1. OTHER WORLD RELIGION

2. World Religions by Percentage and Size of World Population--2009 World Religions by Population David Barrett, Todd M. Johnson & Peter Crossing, “Christian World Communions: Five Overviews of Global Christianity, AD 1800-2025,” Int’l Bulletin of Missionary Research, Jan. 2009, Global Table 5, p. 25.

5. Believe in humankind innate and separation from God

6. Believe in forgiveness of sins

8. no sense of original sin or indwelt sin

9. endless REINCARNATION

14. No group of religious leaders.

15. Not all Hindus agree on a sacred text.

17. History of Hinduism Hindu – from Sanskrit word INDUS Indus River Valley Civilization (Pakistan) - 5000 years ago Aryans enter 4000 - 3500 years ago Vedic Tradition 3500 – 2500 years ago: rituals and many gods (polytheism) sacred texts (Vedas) – wise sayings social stratification (caste system) Upanishads (metaphysical philosophy)- “sitting near” one’s teacher - 2800 – 2400 years ago Vedic Tradition develops into Hinduism BhagavadGita“Song of the Lord” – A.D100 – Hinduism’s favorite bible

19. Vedas are large body texts that originated from Ancient India

20. Vedas concentrate on worship of deities

22. Hindu scriptures that consist of the core teachings of Vedanta

23. Dated to the Early Middle Ages around the 3rd to 8th centuries AD

24. Jaina

25. Practices Non-Violence and also gave rise to Buddhism Created the concept of Puja

26. “Pu”= Flower and “ja”= Offering

27. Buddhist

28. Influenced Moksha and Karma in Hinduism

29. Followed philosophical streams of thought

32. Puja can be performed at home in a room that is dedicated to sacred religious practices or at a temple

33. Visiting temples is not required and they have no “Sabbath Day”

35. Note: Vegetarianism is not a requirement

36. Most avoid meat on holy days

38. The Vedas (2000 BC- 600 BC) were earliest, being mostly instructions to priests concerning sacrifices. They are four:Rig-Veda (“veda of hymns”); Sama-Veda (“veda of chants”), Yajur-Veda (“veda of sacrifice”) and Atharva-Veda (“magic charms”) These four vedas are in turn each divided into three parts: samhita(collections of hymns), brahmana (details of sacrifices) and upanishad (moving from ritual to philosophic treatises).

40. there are four primary caste and thousands of subcaste

41. caste is hereditary and for life for no one can move from one caste to another.

44. Brahmins—thinkers/knowers Ksatriya—doers Vaisya—provide food for the belly Sudra—do the work Each caste is born out of Brahma (the creator)

45. At the top of the caste system were the Brahmans, or the priests and leaders. These individuals we few in number. They were the only ones who were allowed to teach in schools and go to school, however the Brahman women could do neither.

46. Underneath the Brahmans was the Kshatriya, or the warriors. This group was not large in number. The Kshatriya were in the army or leaders in a way different from that of the Brahmans. Women could not be warriors but they could belong to this class.

47. Vaisyas – Skilled Traders, Merchants Under the warriors were the vaishyas, these individuals were traders or farmers who owned their businesses or farming land. This group was made up of a great deal of people in India.

48. Second to last were the shudras, who were servants and farmhands who did not own their own land or businesses and who were employed by other people in a higher class. Jobs include gardeners, potters, and clothes washers

49. At the very bottom of the caste system, technically not belonging to a class at all, were the untouchables. The untouchables held the worst jobs in society, usually collecting garbage and cleaning up human waste…

50. The slaves in India were thought to be below the untouchables and were not classified at all. They were not even seen as human but rather as property.

51. Untouchables - The Outcastes Belong to no caste Expected to do the “dirty” jobs Come in contact with animal skins, dead bodies and human feces Avoid contact with “caste” Indians for fear of “pollution”

52. Living in ancient India, you were defined by your caste. There was no way for an individual or their children in India to escape their caste and move up. Not even death could break the cycle.

53. There were extremely strict rules surrounding the caste system in India. People from different castes could certainly not mararyeach other or even become friends and they were not even allowed to eat in the presence of another class.

55. its veneration comes from the Vedic literature and form the Hindu belief that the cow is a living symbol of Mother Earth and of the divine blessings she bestows upon humankind

56. its reverence symbolizes reverence for all animals

57. the reason why Hindus are vegetarian

59. This is eternal

60. part of the Brahman

61. Nonviolence

63. Sustains the universe

64. Only a few people can fully understand it

66. Karma determines where you are reincarnated in the caste system

67. Good Karma = higher in caste system

69. Dates back 800BC within the Uphanishads

70. The belief that a person’s soul never dies. It reappears after death in another person or in animal form.

71. Symbol: wheel of life

73. Def: Religious and moral duties of an individual

74. These vary based on class (caste), gender, job and age

75. By obeying your dharma, you acquire merit for the next life

77. The ultimate goal of all Hindus

78. Your atman is reunited with the Brahman and you will have true peace or state of supreme blessedness Brahman atman

79. THE PATHS TO ENLIGHTENMENT OR MOKSHA ARE; Knowledge – comes from studying with gurus or teachers and reading sacred scriptures Contemplation – disciplines and psychological exercises that concentrate one’s attention on the atman Devotion – singing hymns of praises, offering sacrifices and making pilgrimage to sacred places like Varanasi, Hinduism’s holiest city located in North central India on the banks of the sacred Ganges River (Hindus bathe to wash away bad karma) Works – acting out of one’s duties to society

80. What are the spiritualpractices of Hinduism? The Four Yogas - seeking union with the divine: Karma Yoga – the path of action through selfless service (releases built up karma without building up new karma) Jnana Yoga – the path of knowledge (understanding the true nature of reality and the self) Raja Yoga – the path of meditation Bhakti Yoga – the path of devotion Guru – a spiritual teacher, especially helpful for Jnana and Raja yoga

81. How do Hindus worship? Bhakti Yoga is seeking union with the divine through loving devotion to manifest deities In the home (household shrines) In the Temples (priests officiate) Puja– making offerings to and decorating the deity images Darsan– “seeing” the deity (not idol worship) Prasad – taking the divine within your own being through eating of food shared with the deity

82. Who do Hindus worship? – the major gods of the Hindu Pantheon Brahma, the creator god

83. Who do Hindus worship? – the major gods of the Hindu Pantheon Vishnu, the preserver god Incarnates as ten avatars (descents) including: Rama (featured in the Ramayana) Krishna (featured in the Mahabharata) (Each shown with his consort, Sita and Radha, respectively)

84. Who do Hindus worship? – the major gods of the Hindu Pantheon Shiva, god of constructive destruction(the transformer) Appears as Shiva Nataraj,lord of the dance of creation… and with his wife, Parvati, and son Ganesha(the elephant headed remover of obstacles)

85. What about the goddesses?Devi – the feminine divine Saraswati, goddess of wisdom, consort ofBrahma

86. What about the goddesses?Devi – the feminine divine Lakshmi, goddess of good fortune, consortof Vishnu

87. What about the goddesses?Devi – the feminine divine Parvati, divine mother, wife ofShiva

88. What about the goddesses?Devi – the feminine divine Durga, protectress Kali, destroyer of demons Plus about 330 million other deities

89. All these deities are but Manifest forms (attributes and functions) of the impersonal Brahman

91. BhagavadGita, its primary scriptures

92. believes in both karma and reincarnation

93. does not believe in a plurality or pantheon on Gods or in the caste system

94. has temples and communes in the cities

95. followers distribute evangelistic literature

96. structured communities with rules regarding food, drink, dress, devotions and celibacy.

97. One attains Krishna “consciousness” by chanting the Hare Krishna mantra and medidating on “Lord” Krishna

99. salvation (from samsara) comes through knowledge

101. Salvation comes by grace through faith

104. became successful in various parts of India for hundreds of years, and then died out

106. Siddhartha lived a life of luxury in northern India

107. His father, a ruler of a small kingdom; did not allow him out of the palace because they did not want him to see or experience the suffering of life in India

108. One day, he snuck out of the palace. Outside of the palace walls he saw people with no homes, no food. He saw sick people and suffering.

109. the only happy man he saw was a serene and peaceful hermit Realizing the reality of human suffering, Siddhartha left his wife and child (The Great Renunciation) and embarked on a quest for peace and serenity.

110. This came to him six years later while sitting under the famous tree BODHI tree ( the tree of knowledge or enlightenment) , probably a fig tree in North Central India the cause of suffering is desiring or craving things that are worldly and temporal. The way to peace and serenity is the Middle way Middle Way – the way of moderation between pleasure and denial, between self-indulgence and asceticism

111. Siddhartha became known as “Buddha”, a Sanskrit wordmeaning “Enlightened One” or has found or attained enlightenment. The Buddha decided that he would leave his life of meditation to teach others the way to end suffering. He gathered disciples, founded monasteries and teach others until his death in 486 B.C at the age of 80. he came to be highly venerated (as deity by some) and statues and temples were built in his honor

115. 62

116. 63

117. Ultimate goal of Buddhism: End suffering by achieving nirvana. Once you are in the condition of wanting nothing, you will be Enlightened, or understand the universe and cause of human suffering Buddhism– Beliefs

118. Buddhism– Beliefs Similarities with Hinduism 1. Belief in reincarnation 2. Belief in nonviolence Differences with Hinduism 1. Does not believe in universal being or spirit or that men and women have souls 2. Have no caste system 3. there is something one can do to escape the misery and suffering of his life rather than waiting for a future

120. developed in China in the 500s A.D and later expanded to Japan

121. in Japan it is highly esteemed as a path to self - discipline

122. A popular form of Buddhism in the West

123. came to the fore after World War II

124. in United States, there are some one hundred Zen Temples and centers nearly one million adherents

125. followers practice meditation according to strict rules in order to achieve enlightenment called SATORI more quickly than through traditional Buddhism, thus escaping the wheel of Reincarnation- Expresses itself I variety of ways: judo, calligraphy, poetry, the ikebana and the seemingly formless and rock garden each of which has religious significance

127. practice the eightfold path

129. practice of the “two love commandments” (God and Neighbor)

130. looking forward to resurrected life