Historical Figures in Special Education
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Henry Goddard brought the Binet scale to America in 1908 and helped write the first U.S. law requiring special education in 1911. He developed early IQ tests. Cyril Burt was one of the most influential UK psychologists in the 20th century and conducted early twin studies on intelligence, though his work is now questioned. Donald Baer developed applied behavior analysis for people with intellectual disabilities, which improved lives and supported deinstitutionalization. Samuel Gridley Howe founded the first school for people with intellectual disabilities in 1848, though institutions grew despite his warnings against them. James Hinshelwood was the first to recognize and study dyslexia as a medical condition requiring specialized instruction.
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The document provides background information on Aldous Huxley's 1932 novel "Brave New World". It explains that Huxley was concerned about the ways dictators could use science to control people and deny them freedom. He was worried about a future of tyranny and totalitarianism. The title of the novel refers to Miranda's line in Shakespeare's The Tempest about the "brave new world", though Huxley uses it cynically to imply that progress is not always as wonderful as it seems. The novel depicts a dystopian future where people are conditioned and controlled by the state from birth through scientific means like genetic engineering and hypnopaedia (sleep teaching).
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Learning Disability is now getting more and more attention of the psychologists and other mental health professionals. Special educators, neurologists and psychiatrists are also greatly concerned about this subject. These slides shows some important names to be familiarised in this regard.
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This document summarizes the literature review on learning disabilities. It discusses definitions of learning disabilities from various sources over time. Learning disabilities were first defined in the 1960s and have since generated debate due to differing professional perspectives. The document also reviews the history of learning disabilities, tracing understandings from initial conceptualizations as brain damage to the establishment of the field in the 1960s-1970s. Causes of learning disabilities discussed include genetic and prenatal developmental factors.
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Albert Bandura was a renowned Canadian-American psychologist born in 1925. He received his PhD from the University of Iowa in 1952 and began teaching at Stanford University in 1953, where he continued to work. Bandura made significant contributions to social learning theory through experiments such as the 1961 Bobo doll study, which demonstrated observational learning and modeling behavior. His theories had tremendous impact on fields such as psychology, education, and psychotherapy.
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Persons involve curriculum
Carl Rogers was an influential American psychologist who founded the humanistic approach to psychology. He developed client-centered therapy which took a non-directive, person-centered approach. Abraham Maslow was an American psychologist known for his hierarchy of needs theory which proposes that people are motivated to fulfill basic physiological needs before moving on to higher psychological needs. John Dewey was an American philosopher and educational reformer who argued that education should be a social and interactive process that allows students to experience and interact with curriculum. Friedrich Fröbel established the concept of kindergarten, recognizing that children have unique needs and capabilities.
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Resources DSM IV-TR (located on ERR page), Abnormal Psychology, a.docx
Resources: DSM IV-TR (located on ERR page), Abnormal Psychology, and Case Studies in Abnormal Behavior
1. Create an
outline in which you address the following items:
•
Define the major DSM IV-TR categories of sexual and gender identity, eating, and personality disorders.
•
Examine the various classifications of sexual and gender identity, eating, and personality disorders.
•
Submit separately.
2. Select one of the case studies from Ch. 8, 10, or 11 located in Case Studies in Abnormal Behavior (otherwise, paper will not be accepted/graded).
Prepare a 700- to 1,050-word analysis of your selected case in which you address the following items:
•
Provide a brief overview of your selected case.
•
Analyze the biological, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral components of the disorder from your selected case.
•
Submit separately.
Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.
The Case of Alfred Kinsey
Alfred C. Kinsey was born on June 23, 1894, in Hoboken, New Jersey. His parents were extremely onservative evangelical Protestants. His father was very controlling and “acted as the head of the house and as God’s spokesman to his family” (Jones, 1997, p. 14). His parents displayed very little affection toward one another and created a seemingly sexless household, leading him to question his own sexuality in adolescence and adulthood. Kinsey was very sickly throughout his childhood and felt demeaned by his father. Having always felt inadequate in the eyes of his father, Kinsey sought validation through academic achievements. He excelled in the classroom and soon became interested in the subject of biology, gaining the title of a “second Darwin” from his high school classmates. In 1912, he graduated as valedictorian of his high school. Then, at the insistence of his father, he attended the Stevens Institute of Technology in his hometown of Hoboken. After two unhappy years there, he transferred to Bowdoin College in Maine. After graduating magna cum laude with degrees in biology and psychology, he began graduate training in biology at Harvard’s Bussey Institute. As part of his issertation research, Kinsey collected and painstakingly labeled thousands of gall wasps, eventually gathering what was reputed to be the largest collection of gall wasps in the world. After earning his doctoral degree in 1919, he became an assistant professor of entomology at Indiana University in Bloomington. Soon after his move to Indiana, he met Clara McMillan, ironically a self-declared virgin. They married in 1921 and eventually had four children. She also had a constricted hymen, making sexuality at the onset of their marriage problematic. After surgery normal sexuality was available. Determined that his family life ould not replicate his own, Kinsey railed against the traditional family structure of patriarchic authority and sexual repression. He insisted on educating his children about sex, but did not limit this to talking with his children..
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Compilation
The document provides a history of special education from the 18th century to modern day. It discusses how in the 18th century, enlightenment thinkers like Rousseau influenced new ideas about educating all children according to their needs and abilities. Pioneers in the late 18th century like Charles Michel L'Epeé and Valentin Haüy established the first schools for deaf and blind students. Throughout the 19th century, more schools and programs for disabled students were founded in the US and laws were passed to support special education. Major legislation in the 20th century like IDEA, ADA, and the Rehabilitation Act established legal rights and protections for students with disabilities to receive a free and appropriate public education.
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Historical Figures in Special Education
- 1. Henry Goddard Cyril Burt Donald M. Baer Samuel Gridley Howe James Hinshelwood
- 2. Henry Goddard Brought Binet scale to America in 1908. Participated in the writing of the first U.S. law requiring special education for children with intellectual disability in 1911. Developed the Army Alpha and Beta group tests.
- 3. Henry Goddard – some drawbacks Nature of intelligence Intellectual differences associated with national origin. Need for institutionalization. Role of heredity in feeble-mindedness. Kalikuk family.
- 4. Selected as a Top Five for Intellectual Disability Significant contributions to the field in his time. Lasting legacy in special education through his work in writing the first law addressing special education in Congress.
- 5. Cyril Burt In the UK, one of the most influential psychologists of his time. First psychologist to be knighted in 1946. Eleven Plus program
- 6. Cyril Burt Work with identical twins. Credibility was questioned. Compared with scientists of his time, his work was viewed as very flawed.
- 7. Views of Psychologists Have Changed Genetic factors. Measure of intellect is complex. Environmental factors. Self-contained classrooms are replaced with inclusion.
- 8. Top Five for Intellectual Disability Incredible contribution during his time in the field of intellectual disabilities Innovative work on factor analysis.
- 9. Donald M. Baer Director of the Department of Human Development and Family Life at the University of Kansas from 1955 until 2002. Developed applied behavior analysis.
- 10. Donald M. Baer Studied people with severe intellectual disability Methods included applied behavior analysis, which dealt with socially significant factors. Applied behavior analysis was first set forth in his writings.
- 11. Donald M. Baer Applied behavior analysis remained effective because its methods worked and could be experimentally verified and replicated. Raised the morale in the entire field and aided efforts in de-institutionalization.
- 12. Chosen as a Top Five for Intellectual Disability Quality of his work on socially important behaviors. Other researchers were able to draw on his work for legislation, litigation, and administrative actions. An advocate in that he practiced good science on socially relevant topics.
- 13. Samuel Gridley Howe Expanded the Perkins Institute for the Blind in 1848 to include individuals with intellectual disability. Predicted the dangers of residential institutions. Institutions spread across the U.S. despite his warnings.
- 14. Samuel Gridley Howe Also noted for his work with the blind. Brought blind students before state legislatures in order to obtain funding for his school. Known for teaching a blind-deaf mute, Laura Bridgeman to read, write, and hold communication with others.
- 15. Top Five for Intellectual Disability First to found a school for intellectual disabilities. The school was replicated nationally, and despite his warnings against it, institutions sprang up across America.
- 16. James Hinshelwood First physician to recommend a specific instructional approach for students with dyslexia. Made first attempt in the literature to explain word blindness and to establish a scientific basis.
- 17. James Hinshelwood Often more than one case in a family. Similar to adults who had lost the ability to read due to brain injury. He believed dyslexia may be a result of disease, birth injury, or defective development of the embryo.
- 18. James Hinshelwood Concerned with terminology. “Word blindness” later came to be termed dyslexia.
- 19. Top Five for Learning Disabilities First to recognize that a different instructional approach for students with written language disorders is necessary. First to recognize what we now call dyslexia as a medical condition.
- 20. References Routh, D. (2005). Historical Reflections on Advocacy in the Psychology of Intellectual Disability. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. 34 (4), 606 – 611. Richards, L. (2006) The Cadmus of the Blind. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness. 20 (2), 584-585. Smith, D., (2007). Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference. San Francisco, CA: Pearson. Richardson, S. (1992). Historical Perspectives on Dyslexia. Journal of Learning Disabilities. 25 (1), 40-47.