information taken from all satellites; therefore allowing "users to measure relative group delay with
high precision on converters and mixers" (Wolle 22). Essentially, "LXI simplifies the use of Ethernet
for test systems, providing a low–cost, cross–platform computer interface that can be controlled at
any distance" (Wolle 23). This system can be compared to the universal metric system used by the
majority of the countries of the world. A measurement system

The History And Future Of NASA
NASA's problems with funding that caused the failure of the Landsat commercialization continued
into the future, causing an increase in dependence on foreign and commercial launch vehicles.
NASA continued the downward trend of its funding, into the 1990s, even after seeing a brief jump
during the Bush administration. (Kring) From 1962, NASA had provided the framework for
commercial companies to enter into the world of spaceflight, when Kennedy signed into law the
Communications Satellite Act of 1962. (Communications Satellite Act of 1962) This act provided
the framework for private companies to design, manufacture, and operate their own satellites, while
still only offering their launch services on the Saturn V, THOR, Atlas, and Antares rockets. ... Show
In 2011, coinciding with the retirement of the space shuttle, NASA announced the development of
the Space Launch System (SLS) and the Orion Capsule. (Redd) The SLS is meant to serve as a
heavy launch vehicle, similar to the Saturn V that launched the Apollo missions. The SLS is
designed with the capability to reach interplanetary space, with missions currently planned for
Europa in 2022, and Mars in 2033. (Space Launch System) It is a completely non–reusable rocket,
helping to increase it's potential maximum payload to LEO, currently estimated at 70 metric tons for
Block 1. (Space Launch System) The SLS is designed to be upgradeable in iterations called Blocks,
with the largest block being able to carry 130 metric tons to low earth orbit, similar to that of the
Saturn V at 140 metric tons. (Space Launch System) The SLS was designed to work with another
NASA designed spacecraft, the Orion capsule. The Orion capsule is designed in two parts– the crew
capsule is constructed by NASA, and the service module is constructed by the ESA. (Orion
(spacecraft)) Orion is expected to be able to provide crew and cargo transport to the ISS, be capable
of extended lunar missions, and to eventually reach Martian orbit on the SLS. (Orion (spacecraft))
However, as good as this program

Nt1310 Unit 5 Satellite Communication
1) What is crosstalk? How is it minimized in case to twisted pair of wire? a) The most common
description for crosstalk is the interference produced on a telephone device transmission circuit
channels by electromagnetic signals. b) By using a twister pair of wires the electromagnetic signals
generated by the wires cancel each other out due to their opposite polarity. 2) Why two separate
frequencies are used for uplink and downlink transmission in case of satellite communication? In
this type of communications two frequencies are used therefore the up and down links job is to
separate such frequencies and eliminate interference in order to make full duplex communications
possible. Usually the frequency carried by the downlink is lower compared to the uplink and the ...
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This behavior causes excessive communications delays especially in WAN configurations making
the links stay most of the time in idle state. To overcome this problem sliding window protocol
provides multiple frames transmission at the same time by the sender with sequential numbered
attached and the receiver uses these numbers to place the frames in the correct order eliminating
duplicate packets, identifying missing packets and providing better transmission performance. 4)
Differentiate between the 2 switching techniques (Circuit Switching and Packet Switching). (4
differences) Circuit switching: On this type of technique a physical path and a dedicated single
connection is provided to two end points in the network for the duration of the link. Packet
switching: This network technique groups all types of the data in sized blocks that get transmitted
via a medium shared by multiple communications sessions providing more efficiency to application
in the network.

Spaceship And Its Impact On The World
SPACESHIP
AND IT'S
ADVANCEMENTS
INTRODUCTION
A
ballistic capsule or a spacecraft may be a vehicle or vessel or machine that is meant to fly in
location. A spacecraft that is additionally referred to as ballistic capsule (space + aircraft) is
employed for type of functions, like for communication, earth observation, meteorology, navigation,
planetary exploration and transportation of humans and payload.
The first spacecraft was satellite one that was launched on twenty six Gregorian calendar month
1957 by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. it absolutely was initial & pilotless spacecraft.
The first man United Nations agency went within the house was Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin within
the spacecraft VOSTOK one. it absolutely was launched on twelve April 1961 below Soviet
programme by land.
SPUTNIK 1
The first & pilotless spacecraft launched by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on fourteen
Gregorian calendar month one957 was satellite 1.
Sputnik–1 was the primary orbiter. It had a diameter of fifty eight cm (23 inches) with polished
metal sphere, with four external radio antennas to broadcast radio pulses.
Sputnik itself provided scientists with valuable info. The density of the higher atmosphere might be
deduced from its drag on the orbit, and therefore the propagation of its radio signals gave info
regarding the region. satellite one was launched throughout the International geology year from web
site No. 1/5, at the fifth Tyuratam vary, in Kazakh SSR

Impact Of The Space Race
RQ: How and to what extent did the Space Race have a impact on United States's defense
technologies?
On October 4th, 1957 the Soviet Union launched the first ever satellite, Sputnik. The launch of
Sputnik sent the United States into a frenzy, beginning the Space Race, and the innovation of
technology as a whole. The Space Race most importantly had a major impact on the evolution of the
United States's defense technologies through the launch of Sputnik. The Space Race sparked the
United States battle for technological superiority against the USSR, and lead to improvizations in
their satellite and satellite defense technologies.
From a United States and Soviet Union perspective that conveys that the Space Race had a minor
impact on the improvisation of United States defense technologies; the Space Race was in a way
responsible for the United State's production of new technology of missiles and defense against
intercontinental ballistic missiles. In the late 1950s the United States Air Force started a series of
advanced strategic missile projects under the Weapon System WS–199A called Martin's Bold Orion
air–launched ballistic missile (ALBM). Similar to ICBMs the purpose of the ALBM was to destroy
satellites sent into orbit that posed a intellectual and physical threat to the US. The ALBM was
created due to the increasing pressure that the Soviets were to launch a satellite before the United
States, and since the United States would not know of the capabilities of this

An Effective Brand Image Of The Integrated Marketing...
I perceive the best course of action to implements an effective brand image is to have a major
"Influencer" market the newly developed product in the integrated marketing communications mix.
Since there is a higher rate of social media users, our Influencers will be utilized best here, and on
commercials. Mobile Makreting Inc. is lesser known these days and needs a fresh face to bring them
back to life. There are three Influencers I have in mind as our branding image. The three Influencers
are Brad Pitt, Sandra Bulock, and Emma Watson, or a combination of all three. I choose these three
for specific reasons. For example, they are all three well know around the world and have a large
following. Sandra Bullock 's father is from Iraq and could make for better ties to the Middle East,
and Emma Watson is English so the better ties could be in that region using her. The decision is
yours.
Product name – Electronic Protection Satellite Solar Phone (E–Prolite–SP)
Advertising slogan or tag line – E–Protection & Global Service wherever you go, however you buy.
Product attributes – Single login for hundreds of sites; highest rated level of security for transactions
and preventative measures to thwart hacking and identity theft; satellite connectivity during
emergencies or no coverage; solar battery charging.
Product benefits – Prevention of information loss and privacy; automatic add to the Do Not Call
Registry; Customized applications; no need to worry about battery

The Progress Of Satellite Communications
HISTORY OF SATELLITES
I. INTRODUCTION
In the 65 years since its inception satellite communications has been, and still is today, a vital key
part of peoples everyday life – receiving TV and radio; providing essential communications to
remote land areas and on the sea or in the air; allowing us to see and predict our climate /
environment as well as allowing us to actively position and navigate.
This paper attempts to chart the progress of satellite communications from early concepts and
visions to modern day implementations. Indeed, over a few decades, progress in all satellite
communications field has been quite intense. In this paper we mainly focused upon commercial
service oriented developments, regretfully neglecting most of the ... Show more content on
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In our discussion, we will run across seven decades classified as follows:
 1940–50's–the decade of visions of satellite communications;
 1950–60's–––the realization of the visions and the early experimentation;
 1960–70's–––the era of the large International organizations and transoceanic links;
 1970–80's–––the introduction of broadcast and mobiles and the move to company use;
 1980–90's–––from national to individual usage and liberalization;
 1990–2000–innovations in business use and constellations as well as Geostationary Earth Orbits
(GEOs);
 2000–2010––––privatization and focus onto new technologies;
II. EARLY VISIONS
The actual journey into space began October 4, 1957, when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1,
the world 's first orbital spacecraft, which orbited the world for three months. A month later the
Soviets launched Sputnik 2 and its passenger Laika, a dog who has the distinction of being the first
known living creature to escape earth and enter outerspace. The space race was on, and in February
of 1958, the United States launched Explorer 1.

The first communication satellite was launched on December 18, 1958. Signal Communication by
Orbital Relay (SCORE), which broadcasted a Christmas message from President Eisenhower –
"Peace on Earth, Good will toward men" – orbited the earth for 12 days until the batteries failed.
The main purpose of the SCORE

The Space Of Space Exploration
Space exploration has opened up so many new aspects to what is really out there and we have
accomplished many things in terms of discovery and proof. There are issues involved with space
exploration, though, such as space debris, astronaut safety, and the theory of space exploration really
being a mission to find an alternative livable space if Earth ever becomes uninhabitable.
Understanding the real reasons why we are going to such great lengths to find life in space could
change the outlook on our future. For a long time, our endeavors in space exploration were based
purely in the name of science. When we made our first accomplishments, we made history. One of
our most historical accomplishments was NASA's mission to the moon. Buzz Aldrin was a lunar
module pilot on the spaceflight Apollo 11 in 1969. He went alongside Neil Armstrong as the second
man in history to step foot on the moon. In his 2013 article in Astronomy, Buzz states, "Looking at
Earth from that perspective, everything I knew and loved lay suspended overhead, residing on a
small, fragile, bright blue sphere engulfed by the blackness of space" (p.24). This sight that he
explained not only changed his perspective, but brought unspeakable awe to humanity's front door
and changed our entire view of Earth. From that moment when these men landed on the moon, and
we saw our home from that distance, history was made. The successful outcome of this mission
opened up a whole new set of possibilities into the

What is a satellite? How can they help us daily / what is...
What is a satellite?
A satellite is a small thing orbiting or circling a larger thing. The complete path it follows is called
an orbit. The moon is a example of a natural satellite of the earth. Manmade, or artificial satellites
are placed into orbit by rockets or space shuttles.
After World War II, the former Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik I, the first artificial
satellite in 1951, into space. In 1958, the United States launched its first artificial satellite Telstar I
into orbit. Since then, many more satellites were made by different countries and launched into
space.
How can they help us daily / what is the purpose with satellites
It has been helping scientists find answers to the unknown, and assisting tourists finding ... Show
The closest point a satellite comes to the Earth is called its perigee. The farthest point is the apogee.
The time it takes a satellite to make one full orbit is called its period. The slope is the angle the
orbital plane makes when compared with the Earth's equator.
Isaac Newton's First Law of Motion sounds like this any given object there is in motion will stay in
motion unless something pushes or pulls on it. Without gravity an Earth–orbiting satellite would go
off into space along a straight line. With gravity it is pulled back toward the Earth. There is a
constant tug–of–war between the satellites tendency to move in a straight line, or momentum, and
the tug of gravity pulling it back.
An object's momentum and gravity have to be balanced for an orbit to happen. If the forward
momentum of one object is too great, it will speed past the other one and not enter into orbit. If
momentum is too small, the object will be pulled into the other one and crash. When these forces are
balanced, the object is always falling into the planet, but because it's moving sideways fast enough,
it never hits the planet.
Escape velocity is the speed an object must go to break free from a planet?s gravity and enter into
orbit. Escape velocity depends on the mass of the planet. Each planet has a different escape velocity.
The object?s distance from the planet?s center is also important. The escape velocity from the Earth
is

Essay On The History Of Satellite Communication
History of Satellite Communications The first idea of satellite communication came from an article
in 1945 named Wireless World, where Author C. Clarke described the use of manned satellites in 24
hour orbits to distribute television programs. However, the first person to carefully evaluate the
technical and financial aspects of such a venture was John R. Pierce of Bell Telephone Laboratories
(Whalen, n.d.).
In a 1954 speech and 1955 article, Pierce described the usefulness of a communications "mirror" in
space, a medium–orbit "repeater" and a 24–hour–orbit "repeater." In comparing the communications
capacity of a satellite, which he estimated the capacity at 1,000 simultaneous telephone calls, and
the capacity of the first ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This subsystem receives signals from earth, amplifies the signal received, and then transmits the
signal to another satellite or back to earth.
• Thermal control subsystem keeps active parts of a satellite cool enough function properly by
venting excessive heat into space.
• Attitude control subsystem interacts with the propulsion subsystem to keep a satellite in its proper
position. If a satellite falls out of position any data, television, or telephone calls it is transmitting or
receiving will be interrupted.
• Telemetry and Command subsystem allows operators to monitor and control the satellite from the
ground.
The Ground Technology Different companies and organizations around the globe use
communication satellites. Governments, commercial entities, and individuals use satellite services.
For example, we have satellite television from companies like DirecTV, satellite phone service,
global positioning systems, imaging, and internet services. To have the ability to access the satellites
and services available requires specialized equipment to interact with the satellites. The most
important piece of equipment for any satellite service is an antenna, you must have an uplink
antenna to send anything to a satellite and a downlink antenna to receive anything.
Future Trends
As with any technology that becomes available to everyone, there is always the chance that it could
be replaced by something superior or cheaper. This has a lot of

Satellite Surveillance Essay
Satellite Surveillance
I. Preface
My interest in satellite surveillance did not really appear to after I saw the movie "Enemy of the
State" in 1998. The synopsis of the movie is: Robert Dean (Will Smith) is a labor lawyer who is
unknowingly in possession of evidence related to a serious politically motivated crime. Government
agents eager to hide their guilt believe that Dean is on to them, and proceed to turn his life upside–
down, ruin his reputation, and frame him for various incidents, thanks to the latest in high–tech
government surveillance techniques. In an attempt to clear his name and reclaim his life, Dean
teams up with the reclusive Brill (Gene Hackman), a former federal employee who has as much
high–tech equipment and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The surveillance satellites are orbiting the earth and constantly sending information back to the
computers on the ground. After the Cold War, American military surveillance satellites were not shut
down and today they are probably used for spying on the whole world. The network of the global
positioning satellites has the capability to locate and track persons, animals and objects carrying
appropriate devices on a global scale by sending signals to these devices. Satellites also monitor
other things on earth, like farm animals, etc. If you carry a cellular phone, a smart card with a tiny
transceiver or something else that is capable of receiving and/or sending signals to who knows
where, your movements can be tracked by a satellite.
We can see the implementation of these systems day after day, as the rights and the freedom of the
people are eroded step by step. Information technology and high–tech research, all these new
inventions are all used to achieve this goal with satellites at the heart of the system.
III. Satellite Surveillance
The launch of Sputnik I on October 4, 1957 was a scary prospect for the people in the United States.
The question of whether or not the Russians were looking down on the United States frightened
many Americans, particularly because of the Cold War. Although the satellite did little in space, only
orbiting the Earth for six months before falling out of the sky, it did

Mars Solar Exchange
Just six days before Valentina's scheduled landing, the Earth Space Center observed a strong corona
mass ejection, which was caused by the differential rotation of the sun, pointing at the direction of
Mars. The distorted magnetic field of the sun created a solar flare at the corona, and subsequently
released large amount of electromagnetic radiation and charged particles (EurekAlert 2010). The
energy released by a corona mass ejection could be as great as 1020 J (NASA, What is a Solar
Flare? n.d.). The charged particles were ejected at a speed of 500 km/s, and the charged particles
would reach Valentina's spacecraft in five days. Engineers gathered in the space center and
discussed if Valentina's spacecraft would be affected. Five days passed ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Wernher admitted that current satellites were vulnerable, but he highly doubted the probability for
the Mars to be directly hit by a corona mass ejection. He told Valentina that more research need to
be done to see if a new communication satellite network is necessary.
Three weeks later, Wernher informed Valentina that his research team concluded that the risk for
Mars communication satellites to be destroyed during solar activities were too small, so the Mars
Base would not launch any new communication satellites in the near future. Valentina was not
convinced. She was so afraid that Mars would loss contact with Earth so that she could no longer
hear Jebediah's voice. Disappointed by the Research and Development department, she decided to
launch her construct her own communication network. She asked the Head of Operations, Gus, for
help. Gus looked up the launch schedules and found that there would be a test launch for the newly
developed methane based first stage booster rocket. During the test launch, the experimental booster
would enter the low orbit and then land back to the Mars Base.
Gus told Valentina that she could launch a communication satellite as the payload

Sr Lab Report
Design of Ground Station based on SDR
Abstract – In this paper, a ground station for receiving images from NOAA weather satellites
designed with the help of the cheapest SDR option Real Tech Software Defined Radio (RTL SDR),
combined with an easy Homemade Quadrifilar Helix QFH antenna, . The software component of the
station is built with GNU Radio, an open source tool with a rich set of signal processing features,
Gpredict, a satellites tracker and Wxtoimg, a free weather satellite decoding program which can
decode the APT signal
Keywords– RTL–SDR, GNU Radio Companion, Ground Station, NOAA.
I. INTRODUCTION
The techniques of weather satellites images reception has immediately advanced in the most recent
decade. Satellite ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Software Defined Radio is a Radio in which some or all of the physical layer functions are software
defined [3]
II. GROUND STATION SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
Fig. 1 System design of the meteorological station. Figure 1 shows the ground station architecture.
This station consist of two parts: hardware and software. The Hardware part consists of; the
Quadrifilar Helix Antenna for the reception of NOAAAPT signal, and RTL–SDR Dongle Receiver.
The Software part consists of ;GNU Radio, to create our application for NOAA Satellite image
reception , Gpredict ; Software to predict the tracks of meteorological satellites ,and WXTOIMG
,Software for decoding the APT signal Automatic Picture Transmission.
A. Hardware Configuration
The RTL–SDR is a small, compact, easy–to–use, and really low cost USB stick device that is
capable of receiving RF radio signals [4].
Figure 2 shows the NESDR Smart dongle, it was designed, composed, created and fabricated by
NooElec in the USA and Canada in order to implement a large array of feature demands. The
NESDR SMART key is the new improved version of the famous USB RTL–SDR with the

RTL2832U chipset and the R820T2 tuner, to receive all frequencies from 22 to 1700 MHz. [5] Fig.
2 The NESDR Smart dongle.
TABLE I: COMPARISONS WITH COMMON SDR [6]. Tune Low (MHz) Tune Max (MHz)
Transmit?
(Yes/No) Price ($USD)
RTL–SDR (R820T) 24 1766 NO ~20
HackRF 30 6000 YES 299
USRP 1 DC

Space Debris : A New Habitable Planet Has Brought Adam And...
Man Hok (Felix) Yeung
ESS 102 AD
23 October 2014
Sci–Fi Paper Synopsis A mission to find a new habitable planet has brought Adam and his whole
team into space. With 11 billion people waiting back home, this team of six astronauts will leave
their homeland in search for a new place to call their home. On this mission, Adam's crew will
encounter countless obstacles, fascinating sights, and shocking new discoveries. Their first problem
is the large amounts of space debris blocking their way. Will they successfully find a new home?
Will all of them come back alive?
Space Debris – Problems and Solutions Earth is constantly haunted by problems like contaminated
water, growing deforestation, and excessive greenhouse gasses, but the pollutant ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Their size can range from a few meters to hundreds of kilometers. Meteoroids, on the other hand,
are very small. They are tiny fragments of rocks and dusts (Coffey 2009). The artificial part of space
debris is made of fragments and pieces of man–made items. There are many kinds of debris orbiting
the Earth, for example, rocket parts that are detached after certain stages of launching, broken or
dysfunctional satellites, and even fragments or small parts from other machinery that was launched
into space. All of these man–made fragments orbit the Earth, so they are often called orbital debris
(NASA 2012).
Orbital debris is a very dangerous thing. Not only is it creating many problems for scientist, it is also
growing every day. A series of photos on a document published by NASA (2009), called The Threat
of Orbital Debris and Protecting NASA Space Assets from Satellite Collisions, shows the growth of
orbital debris from 1960 to 2009. These images show just how much debris the Cold Wars has
generated. Because of this war, the interest in space and space exploration was spread throughout
humanity. This spike of interest caused many satellites and rockets to be launched into space and
abandoned after they are out of service (Glassman 2009). One of the major contributors to orbital
debris is China. In 2007, the Chinese decided to test–launch an anti–satellite missile to destroy a
weather satellite of theirs. Their missile

The Impact Of Satellite Communication On Global Society
Iridium Communications Satellites
James M. Selix
American Military University
July 31, 2016 Contents
Introduction 3
I. Constellation Overview 5
II. Iridium Communications 7
III. Challenges 10
Summary 12
Bibliography 14
Introduction
Satellite communication is undoubtedly ingrained into many facets of our global society. It provides
an ability to relay voice communications of family members across the globe or transmit data from
field locations to headquarters located across oceans. It has fundamentally changed how we
communicate and share data with each other over long distances.
Electronic communications have grown exponentially over the last one–hundred years – with a
major push in the last few decades. The biggest challenge for long–distance communications –
specifically on a global scale – comes in two parts, 1. the curvature of the earth adds complexity to
over–the–horizon communications, and 2. due to the sheer size of the earth, the ability to provide
complete global coverage. The longest a transmission could be made in the late 1800s was from
Chicago to New York, mainly due to the loss of signal as it traveled over the long network of cables.
Once Michael I. Pupin invented the loading coal, an electromagnetic device that could add power to
a signal, a transmission could make it from New York to Denver. It wasn't until 1951 when Bell
Systems' first started direct dial long–distance communications. It was clear that getting a signal to
travel via

The Current Methods Used For Extra Terrestrial Intelligence
DISCUSS THE CURRENT METHODS USED TO SEARCH FOR EXTRA–TERRESTRIAL
INTELLIGENCE, SUCH AS RADIOTELESCOPES AND SPACE PROBES. GIVE YOUR
OPINION ON HOW LIKELY IT IS THAT LIFE WILL BE DISCOVERED AND GIVE
EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT YOUR ANSWER.
WHAT IS EXTRA–TELESTRIAL INTELLIGENCE?
Extra–terrestrial Intelligence can be abbreviated to ETI, which asks the question; 'Are we alone in
this universe?' ETI is life discovered beyond Earth, not organisms that humans sent to space.
Scientifically, extra–terrestrial life may be titled; xenobiology, exobiology or astrobiology.
SATELLITES
Satellites are objects placed into orbit around celestial objects such as, planets or stars. Artificial
satellites collect information about a terrestrial object and send it to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This allows communication satellites to remain in the same position in relation to the ground.
– Inclined orbit: An inclined satellite passes over a different part of the planet each orbit.
– Polar orbit: A polar orbit passes over the north and south poles each orbit crossing various places
in the equator each orbit.
– Elliptical orbit: An elliptical orbit has no specific speed or distance, it depends on the apogee
(furthest distance away) and perigee (closest to the surface).
The first artificial satellite was Sputnik 1, and satellites have continued to be launched since 1957.
Sputnik 1 was a small aluminium ball with four antennas attached, although modern ETI's have
more complex bodies they are still designed following the same basic structure. With
experimentation, these bodies have been designed to be as strong and light as possible with the same
essential uses. There is a platform named a bus inside satellites which has; antennas, solar arrays and
payload instruments attached. It also contains batteries, computers and thrusters. Satellites have
large panels attached as they have to charge themselves, these arrays can be tilted to allow for the
most amount of sunlight possible. If the satellite drifts into shade rechargeable batteries become the
new power source.
SPACE PROBES
A space probe is a robotic spacecraft that exits Earth to explore space. Probes

The Nasa Space Flight Center Essay
The Goddard Space Flight Center states that there are 2,271 artificial satellites currently in space
orbiting the earth. An artificial satellite is a hand–made machine that orbits the planet earth to help
in many different ways in communications, documenting information, sending and receiving
signals. A satellite is a moon, planet, or a machine that orbit a planet or a star. There are many types
of satellites and each one is used for different reasons. Some satellites are used to send and receive
television signals. Some other satellites are used in communications by making it possible to send
and receive signals from phones, fax, internet and computers to people all over the world. Other
satellites are used in forecasting by giving information about the earth's weather to scientists. Also,
there is another type of satellites that take accurate picture of earth to show the environmental
situation such as resources, pollution and statistics of crops and water (NOAA, 2014). Satellites
improved a lot in the daily life uses such as weather forecasting, documenting information,
communication and positioning systems.
The idea of satellites The development of the invention started in 1952 when the International
Council of Scientific Unions decided to start a project named International Geophysical Year which
started on July1, 1957 and ended on December31, 1958. They put in considerations to launch the
artificial satellite in this year for mapping earth's surface (Verma, 2012).

Nasa Announced The End Of The Shuttle Program
Introduction On April 28, 2001, the Russian Soyuz rocket blasted off from the Baikonur
Cosmodrome in central Kazakhstan carrying its cargo and crew to the International Space Station.
Unlike any previous mission, this time there was a new crew member on board. Dennis Tito, a
wealthy American businessman, was the first private citizen to go to space. He paid approximately
$20 million to the Russian space program for a seat to the ISS and back. This signaled to the world
that commercial spaceflight was a viable business, and there are people out there that are willing to
pay to experience it. NASA announced the end of the shuttle program in 2011, and in 2012 it
launched the final Space Shuttle mission. Commercial space flight took off soon after that as private
companies started up and began to fill the void left by the program. This is a rather new industry
focused mainly on transporting cargo to and from the International Space Station (ISS) but also on
sending astronauts and civilian travelers to space and putting satellites and other objects into orbit.
Currently there are 39 companies in this industry in the United States and these companies are not
publicly traded. Each of these companies are at different stages of development as they strive to
overcome the obstacles that in the way of commercial spaceflight. In recent years there has been
many advancement in the industry as each company focuses on different areas in this industry and
applies different

Economic Impact Of The Space Race
Economic Impacts of the Space Race By: Kimia
The space race was a competition between the United States and the Soviet Union that occurred
during the Cold War. They competed for dominance in space technology and spaceflight, which
spurred many significant inventions and events. Some of these inventions and events include the
first–ever landing on the moon, the first artificial satellite to be launched into the Earth's orbit, the
establishment of NASA, the invention of the microprocessor computer, the invention of satellite
communication technology, and other direct and indirect impacts. Each of the different events and
inventions that spawned from the space race have had significant impacts on the United States
economy.
After the end of World War II on September 2, 1945, a new era called the Cold War began. The Cold
War was a non–violent state of political and military tension between the democratic and capitalist
United States and the communist Soviet Union: two of the biggest powers of the world at the time.
However, they were drastically different in both economy and politics, allowing rivalry to build up.
They both wanted to become the most powerful nation of the world, and both feared that the other
nation would rise up to become the most powerful nation of the world.
Throughout the Cold War, the US and the Soviet Union, the USSR, tried to outspend and outdo each
other. They looked for any advantage they could get to achieve more attainments than the

Article IV Of The Outer Space Treaty Of 1967
The United States of America relies heavily on its ability to operate in the most contested and most
undetermined domain, space. The space domain is one of the newest domains that the United States
finds itself contending in, desperate to combat the unknown or unforeseen. The battle ground is the
contentious and hugely unknown areas that float above the heavens. The soldiers the best and
brightest engineers and physicists that the world has ever known. The front lines are the
exponentially long math equations that produce precise launch equations that place objects in orbit
around our Earth. Those objects are satellites and their functions are as numerous as the varieties of
their uses multiplied by the nations that own them. They control everything from the precise time
that is printed on your Starbucks receipt to the exact location that a Tomahawk cruise missile
destroys its target. Space based technology is interwoven throughout our government, the military,
the U.S. economy, but it's also provides a level of peace and security to the American people. Even
though the Outer Space Treaty of 1967 strictly prohibits the militarization of space, the U.S.
Department of Defense has a strategic obligation to protect the U.S. Space Program from its near
peer adversaries because of the impacts on the global economy and to the security of United States
citizens.
Article IV of the Outer Space Treaty of 1967 prohibits those States Parties to the Treaty not to place
in orbit

The Digital Satellite Communication Systems
DIGITAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
By
Oyudo Richard Chidiebube
(Matriculation Number: 110805082)
Department of Computer Sciences
University of Lagos
(Ref: CSC422/2014–15)
ABSTRACT
Modern wireless communications technology has almost become synonymous with digital satellite
communications. It is hence, a key element in the current era of globalization as it has so largely
been adopted as a primary means of communication. This paper attempts to investigate modern
digital satellite communications providing a progressive transition from a conceptual to a more
technical view of the digital communication process through a satellite from one earth terminal to
another.
INTRODUCTION
Satellite communications today, is an integral part of our everyday life and the world at large. From
providing in–flight communication in airplanes, GPS navigation systems to even determining long–
term patterns and statistical data of the atmosphere for climate monitoring and remote sensing, the
importance of satellite communication systems have become invaluable. More applicable to our
everyday life, it is used in telephone and television communication systems. Satellites are preferred
to other means of communications because they possess features not available in other
communication systems. For example, signals can be received and sent over thousands of miles also
with an added advantage of its immunity to political and geographical boundaries.
The creation and launch of a typical satellite

The Current Unlimited Data Plans
Unlimited data plans undoubtedly encourage increased data usage and most likely challenge
network capacity, requiring higher investments by operators to avoid network congestion. The
introduction of data–use pricing model will regulate this issue, and reduce network enhancements to
match increasing data usage, therefore reducing network expenses for KableCom. The current
unlimited data plan however convenient, for the customers, has a downside to KableCom. The
increased use has been brought about by customers watching music and movies, playing online
games, participating in video phone calls and otherwise performing activities using media tablets
over the network. This has created issues of KableCom potentially running out of bandwidth
available for customers, resulting in outages and delays.
Therefore, necessary for KableCom to implement data caps and migrate from unlimited data plans
to data–use pricing model, however, many plans shall still have unlimited talk and texts. The
network should also be pulled down from 4G to 2G (Internet throttling) and limit downloads to 2GB
per month. One potential solution under consideration by KableCom is allowing content providers
or app developers to pay carriers so that their services do not count against a customer's monthly
data limit and essentially buying traffic for their content. However, the Internet is designed for all
content and services to be treated equally. Because this solution would give KableCom an unfair
advantage over

Save Baby Girl
"Daughter is the knot that ties the family together". "A baby girl..one of the most beautiful miracles
in life, one of the greatest joys we can ever know,& one of the reasons why there is a extra
sunshine, laughter and happiness in our life today." In many traditional cultures, fathers and mothers
would pray for a boy who would be able to help in the field. In these cultures, the value of daughter
was not understood. A father has a special relationship with his daughter as she will judge all men
by his standard. A mother's task is to show her daughter the complex task of growing into a woman.
We no longer live in an agricultural society and woman are free to accomplish intellectually and
occupationally what they couldn't in the past. A ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Man is God's best creation. His intelligence and thirst for knowledge has led him to explore even the
impossible. The exploration of space by man is an example of his thirst for knowledge and desire for
adventure. This is also one of the greatest achievements of man. Space contains the whole universe
including all the planets, the sun, the moon and the stars. The limit where the earth's atmosphere
ends is called outer space. Yuri Gagarin of Russia in 1961, became the first man to go into space. He
circled the earth in 108 minutes and returned safely. Later, in 1963, Valentina Tereshkova became
the first women to go into space. She stayed in orbit for 5 days and returned safely to the earth. In
1969, Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin of America became the first men to land on the moon. They
reached the moon on board the spaceship Apollo–11 and spent 21 hours on its surface. They
collected rock and soil samples and returned safely to the earth. As time went on, many successful
attempts were undertaken. Rakesh Sharma was the first Indian to be sent to space. Satellites and
spacecrafts have been launched for various purposes. The atmosphere in space is used for television
programmes, radio broadcasts, telecommunication, etc. Satellites provide advanced disaster warning
and help to forecast the weather. Distance educational programmes, natural resources management,
etc. are controlled by satellites. Space research can help us to find the origin of the

Mass Media Approach For An Multi Media
MASS–MEDIAAPPROACH It is evident from the term multi–media that more than two media of
communication are involved in a learning package or instructional Procedure.
A teaching content of a subject varies in nature therefore; it can be best presented by employing
various media of communication. Moreover it facilitates the individual variation of the learner. Now
multimedia package of learning are developed.
This multi–media approach has been tried in our country, in NCERT and at the Center of
Educational Technology (CET) as the mass media for in service teacher–educators. This experiment
has involved the multi–media package which has the following components: Television programme
for 22 minutes, ratio programme for 20 ' minutes Pre and post television for 1 hour.
The multi–media approach for the following areas of education
(a) Distant education for study.
(b) Non–formal education programme,
(c)Correspondence education, and
(d) Adult education programme. Mass Media Approach
Formal media Non formal media (1)
Distance study (1)
T.Y. Programme (2)
CET,s mass media package (2)
SITE Programme (3)
Correspondence Courses (3)
Role of Radio (4)
Language Laboratory (4)
Side Cup Tape
Recorder Programme
Difference in classroom communication ;( 1) Vernslism (2) referent confusion (3) day dreaming (4)
limited perception (5) physical discomfort (6) individual differences (7) Barrier if time and space
SATELLITE INSTRUCTIONAL TELEVISION

Wireless Communication Technology : A New Solution For The...
This article is a survey of all aspects of communications high– altitude platforms (HAPs), this
balloons and aircraft stationed in the stratosphere between 17 and 22 kilometers. The technique can
be considered as a new solution for the provision of telecommunications services. This poll contains
some information and benefits . The following table shows the basics of the types of high– altitude
platforms and comparison of HAPs, terrestrial networks , satellites , followed by information
frequency bands allocated for high– altitude platform stations . The survey concludes types of
applications and services offered by this technology.
INTRODUCTION
A wireless communication technology is an aircraft or unmanned balloons . Semi– fixed and it
works using solar energy to provide and operate the remote control , to cover a certain area , and
payment platforms motorized pneumatic and electrical , put in a fixed to a certain height above the
ground mode ( the stratosphere ) layer. Working at a height ranges from 17–22 km, and has been
specifically designed to operate at high altitudes. Remote controling from the earth staion on the
ground .
Advantages and disadvantages:
– Lower cost,Operating costs and the possibility of reform of the high altitude platforms less than
satellites.
– Environment –friendly . Because it is supported by solar power technology and fuel cells non–
polluting .
– Heights too lower than artificial satellites (Low altitude => PATHS short length = > delay

The Cold War Era Essay example
The Cold War Era
Works Cited Missing
The late 1940s to the mid 1980s the American society saw what could quite possibly be titled the
biggest technological effect on society. This era, The Cold War, was a period in which fear of attack
or invasion and a need to be superior reigned in the American society. It led to the development of
space technology, during the Space Race, communication systems, and military technology in what
has been appropriately deemed the Arms Race.
On October 4, 1957 [1] a huge change concerning technology in society occurred. On this date, the
United Soviet Socialists Republic (USSR) launched Sputnik into outer space. The launch of Sputnik
instilled a fear in the American society and an urgent call ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
NASA was not engineering in a new field; the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
(NACA) and other government organizations had been working on the idea of space flight. These
organizations were subsequently pulled into NASA upon its creation. [3] The main focus became
developing technology that was steady enough and strong enough to support human life in space.
The act of simply launching a rocket into space had been achieved over ten years before when Nazi
Germany launched its first successful V–2 rocket in October 1942. The V–2 (Vengeance Weapon 2)
rocket was built to shoot warheads at targets from a long range. [4]
With the disastrous ability of the V–2 in mind, when Sputnik was launched, the fear of ICBMs
(Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles) became a very prevalent part of American society. Families built
bomb shelters in their backyards and stocked them with non–perishable goods to help them sustain
life if they were ever attacked. Students and employees practiced air raid drills by crawling under
desks and tables. An imminent fear of attack hung heavily in the air causing such historical events as
the Bay of Pigs and the Cuban Missile Crisis. The entire era of the Cold War was spurred by a fear
of the technology that the opposing country (either Russia or America) possessed; thus, the obvious
effect of technology on the society of the times.
The Cold War Era was not an era that revolved entirely around fear

Spacex Research Paper
SpaceX Satellite Launch Planned for Today
If all goes well in today's SpaceX satellite launch, Turkmenistan
(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan ) will have its first communications satellite placed into orbit
this evening. The satellite is scheduled to travel into space at 6:14pm EST, with a 60 percent change
of good weather in the forecast. Turkmenistan used to be part of the Soviet republic, and is now
considered as belonging to Central Asia.
The main concern with the weather would be the chance of clouds obscuring the satellite launch,
and should this occur, the mission would have to be rescheduled for another date with better
conditions, but officials are hoping that will not be necessary.
The satellite launch will be conducted from Florida's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Now, the South Asian nation rents satellite coverage from the Russians.
The satellite is about 10,000 pounds and 16 feet tall and is expected to travel in an orbit above the
Earth at 22,000 miles above the equator following a longitude of 52 degrees east, and will have a
coverage area of not only Turkmenistan, but also Europe and Africa. It was originally supposed to
go up in November 2014, but was delayed due to checking out a possible problem with the SpaceX
rocket's helium pressurization system.
No Rocket Return Flight Planned This Trip
Unlike several previous attempts, SpaceX isn't going to try to have their Falcon 9 rocket travel back
to Earth and try to land on a target ship due to not having enough fuel this time around. Previous
attempts did not succeed in a successful landing on the target ship, which was tried to help salvage
the Falcon 9 rocket for future use I order to save money on having to build a new one for every
satellite launch. Each of the Falcon 9 rockets costs millions of dollars, so this would be a significant
savings once they are able to perfect the return landing

Space Science and Technogy: Unmanned Space Exploration
Space science and technology and their applications, such as satellite communications, Earth
observation systems and satellite navigation technologies, provide indispensable tools for achieving
viable long–term solutions for sustainable development and can contribute more effectively to the
efforts to promote the developments in the world, improve people's lives, conserve natural resources
and enhance the preparedness for and mitigation of natural disaster(and consequences). Efforts are,
therefore, being made to prevent or mitigate threats to space security, since the protection of the
space environment is crucial for these applications.
The following represents the most vigorously debated issues regarding long–term sustainability of
outer space in relation to the UNCOPUOS.
Space Environment
Satellites are operated to serve for science and technology development, manned and unmanned
space exploration, and security and military use. During the Cold War, around 120 satellites were
launched every year. The number of launches is increasing again in the recent years, and during
2011, 80 space vehicles reached the Earth orbit or beyond, which is the highest number since the
year 2000.
Currently, there are around 1,000 operational satellites orbiting the Earth. Since the first satellite,
Sputnik, was launched in 1957, more than 6,000 satellites have been launched. Half of these have
already been consumed, but more than 2,000 are still orbiting uselessly. The sources of debris

Use Of Upper Atmospheric Density Models
The use of upper atmospheric density models is essential for orbit determination and geophysical
research. This data plays an important role in understanding the exosphere, and can contribute to
monitoring of next solar cycle. One of the major applications of studying upper atmospheric density
models and their changes with the solar cycles is to track and identify active satellites as well as
debris in the low earth orbit (LEO) and other higher orbits. Collision avoidance and reentry
prediction for large debris and satellites are important data which can be derived as a result of
precise estimation of drag. For satellites meant to be in its orbit for a significant time, it is important
to know when the satellites need a drag 'make–up' maneuver, and also for mission planning. This
section talks about the density models developed from the dawn of space race to 2012, and the
drawbacks of these models, also listing some popular incidents in the past which indicates problems
in drag estimation.
All the major applications of upper atmospheric models can be summarized in three major points:
precision orbit determination, debris characterization, and investigation of geophysical phenomena.
Among the above three, the first two applications are considered time critical. The data has to be
available within hours to be useful enough for these two applications. There have been numerous
upper atmospheric models developed, but the major ones are listed below [14]:
COSPAR International

Analysis Of Nasa's Optical Communication Technology
U.S. Navy
Using CubeSat architecture, the U.S. Navy has initiated the HALO–Net (high–band Anti–jam LPI
[Low Probability of Intercept]/LPD [Low Probability of Detection] Optical Network) project to
develop an optical communication network. It is known that shock test took place in 2016. (Space
and Naval Warfare Systems Command, n.d.). Additional information regarding the project has not
been located.
Future Activity
NASA has created a roadmap to outline the Agency's Optical Communications Program's objectives
for 2017 and Beyond (Cornwell, 2017). This research paper assumes that NASA's optical
communications technology initiatives are a bellwether for the other government agencies and
commercial entities. The list includes the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The work at the Aerospace Corporation has been completed internally, and the manufacturing
sources for HALO–Net are unknown. By comparing costs for the Aerospace project versus HALO–
Net, it may be possible to create a scaling factor for FFRDCs and military builds.
Costs from NASA's LCRD have been captured, and it is assumed that launch will occur in 2018.
Collecting costs from multiple projects and agencies would be beneficial, since another trend is the
utilization of COTS–Plus parts to produce these systems, and LCRD has a strong heritage pertaining
to this type of acquisition strategy.
Conclusion
The aerospace industry is changing; big is out; small is favored. Small satellites, Nanosats, and
CubeSats are proliferating universities, FFRDCs, government agencies, and commercial entities.
This trend is flowing into organization charts, as well. New, agile organizational structures and
partnering arrangements are perpetuating the metamorphosis. Small companies, incubators, venture
capitalists funded businesses are designing, building, and incorporating smaller satellites, into their
business plans. Distributed networks of small satellites require precise, pointing, acquisition, and
tracking parameters to enable intersatellite laser links. Vast amounts of information are awaiting
capture and distribution via

History Of Dth

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