1. PARENTAL CHOICE, SOCIAL CLASS AND MARKET FORCES: A RESULT OF PRIVATIZATION OF PUBLIC SERVICES IN EDUCATION José Luis Bernal [email_address] Seminar Four: “ The International Perspective” London, July 1st 2004
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7. Subsidized private schools Private Schools Public Schools Public Private Public Private CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT FINANCING Three networks X
8. The 78.17% of education expenditure in Spain is financed through public funds ( State and Autonomous Communities ) While the remaining 21.83% comes from private funds (families) Non university educational establishments in Spain
9. … establishing a sharing of powers between the State Administration and the Autonomous Communities The 1978 Spanish Constitution laid down a new model for a decentralised State…
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23. This creates a new situation This logically causes schools to be massified and the level (¿What does concept level mean?) will go down: Discipline problems, complex schools,… creating the circumstances for a culture of school failure in the educational system. This culture makes it necessary to intervene in the educational system in order to solve “the problem”
24. This creates a new situation People speak of school failure, children do not study as much as before, the general level in Spanish and Mathematics goes down,… (The same happened in the USA with “ A nation at risk ” -1983-) The report about the Quality Law (2002) justified this law because of school failure and the need to resolve it. It proposes some measures, considering middle and high class students only, not those belonging to the lower classes. (The report in the USA had a similar focus)
25. This creates a new situation They think: “ The loss of academic efficiency is very important to economic development ” So, only market forces can resolve this problem. A hard competition between schools, complete autonomy in economic functioning and performance, little State control and the free choice of school using market parameters will improve education
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28. One thing is clear: “ If we must improve the situation of people in a disadvantageous position, it is quite probable that the privileged will have less opportunities and resources”
34. Public schools Private schools Total 1996 the Popular Party came to power introducing market policies in education Evolution of immigrant student enrollment in Spain 1992-2003. Source: CIDE
35. Infant Ed. Primary Ed. Special Ed. Compulsory Sec. Ed. Social Guarantee Programmes Vocational Training Public Schools Private Schools Development of immigrant student enrollment in Spain. 2003 A-Levels
36. Public Schools Private Schools Development of immigrant student enrollment in Spain. 2003 Source: CIDE
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52. FOUR MICRO MARKETS Reasons for choosing school Private schools ( Subsidized private schools ) middle-high classes Public schools Working class (Most public schools) Public schools Economically distressed part of population Public schools Middle class (few schools)
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67. So I have three questions to finish ¿What will happen if a market system is developed in which there is full freedom of choice of school, without compensatory action? Everybody will have the same rights, but ¿will they have the same conditions and possibilities? ¿All schools (private and public) will start from the same position and under the same circumstances?
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70. The public resources that go to private education to finance it have been increased a lot over the last years
71. The assignment of public resources to private education does not guarantee free enrollment in subsidized private schools , because they use mechanisms to prevent certain students (immigrants, gypsies….) from enrollment, like charging for uniforms, extracurricular activities, catering, parent associations,…
72. The middle classes benefit most from the financing of subsidize private schools
73. The policy of financing private schools does not eliminate the tresshold to enroll in private schools. The social and cultural level determines the access to these schools
74. The policy of financing private schools does not extend the possibilities of choice of school for all students
75. The selection of students is not arbitrary . The private schools discriminate against students, who do not correspond to a particular social and cultural profile, or need a learning process that is more expensive for the schools
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77. Cristo Rey 59 Maristas 59 Nª Sª del Carmen 33 Sagrado Corazón 32 Sto. Domingo de Silos 32 Jesús Mª-El Salvador 25 Hilarión Gimeno 24 Juan XXIII 23 Salesianos del Pilar 21 Agustinos 20 Escolapios 20 La Salle Montemolín 20 Parque Goya 74 Calixto Ariño 59 J. A. Labordeta 43 Marcos Frechín 40 Jerónimo Zurita 35 Antonio Beltrán 31 Cesáreo Alierta 24 Sainz de Varanda 23 Río Ebro 22 Cándido Domingo 21 More applicants Less applicants Non placed students Place vacancy Public Schools Zaragoza 2003-2004 Subsidized Private Schools All are catholic schools
78. Cristo Rey 59 Maristas 59 Nª Sª del Carmen 33 Sagrado Corazón 32 Sto. Domingo de Silos 32 Jesús Mª-El Salvador 25 Hilarión Gimeno 24 Juan XXIII 23 Salesianos del Pilar 21 Agustinos 20 Escolapios 20 La Salle Montemolín 20 Parque Goya 74 Calixto Ariño 59 J. A. Labordeta 43 Marcos Frechín 40 Jerónimo Zurita 35 Antonio Beltrán 31 Cesáreo Alierta 24 Sainz de Varanda 23 Río Ebro 22 Cándido Domingo 21 More applicants Less applicants Students Without place Vacant places Public Schools Zaragoza 2003-2004 Subsidized Private Schools
79. Cristo Rey 59 Maristas 59 Nª Sª del Carmen 33 Sagrado Corazón 32 Sto. Domingo de Silos 32 Jesús Mª-El Salvador 25 Hilarión Gimeno 24 Juan XXIII 23 Salesianos del Pilar 21 Agustinos 20 Escolapios 20 La Salle Montemolín 20 Parque Goya 74 Calixto Ariño 59 J. A. Labordeta 43 Marcos Frechín 40 Jerónimo Zurita 35 Antonio Beltrán 31 Cesáreo Alierta 24 Sainz de Varanda 23 Río Ebro 22 Cándido Domingo 21 More applicants Less applicants Non placed students Vacant places Public Schools Subsidized Private Schools Zaragoza 2003-2004 All are catholic schools
80. “ I want my daughter to be educated as a responsible person. I want her to grow up in a right and healthy way ” A father said The right and healthy way to grow up is only what the father thinks I think…
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91. Students 2001-2002 Infant Ed. Primary Ed. Special Ed. Secondary Ed. Vocational Training Private Public Private Private Public Public TOTAL Compulsory education
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94. With the Quality Law the consequences will be more far-reaching and the social differences will increase with the financing of more years in private schools. (This year the financing of kindergartens -3-6 years old- starts) In Spain a market system already existed, but without there being a clear intention to develop it, as can be seen in my research. In this system the middle and high classes were already present in private schools especially With the PSOE (Socialist Party) and the LOGSE With the PP (Popular Party) and the Quality Law
95. ¿Is there a future for them? ¿ Is there a future for them ? ¿ Is there a future for them ? ¿ Is there a future for them ?
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