The document traces the historical evolution of the education system in Spain from medieval times to recent reforms. It began with a scholastic system focused on theology in universities. A liberal period in the 18th-19th centuries saw the emergence of mass education systems across Europe to serve new nation states, though Spain's development was slower. The Franco regime imposed a national Catholic system until democratic reforms in the 1980s established public education. Recent reforms have aimed to balance quality, participation, and choice within the dual public-private system.