This document discusses high-performance aerogel concrete (HPAC), which is a composite material made of silica aerogel granules embedded in a high-strength cement matrix. HPAC has advantages over traditional building materials like lightweight concrete in that it has lower density, higher compressive strength, and lower thermal conductivity. The document outlines the objectives of developing HPAC, describes the materials used and mixing process, and examines the properties and advancements of HPAC, such as its compressive strength, thermal insulation capabilities, and potential for reinforcement and 3D-printing applications.
The document discusses base isolation as an earthquake protection system. It begins with an introduction to earthquakes and then defines base isolation as a system that uses flexible interfaces between a structure and its foundation to decouple the structure from ground motions during an earthquake. It describes various types of base isolation systems, including sliding and elastomeric bearing systems, and discusses considerations for implementing base isolation for structures. It provides an example of base isolation being used in a new hospital built after the collapse of a hospital during an earthquake in India.
This document discusses the green building concept and its importance in India. It defines green building as increasing efficiency in resource use while reducing impacts on health and environment. Key points include: materials used like wool bricks and sustainable concrete; benefits like reduced costs, energy and water usage; and examples of green buildings in India like the CII Godrej centre and Infosys building in Mysore. The document emphasizes the environmental, economic and social advantages of the green building approach.
Monolithic domes are thin-walled reinforced concrete structures that provide safe shelter from disasters like hurricanes, fires, bomb blasts, and earthquakes. They are constructed by first laying a concrete ring foundation, then inflating an air form over it, adding polyurethane foam insulation to the interior, installing reinforcing steel bars, and finally spraying concrete over the form to create the dome shape. Monolithic domes have advantages of being economical to construct, providing great security due to their ability to withstand extreme weather, and allowing rapid construction.
Guide for homeowners on how to use green home design, sustainable building materials and green building techniques for energy efficient new home construction.
This document discusses sustainable building materials and their advantages. It defines sustainability and sustainable building. The objectives of sustainable building are given as having low environmental impact, energy efficiency, minimizing water usage, and protecting occupant health. Renewable materials discussed include those of plant origin, recycled materials, and materials using solar or wind energy. Specific sustainable materials presented are wool bricks, sustainable concrete using recycled materials, solar tiles, paper insulation, and triple-glazed windows. Merits of sustainable materials include efficiency, maintenance, cost savings, and improved indoor air quality.
The document discusses cable-stayed bridges. Cable-stayed bridges have cables running diagonally from towers to support the bridge deck. They are stiffer than suspension bridges with less deformation of the deck under loads. The Bandara-Worli Sea Link in Mumbai is provided as a case study. It is a 5.6 km long cable-stayed bridge with a 600m long cable-stayed portion supported by a 123m tall tower. Construction involved pile foundations, erecting the tower, and segmental construction of the superstructure by lifting precast concrete segments into place.
This document discusses prefabrication in construction. Prefabrication involves assembling components of a structure in a factory then transporting them to the construction site. It has advantages like reduced cost, time, and waste and allows work during poor weather. Common prefabricated components include columns, beams, waffle floors/roofs which are cast and cured off-site then erected using cranes. While prefabrication offers benefits, it also has disadvantages like potential breakage during transport and need for specialized equipment and labor. The document concludes that partial prefabrication is well-suited for Indian conditions.
Green building refers to structures and processes that are environmentally responsible and efficient in their use of resources throughout the building's lifecycle. The goals of green building are to reduce, reuse, recycle, and refuse resources. Some key principles are optimizing the structure's efficiency, as well as energy, water, materials, and waste reduction. The benefits of green building include environmental protections, cost savings, and improved social outcomes like health and quality of life. Challenges include growing waste and costs, while impacts on natural resources include development of land and energy usage.
The document discusses base isolation as an earthquake protection system. It begins with an introduction to earthquakes and then defines base isolation as a system that uses flexible interfaces between a structure and its foundation to decouple the structure from ground motions during an earthquake. It describes various types of base isolation systems, including sliding and elastomeric bearing systems, and discusses considerations for implementing base isolation for structures. It provides an example of base isolation being used in a new hospital built after the collapse of a hospital during an earthquake in India.
This document discusses the green building concept and its importance in India. It defines green building as increasing efficiency in resource use while reducing impacts on health and environment. Key points include: materials used like wool bricks and sustainable concrete; benefits like reduced costs, energy and water usage; and examples of green buildings in India like the CII Godrej centre and Infosys building in Mysore. The document emphasizes the environmental, economic and social advantages of the green building approach.
Monolithic domes are thin-walled reinforced concrete structures that provide safe shelter from disasters like hurricanes, fires, bomb blasts, and earthquakes. They are constructed by first laying a concrete ring foundation, then inflating an air form over it, adding polyurethane foam insulation to the interior, installing reinforcing steel bars, and finally spraying concrete over the form to create the dome shape. Monolithic domes have advantages of being economical to construct, providing great security due to their ability to withstand extreme weather, and allowing rapid construction.
Guide for homeowners on how to use green home design, sustainable building materials and green building techniques for energy efficient new home construction.
This document discusses sustainable building materials and their advantages. It defines sustainability and sustainable building. The objectives of sustainable building are given as having low environmental impact, energy efficiency, minimizing water usage, and protecting occupant health. Renewable materials discussed include those of plant origin, recycled materials, and materials using solar or wind energy. Specific sustainable materials presented are wool bricks, sustainable concrete using recycled materials, solar tiles, paper insulation, and triple-glazed windows. Merits of sustainable materials include efficiency, maintenance, cost savings, and improved indoor air quality.
The document discusses cable-stayed bridges. Cable-stayed bridges have cables running diagonally from towers to support the bridge deck. They are stiffer than suspension bridges with less deformation of the deck under loads. The Bandara-Worli Sea Link in Mumbai is provided as a case study. It is a 5.6 km long cable-stayed bridge with a 600m long cable-stayed portion supported by a 123m tall tower. Construction involved pile foundations, erecting the tower, and segmental construction of the superstructure by lifting precast concrete segments into place.
This document discusses prefabrication in construction. Prefabrication involves assembling components of a structure in a factory then transporting them to the construction site. It has advantages like reduced cost, time, and waste and allows work during poor weather. Common prefabricated components include columns, beams, waffle floors/roofs which are cast and cured off-site then erected using cranes. While prefabrication offers benefits, it also has disadvantages like potential breakage during transport and need for specialized equipment and labor. The document concludes that partial prefabrication is well-suited for Indian conditions.
Green building refers to structures and processes that are environmentally responsible and efficient in their use of resources throughout the building's lifecycle. The goals of green building are to reduce, reuse, recycle, and refuse resources. Some key principles are optimizing the structure's efficiency, as well as energy, water, materials, and waste reduction. The benefits of green building include environmental protections, cost savings, and improved social outcomes like health and quality of life. Challenges include growing waste and costs, while impacts on natural resources include development of land and energy usage.
This seminar presentation discusses bubble deck slabs. Bubble deck slabs are a type of reinforced concrete slab that uses hollow plastic spheres instead of solid concrete in the center portion. This reduces weight by 50% compared to solid slabs while maintaining 90% of the strength. Other advantages include reduced concrete usage by 10-25%, larger spans, and lower construction costs. The presentation reviews several research papers that studied the load capacity and behavior of bubble deck slabs through experiments and finite element analysis. Most concluded that bubble deck slabs have lower punching shear capacity but similar overall performance to solid slabs.
Base isolation is a seismic protection system that separates a structure from its foundation, allowing the structure to remain largely motionless during an earthquake by absorbing shock through devices like friction pendulums and elastomeric bearings. There are various types of base isolators including low-damping rubber bearings, lead-rubber bearings, and sliding systems. Base isolation is most suitable for low to medium-rise buildings founded on firm soil, as it reduces seismic forces and prevents damage by permitting the ground and structure to move independently.
This document provides an overview of bubble deck slabs. It describes bubble deck slabs as a method that virtually eliminates concrete from the middle of floor slabs, replacing it with hollow plastic spheres to reduce weight by 30-50%. This makes construction faster and reduces loads on foundations. Three main types - filigree elements, reinforcement modules, and finished planks - are described. Experimental results show bubble deck slabs have 80% of solid slab shear strength and 5% more deflection, but are 40% lighter. Advantages include reduced material needs, costs, and CO2 emissions. Future uses could include tall buildings, large spans, and parking areas.
Passive solar building design utilizes the sun's energy for heating and cooling living spaces without mechanical systems. It takes advantage of natural characteristics in materials and air exposed to sunlight. Key elements include south-facing windows to admit sunlight, thermal mass materials like masonry floors and walls to absorb and store heat, and shading to prevent overheating. There are three main passive solar heating methods - direct gain where the living space is directly heated, indirect gain using a thermal mass like a Trombe wall between glass and living space, and isolated gain with separate collection and storage areas. Passive cooling relies on natural ventilation, shading, and heat sinks to remove heat without mechanical devices.
Building and Construction Materials for Sustainable DevelopmentDr K M SONI
The document discusses sustainable and green building materials. It notes that sustainable materials provide environmental, social and economic benefits over their full lifecycle. Green materials use resources efficiently and fit within ecosystem processes. Construction can impact the environment through impacts on water, land, air and ecosystems. The document recommends using recycled and waste-based materials in construction like fly ash, slag, recycled aggregates and plastics to reduce environmental impacts. It provides criteria for evaluating green materials and discusses various alternative materials that can be used in construction.
This document provides information on form active structural systems, with a focus on arch structures. It defines form active structures as systems of flexible, non-rigid matter where force redirection is achieved through particular form design and stabilization. Examples given include arch, tent, cable, and shell structures. Arch structures are then discussed in more detail, including terminology, types of arches, load mechanisms, classification, design considerations, and advantages. The key points are that arches function in pure compression to span distances by transmitting outward thrust to supports, and their curved form eliminates tensile stresses.
Green building involves constructing and renovating buildings using processes and materials that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle. Typical construction waste from a home amounts to 8000 pounds, while buildings consume over half of total U.S. electricity. Green building aims to reduce waste, energy and water usage during construction, design efficient buildings, and select sustainable materials. However, higher costs and concerns over comfort present obstacles, though programs like LEED and government incentives increasingly support green building.
Design of buildings in cyclone prone areasAnkit Shah
This document discusses design considerations for buildings in cyclone-prone areas. It begins with an introduction to cyclones, noting they cause strong winds and rains. It then discusses various cyclone characteristics like formation, structure with an eye, and coastal impacts. Several key aspects for building design are covered, including roofing, wall-roof junctions, doors/windows, foundations, and walls. Reinforcing these vulnerable areas is recommended through techniques like additional bracing, straps, and reinforced connections. Site selection factors are also outlined, such as using natural shields from hills or trees and avoiding ridges. The overall document provides guidance on strengthening building construction against high winds and flooding from cyclones.
This document discusses bubble deck slabs, which are reinforced concrete slabs that replace inactive concrete in the center with hollow plastic spheres. Bubble deck slabs offer several advantages over traditional slabs and hollow core slabs, including reduced weight, increased strength, ability to span longer distances, faster construction time, and reduced material usage. Experimental studies showed bubble deck slabs have 80% of the shear strength and the same deflections as solid deck slabs, but weigh 40% less. The slabs also offer benefits for construction, engineering, the environment, and economics. The first high-rise building to use bubble deck slabs was the 131m tall Millennium Tower in Rotterdam.
The document discusses geodesic domes. It begins by defining a dome as a curved architectural structure that resembles half a sphere and encloses space using minimal materials. It then defines geodesic domes, which were invented by Buckminster Fuller in the 1950s. Geodesic domes are sphere-like structures composed of interconnected triangles that provide strength using minimal materials. The document discusses the advantages of geodesic domes, including sustainability, energy efficiency due to their shape, strength, cost effectiveness, and ability to withstand weather. It provides examples of uses such as greenhouses and residential homes. In conclusion, the document presents a case study of a geodesic dome greenhouse in Lithuania.
Sustainable building materials in Green building construction.Tendai Mabvudza
Defining sustainable building materials with concern to green buildings construction. Architectural Short thesis withdebatable topics. Principles of sustainable building.
This document discusses several environmentally friendly building materials including recycled plastic bottles, rammed earth walls, hempcrete, ashcrete, bamboo, and ferrock. Plastic bottle houses in Nigeria are constructed by filling plastic bottles with soil or waste and stacking them like bricks. Rammed earth walls are made by compacting moistened soil between forms to create a hard, durable material. Hempcrete and ashcrete use hemp and fly ash respectively as alternatives to traditional insulation and concrete. Bamboo provides a strong, lightweight material that grows abundantly in some areas. Ferrock binds carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by combining steel dust and silica.
This is a presentation on the future technology called bubble deck technology. The weight of slab is reduced by large amount albeit it serves nearly same purpose for load and deflection.
Types of embodied energy· Initial embodied energy; and· Recurring embodied energy
The initial embodied energy in buildings represents the non-renewable energy consumed in the acquisition of raw materials, their processing, manufacturing, transportation to site, and construction. This initial embodied energy has two components:Direct energy the energy used to transport building products to the site, and then to construct the building; andIndirect energy the energy used to acquire, process, and manufacture the building materials, including any transportation related to these activities.
This document discusses green concrete, which uses industrial waste materials and requires less energy in production, reducing carbon dioxide emissions. It defines green concrete as concrete made with other concrete waste that is more environmentally friendly. The document outlines the materials used in green concrete including recycled demolition waste, fly ash, and blast furnace slag as aggregates and cement replacements. It discusses the benefits of green concrete such as improved strength and durability while reducing the environmental impact of concrete production. The document also covers applications of green concrete and its potential future use in India.
AEROGEL MATERIAL (Aerogel is a material of future. )SONAM PALJOR
An aerogel is solid with air pockets dispersed throughout. Aerogels are essentially the solid framework of a gel.A class of porous, solid materials that exhibit extreme material properties.
Here, include contents are introduction, what is an aerogel?, types, synthesis, properties, advantages , disadvantage and application etc. this presentation paper is very simple and easy to understand about the aerogel material.
Admixtures are added to concrete mixes to modify properties in both fresh and hardened concrete. Admixtures are classified based on their function, with common types including plasticizers/water reducers, superplasticizers/high range water reducers, and air-entraining admixtures. Permeability reducing admixtures are used to reduce water absorption through concrete by decreasing pore size and connectivity. They can reduce permeability by up to 70% depending on the type used. Proper concrete mix design and admixture dosage are required to achieve waterproofing benefits.
This document discusses various causes and types of dampness that can occur in buildings. It describes rising damp, which occurs when water rises up walls through capillary action from the soil. To prevent this, damp-proof courses (DPCs) made of impervious materials like slate or bitumen felt are installed. Deterioration or bridging of the DPC can lead to dampness. Hygroscopic salts in rising damp water can also cause issues by continuing to attract moisture after repairs. The document also discusses penetrating dampness from external water entering walls, condensation dampness caused by high humidity and ventilation issues, and bridging of cavity walls. Treatments include replacing or injecting new DPCs, drainage improvements,
This presentation deals with green building and the design of green buildings . Green buildings in India. Benefits of Green Buildings. Green Building Rating in India.
The Edge in Amsterdam is an innovative office building that uses a connected lighting system from Philips to create a sustainable and productive work environment. The lighting system allows employees to control lighting and temperature from their phones and provides building managers with occupancy data to optimize operations. This has resulted in estimated energy savings of €100,000 per year and €1.5 million in space utilization costs while improving employee comfort.
IRJET- Ultra Light Weight Concrete – A New Boon to the Field of Construction:...IRJET Journal
This document reviews ultra-lightweight concrete, which can provide both high load bearing capacity and good thermal insulation. It has a dry density of 600-700 kg/m3, compressive strength of 10-20 N/mm2, and thermal conductivity of around 0.12 W/(mk). The document examines the mix design, properties, thermal performance, and applications of ultra-lightweight concrete. It finds that ultra-lightweight concrete walls can control indoor temperatures effectively in both summer and winter by reducing temperature fluctuations of up to 35°C on exterior surfaces.
EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION ON STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF RIGI...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on using glass fibers to improve the strength characteristics of rigid pavement. Glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) gains strength from its high alkali content. Testing showed compressive strength increased with up to 3% glass fiber dosage, reaching a maximum of 26.6 MPa. Flexural strength also increased, allowing for thinner pavement slabs. Regression analysis found a strong correlation between fiber content and strength. The study concluded GFRC with 3% fiber content provides up to 21% reduction in required pavement thickness compared to conventional concrete, making it a more economical option.
This seminar presentation discusses bubble deck slabs. Bubble deck slabs are a type of reinforced concrete slab that uses hollow plastic spheres instead of solid concrete in the center portion. This reduces weight by 50% compared to solid slabs while maintaining 90% of the strength. Other advantages include reduced concrete usage by 10-25%, larger spans, and lower construction costs. The presentation reviews several research papers that studied the load capacity and behavior of bubble deck slabs through experiments and finite element analysis. Most concluded that bubble deck slabs have lower punching shear capacity but similar overall performance to solid slabs.
Base isolation is a seismic protection system that separates a structure from its foundation, allowing the structure to remain largely motionless during an earthquake by absorbing shock through devices like friction pendulums and elastomeric bearings. There are various types of base isolators including low-damping rubber bearings, lead-rubber bearings, and sliding systems. Base isolation is most suitable for low to medium-rise buildings founded on firm soil, as it reduces seismic forces and prevents damage by permitting the ground and structure to move independently.
This document provides an overview of bubble deck slabs. It describes bubble deck slabs as a method that virtually eliminates concrete from the middle of floor slabs, replacing it with hollow plastic spheres to reduce weight by 30-50%. This makes construction faster and reduces loads on foundations. Three main types - filigree elements, reinforcement modules, and finished planks - are described. Experimental results show bubble deck slabs have 80% of solid slab shear strength and 5% more deflection, but are 40% lighter. Advantages include reduced material needs, costs, and CO2 emissions. Future uses could include tall buildings, large spans, and parking areas.
Passive solar building design utilizes the sun's energy for heating and cooling living spaces without mechanical systems. It takes advantage of natural characteristics in materials and air exposed to sunlight. Key elements include south-facing windows to admit sunlight, thermal mass materials like masonry floors and walls to absorb and store heat, and shading to prevent overheating. There are three main passive solar heating methods - direct gain where the living space is directly heated, indirect gain using a thermal mass like a Trombe wall between glass and living space, and isolated gain with separate collection and storage areas. Passive cooling relies on natural ventilation, shading, and heat sinks to remove heat without mechanical devices.
Building and Construction Materials for Sustainable DevelopmentDr K M SONI
The document discusses sustainable and green building materials. It notes that sustainable materials provide environmental, social and economic benefits over their full lifecycle. Green materials use resources efficiently and fit within ecosystem processes. Construction can impact the environment through impacts on water, land, air and ecosystems. The document recommends using recycled and waste-based materials in construction like fly ash, slag, recycled aggregates and plastics to reduce environmental impacts. It provides criteria for evaluating green materials and discusses various alternative materials that can be used in construction.
This document provides information on form active structural systems, with a focus on arch structures. It defines form active structures as systems of flexible, non-rigid matter where force redirection is achieved through particular form design and stabilization. Examples given include arch, tent, cable, and shell structures. Arch structures are then discussed in more detail, including terminology, types of arches, load mechanisms, classification, design considerations, and advantages. The key points are that arches function in pure compression to span distances by transmitting outward thrust to supports, and their curved form eliminates tensile stresses.
Green building involves constructing and renovating buildings using processes and materials that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle. Typical construction waste from a home amounts to 8000 pounds, while buildings consume over half of total U.S. electricity. Green building aims to reduce waste, energy and water usage during construction, design efficient buildings, and select sustainable materials. However, higher costs and concerns over comfort present obstacles, though programs like LEED and government incentives increasingly support green building.
Design of buildings in cyclone prone areasAnkit Shah
This document discusses design considerations for buildings in cyclone-prone areas. It begins with an introduction to cyclones, noting they cause strong winds and rains. It then discusses various cyclone characteristics like formation, structure with an eye, and coastal impacts. Several key aspects for building design are covered, including roofing, wall-roof junctions, doors/windows, foundations, and walls. Reinforcing these vulnerable areas is recommended through techniques like additional bracing, straps, and reinforced connections. Site selection factors are also outlined, such as using natural shields from hills or trees and avoiding ridges. The overall document provides guidance on strengthening building construction against high winds and flooding from cyclones.
This document discusses bubble deck slabs, which are reinforced concrete slabs that replace inactive concrete in the center with hollow plastic spheres. Bubble deck slabs offer several advantages over traditional slabs and hollow core slabs, including reduced weight, increased strength, ability to span longer distances, faster construction time, and reduced material usage. Experimental studies showed bubble deck slabs have 80% of the shear strength and the same deflections as solid deck slabs, but weigh 40% less. The slabs also offer benefits for construction, engineering, the environment, and economics. The first high-rise building to use bubble deck slabs was the 131m tall Millennium Tower in Rotterdam.
The document discusses geodesic domes. It begins by defining a dome as a curved architectural structure that resembles half a sphere and encloses space using minimal materials. It then defines geodesic domes, which were invented by Buckminster Fuller in the 1950s. Geodesic domes are sphere-like structures composed of interconnected triangles that provide strength using minimal materials. The document discusses the advantages of geodesic domes, including sustainability, energy efficiency due to their shape, strength, cost effectiveness, and ability to withstand weather. It provides examples of uses such as greenhouses and residential homes. In conclusion, the document presents a case study of a geodesic dome greenhouse in Lithuania.
Sustainable building materials in Green building construction.Tendai Mabvudza
Defining sustainable building materials with concern to green buildings construction. Architectural Short thesis withdebatable topics. Principles of sustainable building.
This document discusses several environmentally friendly building materials including recycled plastic bottles, rammed earth walls, hempcrete, ashcrete, bamboo, and ferrock. Plastic bottle houses in Nigeria are constructed by filling plastic bottles with soil or waste and stacking them like bricks. Rammed earth walls are made by compacting moistened soil between forms to create a hard, durable material. Hempcrete and ashcrete use hemp and fly ash respectively as alternatives to traditional insulation and concrete. Bamboo provides a strong, lightweight material that grows abundantly in some areas. Ferrock binds carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by combining steel dust and silica.
This is a presentation on the future technology called bubble deck technology. The weight of slab is reduced by large amount albeit it serves nearly same purpose for load and deflection.
Types of embodied energy· Initial embodied energy; and· Recurring embodied energy
The initial embodied energy in buildings represents the non-renewable energy consumed in the acquisition of raw materials, their processing, manufacturing, transportation to site, and construction. This initial embodied energy has two components:Direct energy the energy used to transport building products to the site, and then to construct the building; andIndirect energy the energy used to acquire, process, and manufacture the building materials, including any transportation related to these activities.
This document discusses green concrete, which uses industrial waste materials and requires less energy in production, reducing carbon dioxide emissions. It defines green concrete as concrete made with other concrete waste that is more environmentally friendly. The document outlines the materials used in green concrete including recycled demolition waste, fly ash, and blast furnace slag as aggregates and cement replacements. It discusses the benefits of green concrete such as improved strength and durability while reducing the environmental impact of concrete production. The document also covers applications of green concrete and its potential future use in India.
AEROGEL MATERIAL (Aerogel is a material of future. )SONAM PALJOR
An aerogel is solid with air pockets dispersed throughout. Aerogels are essentially the solid framework of a gel.A class of porous, solid materials that exhibit extreme material properties.
Here, include contents are introduction, what is an aerogel?, types, synthesis, properties, advantages , disadvantage and application etc. this presentation paper is very simple and easy to understand about the aerogel material.
Admixtures are added to concrete mixes to modify properties in both fresh and hardened concrete. Admixtures are classified based on their function, with common types including plasticizers/water reducers, superplasticizers/high range water reducers, and air-entraining admixtures. Permeability reducing admixtures are used to reduce water absorption through concrete by decreasing pore size and connectivity. They can reduce permeability by up to 70% depending on the type used. Proper concrete mix design and admixture dosage are required to achieve waterproofing benefits.
This document discusses various causes and types of dampness that can occur in buildings. It describes rising damp, which occurs when water rises up walls through capillary action from the soil. To prevent this, damp-proof courses (DPCs) made of impervious materials like slate or bitumen felt are installed. Deterioration or bridging of the DPC can lead to dampness. Hygroscopic salts in rising damp water can also cause issues by continuing to attract moisture after repairs. The document also discusses penetrating dampness from external water entering walls, condensation dampness caused by high humidity and ventilation issues, and bridging of cavity walls. Treatments include replacing or injecting new DPCs, drainage improvements,
This presentation deals with green building and the design of green buildings . Green buildings in India. Benefits of Green Buildings. Green Building Rating in India.
The Edge in Amsterdam is an innovative office building that uses a connected lighting system from Philips to create a sustainable and productive work environment. The lighting system allows employees to control lighting and temperature from their phones and provides building managers with occupancy data to optimize operations. This has resulted in estimated energy savings of €100,000 per year and €1.5 million in space utilization costs while improving employee comfort.
IRJET- Ultra Light Weight Concrete – A New Boon to the Field of Construction:...IRJET Journal
This document reviews ultra-lightweight concrete, which can provide both high load bearing capacity and good thermal insulation. It has a dry density of 600-700 kg/m3, compressive strength of 10-20 N/mm2, and thermal conductivity of around 0.12 W/(mk). The document examines the mix design, properties, thermal performance, and applications of ultra-lightweight concrete. It finds that ultra-lightweight concrete walls can control indoor temperatures effectively in both summer and winter by reducing temperature fluctuations of up to 35°C on exterior surfaces.
EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION ON STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF RIGI...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on using glass fibers to improve the strength characteristics of rigid pavement. Glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) gains strength from its high alkali content. Testing showed compressive strength increased with up to 3% glass fiber dosage, reaching a maximum of 26.6 MPa. Flexural strength also increased, allowing for thinner pavement slabs. Regression analysis found a strong correlation between fiber content and strength. The study concluded GFRC with 3% fiber content provides up to 21% reduction in required pavement thickness compared to conventional concrete, making it a more economical option.
EFFECT ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE USING FINE AGGREGATE AS PARTIAL R...IRJET Journal
This document investigates the effect of using fly ash as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion in thermal power plants and its utilization remains low. The study designs concrete mixes with fly ash replacing fine sand at percentages between 46-54%. The compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity of the concrete mixes are then tested at 7 and 28 days. The results are analyzed to understand the impact of different fly ash replacement levels on the mechanical properties of concrete.
IRJET- Strength and Cost Comparision of Bagasse Concrete with the Applicat...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using sugarcane bagasse cinder concrete (SBCC) and ceramic wool insulation for building walls and roofs. Tests were conducted to determine the optimal mix ratios of bagasse cinder, cement, coal ash and lime to achieve sufficient compressive strength around 20MPa. A mix of 50% bagasse cinder, 20% cement, 10% coal ash and 20% lime performed best. Walls constructed with this mix achieved 11.32MPa strength. Additional tests examined using ceramic wool insulation on SBCC walls and roofs. Insulated surfaces saw temperature reductions of up to 22.4°C compared to uninsulated surfaces, improving thermal comfort while reducing energy costs. The research concludes SB
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Bubble Deck Slab Confining High Density ...IRJET Journal
The document presents the results of an experimental investigation comparing bubble deck slabs to conventional slabs. Bubble deck slabs contain voids created by confining high density polyethylene spheres. Three slab specimens were tested: a conventional slab and two bubble deck slabs with different sphere arrangements (zig-zag and uniform). Testing found that the bubble deck slabs had lower load capacities and higher deflections compared to the conventional slab. Of the two bubble deck arrangements, the zig-zag arrangement performed better with a higher load capacity and lower deflection. The study aims to evaluate bubble deck slabs as a means to reduce the self-weight of reinforced concrete structures.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Bubble Deck Slab Confining High Density ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation on bubble deck slabs containing high density polyethylene (HDPE) spheres. Three slab specimens were cast and tested: a conventional slab without spheres, and two bubble deck slabs with zig-zag and uniform arrangements of 60mm HDPE spheres. The bubble deck slabs were found to have significantly reduced self-weight compared to the conventional slab, with up to a 1/3 reduction in thickness. Load testing showed that the bubble deck slabs maintained sufficient load carrying capacity despite the weight reduction. The results indicate that bubble deck construction can provide weight and cost savings for buildings without compromising structural integrity.
Effect of Annealing on Erosion Behavior of Atmospheric Plasma Spray and High ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effect of annealing on the erosion behavior of tungsten carbide-chromium carbide-nickel coatings applied via atmospheric plasma spray (APS) and high-velocity oxy-fuel spray (HVOF). Samples were annealed at 550 degrees Celsius and tested for erosion resistance at 450-575 degrees using alumina powder. Results showed that both coatings exhibited improved hardness after annealing, with HVOF showing greater hardness gains and wear resistance than APS. HVOF coatings also demonstrated superior erosion performance compared to APS coatings and uncoated steel substrates across all test conditions due to retaining a higher percentage of hard carbides at elevated temperatures.
Underwater concrete (UWC) requires special mix designs, placement techniques, and quality control due to the challenges of placing concrete underwater. The document discusses types of materials used in UWC including cement, aggregates, and admixtures. It also describes common placement methods like the tremie method, pump method, and bagwork. Construction techniques for placing UWC include the use of caissons and cofferdams to create a dry work environment. Proper production, quality control measures, and maintenance are needed to ensure the durability of underwater concrete structures.
IRJET-Replacement of Cement by Granite Powder in Paver BlocksIRJET Journal
This study investigated using granite powder to replace cement in paver blocks. Granite powder is a byproduct of stone crushing that is currently underutilized. The study tested paver blocks with 25%, 50%, and 75% cement replaced by granite powder. Testing showed that replacing 25% of cement with granite powder increased the compressive strength by 7% and flexural strength by 12% compared to normal paver blocks. Water absorption was slightly higher but still under 6% for the 25% replacement. Residual compressive strength after heating to 150°C was also highest for the 25% replacement mix. It was determined that the 25% replacement of cement with granite powder provided optimal performance while also reducing costs.
This document discusses case studies and applications of K-Flex oil and gas insulation products. It provides examples of how K-Flex products solve installation difficulties, reduce costs, and allow for easy maintenance. Applications discussed include insulating BOG compressors, nitrogen cycle cryogenic equipment, process lines for nitrogen and oxygen, and heat tracing. K-Flex products are shown to effectively fill gaps, install on uneven surfaces, and be easily removable for maintenance. Potential cost savings are shown through reduced material, labor, and maintenance costs compared to other insulation materials.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation & Strength of Concrete by using Fiber GlassIRJET Journal
1. The document investigates the effect of adding glass fiber on the compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, and workability of concrete.
2. It was found that the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength increased with the addition of glass fiber up to 0.3% by weight of cement. However, workability decreased with fiber contents above 0.1%.
3. The document presents the results of experiments conducted to test the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of concrete mixtures containing different percentages of glass fiber. The strengths were found to generally increase with the addition of fiber up to 0.3%, with decreasing strengths
IRJET- Utilization of Various Industrial Waste Materials as Filler in Aerated...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the utilization of various industrial waste materials as fillers in aerated concrete. Aerated concrete, or foam concrete, is a lightweight concrete made by mixing cement, sand, and an aerating agent that creates air pockets. Using industrial wastes as partial replacements for fine aggregates can further reduce the density of aerated concrete while providing strength benefits and reducing non-recyclable waste. The document discusses the production of aerated concrete and examines literature on using waste materials like quarry dust, rubber crumbs, and plastic granules in aerated concrete mixes. Strength testing shows these materials can improve compressive strength when used as partial substitutes for fine aggregates.
IRJET- An Experimental Study on Effect of Curing Temperature on Geopolymer Co...IRJET Journal
This study experimentally investigated the effect of curing temperature on the properties of geopolymer concrete made with fly ash and foundry sand. Three mixtures were tested with 0%, 10%, and 20% replacement of normal sand with foundry sand. Specimens were cured at ambient temperature or in an oven at temperatures ranging from 60-90°C. Results showed heat curing increased compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength compared to ambient curing. Replacing 10% normal sand with foundry sand produced the highest strengths. Compressive strength increased up to 70% with heat curing versus ambient. Maximum strength was achieved with 90°C heat curing for 24 hours. In conclusion, heat c
UTILIZATION OF RICE HUSK ASH AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT FOR CEMENT IN CONCRETEIRJET Journal
The document discusses utilizing rice husk ash as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Rice husk ash is a byproduct of rice milling and contains pozzolanic properties that can enhance concrete strength and durability. The study examines replacing cement with 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% rice husk ash by weight in concrete mixes. The results show concrete with up to 15% rice husk ash replacement exhibited higher compressive strength than normal concrete. Using rice husk ash as a supplementary cementing material improves concrete performance while reducing costs and environmental impact. The maximum strengths were obtained with 5% rice husk ash replacement.
Modern Plastics Energy Savings Glycon Corp.Glycon Corp.
1) Rising energy costs are causing plastics processors to focus more on energy efficiency. Screws, barrels, and their heating technologies are a major focus of energy savings efforts.
2) Glycon is studying the energy usage of its DM2 distributive mixing screw which uses already melted material to melt solid pellets, reducing temperatures and energy usage compared to traditional barrier screws.
3) Milacron is distributing Rex Materials Group's TCS barrel heating technology which uses ceramic fibers for fast, accurate, and energy efficient barrel heating without wasted heat like conventional heater bands. Suppliers are introducing several new low-shear, low-temperature mixing and melting technologies to help processors save on energy.
IRJET-Study on Foamed Concrete with Polyurethane as Foaming AgentIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on foamed concrete using polyurethane as a foaming agent. The study tested the properties of foamed concrete with and without fly ash under different curing conditions. Fresh and hardened properties were evaluated including compressive strength, shrinkage, and elastic modulus. Results showed that foamed concrete mixes containing fly ash had better workability and higher compressive strengths compared to mixes without fly ash. Curing conditions also affected properties, with water curing generally providing highest strengths. The study aimed to evaluate foamed concrete as a sustainable building material.
1. TEC Corporation has developed a line of aerogel coatings called Aero-Coat for thermal insulation with varying levels of heat resistance from 120°C to 300°C.
2. The document discusses the specifications and benefits of the different Aero-Coat products, particularly the Aero-Coat-300 which provides insulation for temperatures up to 300°C.
3. Case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of applying the aerogel coating at job sites, such as reducing the surface temperature of pipes at a petroleum refinery in China from 280-300°C to 90-100°C after applying an 8-9mm layer of the coating.
IRJET- Utilization of Bottle Cap and E-Glass Powder on Partial Coarse and ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on utilizing waste materials like bottle caps and e-glass powder as partial replacements for coarse and fine aggregates in concrete.
Trial mixes were conducted to determine the optimum percentages of e-glass and fly ash replacements. Concrete mixtures were then prepared with bottle caps replacing coarse aggregates at 1-4%. Testing showed that workability decreased as bottle cap content increased. Compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths generally increased up to 3% bottle cap replacement but decreased at 4%. Replacing fine aggregate with 10% e-glass and cement with 5% fly ash produced the highest strengths compared to normal concrete. The use of these wastes as partial replacements improved the sustainability of the concrete.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Engineering Properties of Hollow Concret...IRJET Journal
The document investigates the engineering properties of hollow concrete blocks reinforced with basalt fibre. Basalt fibre is added to hollow concrete blocks in amounts of 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% by volume of cement to study its effect on compressive strength. Testing shows that with increased basalt fibre content, the compressive strength and density of the hollow blocks increases while water absorption decreases, with the 1.5% fibre content blocks performing best. The aim is to reduce cracking in hollow concrete block walls through the addition of basalt fibre.
use of fly ash and silica fume as a partial replacement of cement in concreteHIMANSHU KUMAR AGRAHARI
this project was done with help of few members, in this project, we have replaced cement partially with fly ash and silica fumes, and tested the cubes with different mix and at different time of curing period
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
1. HIGH-PERFORMANCE
AEROGEL CONCRETE
Guided By:
Dr. Anupama Krishna D
Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
MBCET, Trivandrum
Presented By:
Savinaj V Santhosh
Roll Number: 53
CE – 2 ; Semester – 7
MBCET, Trivandrum
MBCET
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2. OVERVIEW
➢ INTRODUCTION
➢ OBJECTIVES
➢ WHAT IS HPAC
➢ MATERIALS USED IN HPAC
➢ MIXTURES FOR HPAC
➢ PROPERTIES OF HPAC
➢ ADVANCEMENTS IN HPAC
➢ CASE STUDY
➢ ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF HPAC
➢ CONCLUSION
➢ REFERENCES
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3. ➢ Requirements for the thermal insulation of residential and non-
residential buildings have led to a number of developments in the field
of building materials for massive outer walls.
➢ For thermal insulation it requires building materials with low thermal
conductivity and high compressive strength.
➢ Most of the masonry blocks or concrete show either a low thermal
conductivity with low compression strength or vice versa.
➢ Preferred Lightweight Aggregate Concrete (LWAC) over all other building
materials for insulation.
INTRODUCTION
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5. INTRODUCTION
➢ Still LWAC had low thermal conductivity and comparatively low
compressive strength.
➢ High-performance concrete (HPC) is concrete are stronger than LWAC. It
has high compressive strength of above 80 MPa.
➢ But one of the major demerit of these concrete is its high thermal
conductivity.
➢ The thermal conductivity can be reduced by introducing silica aerogels into
high performance concrete mix instead of aggregates known as High-
Performance Aerogel Concrete (HPAC) and thereby increasing its
compressive strength.
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INTRODUCTION (Contd..)
6. OBJECTIVES
➢ By the development of High-Performance Aerogel Concrete the aim is to
develop a building material, which has low bulk density, low thermal
conductivity and higher compressive strength compared to LWAC.
➢ HPAC makes it suitable for the construction of single-leaf exterior walls of
multi-storey buildings without any further thermal insulation.
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7. WHAT IS HPAC ?
➢ Prepared by embedding silica aerogel granules
in a high strength cement matrix.
➢ HPAC is extremely water repellent and protects from moisture damage
corrosion.
➢ HPAC is a High Thermal Insulating material with
High Compressive Strength.
➢ HPAC retains its shape in high-temperature
exposure and does not crack, clump, or sag like other insulating materials.
➢ The thermal conductivities are in the range 0.16 ≤ λ ≤ 0.37 W/(mK).
➢ The compressive strength is about 60 MPa, further could be increased by
providing reinforcement for about 80 MPa or greater.
MBCET
Fig 1: Microstructure of HPAC. [1]
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8. MATERIALS USED IN HPAC
1.SILICA AEROGEL
2.HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE
1. SILICA AEROGEL
➢ Created by SAMUEL STEPHENS KISTLER.
➢ Also called blue or frozen smoke.
➢ Traditional thermal insulating building material.
➢ Nano-porous material with remarkable properties:
1. High specific surface area (500–1200 m2/g).
2. High porosity (80–99.8%).
3. Low density (0.003 g/cm3).
4. Ultra-low dielectric constant (k = 1.0–2.0).
5. High thermal insulation value (0.005 W/(mK)).
6. Low index of refraction (1.05).
Fig 2: Silica Aerogel.
(Source: www.googleimage.com)
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9. MATERIALS USED IN HPAC (Contd..)
Synthesis of Silica Aerogel
The synthesis of silica aerogels can be
divided into 3 general steps:
a. Gel Preparation
b. Aging of Gel
c. Drying of Gel
Fig 3: Synthesis of Silica Aerogel.[3]
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10. 2. HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE
➢ HPC possesses high workability, high strength and high durability.
➢ Gives excellent performance in the structure in which it will be placed.
➢ Compressive strength > 80 MPa.
➢ Main characteristic properties are:
1. Low porosity.
2. It has very low permeability.
3. High resistance to chemical attack.
4. Low heat of hydration.
5. High early strength.
6. Low Bleeding.
MATERIALS USED IN HPAC (Contd..)
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11. MIXTURES FOR HPAC
➢ Silica Aerogel granules used :
- amount varies from 45 to 70 %.
- particle size from 0.01 mm to 4.0 mm.
- a thermal conductivity of ≤0.02 W/(mK).
- porosity > 90%.
➢ Flow behaviour is adjusted by the amount
of superplasticizers used (e.g., sulphonated
melamine formaldehyde (SMF), sulphonated
naphthalene formaldehyde (SNF) etc.)
Portland Cement kg/m3 541.0
Silica Aerogel Granule vol% 61.4
Silica Suspension wt% * 13.0
Superplasticizer wt%* 3.6
Organic Stabilizer wt%* 0.5
w/c based on the amount of - -
the cement used.
MBCET
Table 2: Reference mixture of HPAC. [4]
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12. 01
02
03
04
Add water-silica mixture,
water-plasticizer mixture
and the stabilizer
After restarting the mixing,
add the remaining water
and continuing to mix
Add the inorganic
binder during a
suspension of mixing
Mixing aerogel and
any lightweight
aggregates
MIXTURES FOR HPAC (Contd..)
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Fig 4: Preparation of HPAC.
(Source: www.googleimage.com)
13. PROPERTIES OF HPAC
1. Dry Bulk Density
▪ Due to the absence of sand and coarse aggregate the solid content
of HPAC is reduced resulting in lower dry bulk density.
MBCET
Fig 5: Relation between the Aerogel amount and the Dry Bulk Density of
High-Performance Aerogel Concrete compared to Aerogel Concrete. [4]
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14. 2. Compressive Strength
▪ Performed using Universal Testing Machine
with constant load speed set to 9 kN/s.
▪ Compressive strength of HPAC was higher
than 600 kg/m3, which is equal to 60 MPa.
▪ Compressive strength of HPAC is higher
than that of the Aerogel Concrete.
PROPERTIES OF HPAC (Contd..)
MBCET
Fig 6: Relation between Dry Bulk Density and
Compressive Strength of HPAC
compared to Aerogel Concrete. [4]
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15. 3. Flexural Tensile Strength
▪ Flexural tensile strength of HPAC was determined for
eight mixtures with an amount of aerogel granule
between 45% to 70% volume.
▪ Four-point bending tests performed on the samples
with dimensions: 700mm x 150 mmx150 mm.
▪ Flexural tensile strength of HPAC is slightly lower
than that of LWAC.
PROPERTIES OF HPAC (Contd..)
MBCET
Fig 7: Four-point bending test
(Source: www.googleimage.com)
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16. 3. Flexural Tensile Strength (Contd..)
PROPERTIES OF HPAC (Contd..)
MBCET
Fig 8: Relation between Compressive Strength and Tensile Strength
of HPAC in comparison to Lightweight Aggregate Concrete.[4]
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17. 4. Young’s Modulus
▪ Standard cylinders with dimensions of
150mm x 300mm are used to determine
the Young’s Modulus of the mixtures.
▪ Young’s modulus of HPAC is slightly
lower than that of LWAC.
PROPERTIES OF HPAC (Contd..)
MBCET
Fig 9: Relation between the Compression Strength and
Young’s Modulus in comparison to Lightweight
Aggregate Concrete.[4]
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18. 5. Thermal Conductivity
▪ Thermal conductivity is determined using the
Heat Flow Meter Method.
▪ 14 days after concreting cubes with an edge
length of 150 mm were cut into slices of
30 mm thickness and stored in a drying
cabinet at 100°C for 24 hrs before testing.
▪ Thermal conductivity of HPAC is very much
lower compared to Aerogel concrete.
PROPERTIES OF HPAC (Contd..)
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Fig 10: Heat Flow Meter Method
(Source: www.googleimage.com)
19. 5. Thermal Conductivity (Contd..)
PROPERTIES OF HPAC (Contd..)
MBCET
Fig 11: Relation between Compressive Strength and Thermal
Conductivity of HPAC compared to Aerogel concrete. [4]
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20. ADVANCEMENTS IN HPAC
➢REINFORCED HPAC
▪ The comparatively low flexural tensile strength of
HPAC result in the need for reinforcement if HPAC
is intended to use for construction members
subjected to bending.
▪ GFRP reinforcement bars were used in order to
avoid negative effects on the thermal conductivity
of HPAC and problems resulting from different
thermal expansion coefficients which may be
caused by steel reinforcement. Fig 12: Test Set Up for the Pull-Out tests.[6]
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MBCET
21. ➢GRADED HPAC
▪ Thermal insulating properties of HPAC is achieved by
the realization of graded HPAC members.
▪ It consists of:
i) load carrying layer with a high compression strength.
ii) an insulating layer with a low thermal conductivity
▪ The bond strength or shear strength, respectively, and
the adhesive tensile strength is very much higher.
MBCET
ADVANCEMENTS IN HPAC (Contd..)
Fig 13: Graded HPAC.
Above: heat-insulating layer,
Below: load carrying layer.[6]
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22. ➢3D PRINTABLE AEREOGEL CONCRETE
▪ Aerogel incorporated concrete is suitable for 3D printing.
▪ The optimal replacement range for sand by silica aerogel
in a cementitious mixture was about 0% – 20% by volume.
▪ The thermal conductivity of the cast and printed
specimens decreased gradually with an increase in the
aerogel content.
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ADVANCEMENTS IN HPAC (Contd..)
Fig 14: 3D Printed Aerogel Concrete.[6]
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24. CASE STUDY 1
STUDY OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF AEROGEL-
CEMENT MORTARS FOR IMPROVING THE FIRE SAFETY OF HIGH-
PERFORMANCE CONCRETE LININGS IN TUNNELS.
▪ The St. Gotthard Tunnel in Switzerland.
▪ The Mont-Blanc Tunnel in France-Italy.
(Authors: Pinghua Zhu, Samuel Brunner, Shanyu Zhao and Michele Griffa)
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25. INTRODUCTION
➢ Tunnel fire that occurred during the past decades increased the interest in
structural fire safety of large underground facilities and have highlighted
the importance of increasing the fire resistance in materials and structural
design of tunnels.
➢ During tunnel fires HPC results in explosive spalling, causing devastating
damage of the tunnel structure, which threatens both, civilians and
emergency response units.
➢ Solution to this problem is to make use of a highly-insulating layer.
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26. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
➢ Aim of making use of highly-insulating layer to delay the heating of the
HPC and extending the performance of the main concrete structure of the
tunnel under fire.
➢ Uses silica aerogel in the protection of concrete linings by coating with a
layer of High-Performance Aerogel Concrete.
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27. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
➢THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
▪ Small cylindrical aerogel-cement mortar samples
(ϕ 60 mm × 15 mm) were measured on a
custom-built guarded hot plate device with
guarded zone: 50 × 50 mm2, measuring zone:
25 × 25 mm2 having a 15°C temperature
difference, which was originally designed for
small samples of low thermal conductivity
materials.
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Fig 15: Guarded Hot Plate Device
(Source: www.googleimage.com)
28. INFERENCE:
For avoiding or delaying the explosive spalling of HPC tunnel linings, the
thermal conductivity of the aerogel mortars used is the essential parameter
to be controlled..
● without aerogels-thermal conductivity 1.7 W/(mK),
● With the addition 33% in volume of silica aerogels, thermal conductivity
was about 0.4 W/(mK)
With increasing amounts of aerogels in the mortar, proportionally smaller
decrease of thermal conductivity is observed.
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EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION (Contd..)
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29. ➢EVALUATION OF EXPLOSIVE SPALLING
▪ Thermal loading was performed from one side of the specimens
(corresponding to the side coated with aerogel mortar and uncoated HPC)
using a heating plate.
▪ The heating process started from room temperature and the temperature
of the plate was increased uniformly up to a maximum temperature of
600 °C within about 40 min.
▪ The maximum temperature was kept for 2h, followed by free cooling down
on the heating plate in ambient air.
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30. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION (Contd..)
MBCET
Fig 16: Modelling method of Tunnel and Lining.[7] Fig 17: Design method of Silica Aerogel Coating.[7]
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31. INFERENCE:
● The HPC cube without aerogel protection spalled after 25 min of thermal
loading, confirming the susceptibility of HPC to explosive spalling when
exposed to high temperatures .
● In the case of the HPC samples protected by a aerogel layer, explosive
spalling occurred later on samples with thinner mortar layer at 68 and 148
min after the start of loading.
● On samples with thicker layers, spalling did not occur during the testing
period.
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EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION (Contd..)
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32. CONCLUSION OF THE STUDY
➢ In this study, a strategy for protecting tunnel shield high performance
concrete (HPC) from explosive spalling was suggested, consisting in coating
the surface with High-Performance Aerogel Concrete of low thermal
conductivity.
➢ In a series of preliminary tests, layers of 40–50 mm of such aerogel
mortars were able to prevent fire spalling of high-performance concrete
cubes.
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33. CASE STUDY 2
10/30/2022
STUDY ON THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF EXTERIOR WALLS COVERED
WITH SILICA-AEROGEL-BASED INSULATING COATING.
▪ Domestic Buildings in Switzerland.
▪ Buildings in cities of Basel and Zurich.
(Authors: Mohamad Ibrahim, Pascal Henry Biwole and Etienne Wurtz)
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34. INTRODUCTION
➢ The building's external fabric is in continuous interaction with the outside
environment.
➢ The outside surface temperature of the walls/roof is greatly affected by
the outer air temperature and solar radiation leading to fluctuations in the
heat flux passing through them to the inside.
➢ The lower the energy consumption, the better is the wall.
➢ Solution to this problem is make use of an insulating layer with low
thermal conductivity.
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35. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
➢ Aims at examining the energy behaviour of the buildings multi-layer
exterior wall structures.
➢ To find the best wall structure and best position of insulation layers within
exterior walls for continuous heating, intermittent heating, and no heating
operation modes using HPAC.
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Fig 18: Silica-Aerogel-Based Coating.[9]
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36. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
➢ Done on test-cell of a small-scale building
composed of three cells (current test cell,
adjacent cell, and acquisition cell).
➢ The test-cell is composed of two external walls
having orientations south and east, and two
internal walls (partitions with the other cells).
➢ The volume of the test cell is 30 m3.
➢ The south wall is taken as the test wall, composed
of concrete (external layer), glass wool & plaster.
➢ Then, added a 4 cm layer of the HPAC coating on
its external surface.
MBCET
Fig 19: Test Cell (and Adjacent Cells) [9]
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37. Material Thickness
(cm)
Thermal
conductivity
(W/(mK))
Specific heat
(J/(kg.K))
Density (kg/m3)
Plaster (inside layer) 1.3 0.32 800 790
Glass wool 16 0.041 840 12
Concrete 5 2.1 800 2400
Aerogel coating 4 0.027 1100 200
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION (Contd..)
Table 3: Thermo-Physical properties for South Wall construction materials in the Test Cell. [9]
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38. ➢ Temperatures are measured using K-type Thermo-couples
with a precision of ±0.3 C.
➢ They are placed:
i) at the exterior surface of the coating,
ii) at the interface between the coating and the concrete,
iii) at the interface between concrete and internal insulation
(glass wool), and
iv) at the interior surface of the plaster layer.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION (Contd..)
MBCET
Fig 20: Temperature Sensors
Within the South Wall.[9]
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39. INFERENCE
➢ Placing the insulation at the middle of the wall and at the interior surface
provides the best performance.
➢ Placing the insulation at the interior wall surface is the best solution when
considering the discomfort hours during the occupied period.
➢ Exterior insulation is the worst of all cases when considering the
discomfort hours during the occupied period.
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40. MBCET
CONCLUSION OF THE STUDY
In this study, a strategy for understanding which layer of the wall would
provide better insulation while coating with High-Performance Aerogel
Concrete was undertaken. Results revealed that placing the insulation at the
interior wall surface is the best solution.
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41. ADVANTAGES OF HPAC
➢ Low Thermal Conductivity.
➢ High Stability of Aerogel in Concrete.
➢ Highly Durable.
➢ Low Density.
➢ Light Weight.
➢ High Frost Resistance.
➢ Energy Efficient.
ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF HPAC
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42. LIMITATIONS OF HPAC
➢ Highly Expensive
➢ Low Modulus of Elasticity
➢ High Tendency to Shrink.
➢ Low Bond Stress compared to HPC.
➢ Requirement of reinforcement.
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43. CONCLUSION
➢ HPAC shows an improved correlation between dry bulk density and
compressive strength as well as compressive strength and thermal
conductivity.
➢ HPAC shows an improved performance over the full spectrum of
investigated compressive strength in the range 25MPa ≤ fcm ≤ 60MPa.
➢ Due to low flexural and tensile strength of HPAC, reinforcement is required
if HPAC is intended to be use for construction members subjected to
bending.
➢ HPAC can be used to avoid exposure spalling during tunnel fires.
➢ Layer of 40-50 mm of silica aerogel were able to prevent fire spalling.
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44. ➢ Lower thermal conductivity, high sound absorption and high fire
resistance of HPAC allows the production of load-carrying, single-leaf
exterior walls without any further thermal insulation.
➢ HPAC with 50 vol% aerogel content showed the sound absorption capacity
of µ = 0.309, which was about 38 % better than normal-weight concrete.
➢ The HPAC achieved a thermal conductivity of λ = 0.26 that is approx. 25.7
% lower as the LWAC’s thermal conductivity by the same density.
➢ The modulus of elasticity of HPAC with 50 vol% aerogel content was about
8000-10,000 MPa and is comparable to LWAC with the same bulk density.
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CONCLUSION (Contd..)
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45. REFERENCES
[1] Fickler, S., Milow, B., Ratke, L., Schnellenbach-Held, M. and Welsch, T.
(2015), “Development of High-Performance Aerogel Concrete”, Energy
Procedia 78, 406-411.
[2] Shah, S. N., Mo, H. K., Yap, S.P. and Radwan, M., K.H. (2021), “Towards an
Energy Efficient Cement Composite Incorporating Silica Aerogel: A State-of-
the-Art Review”, Journal of Building Engineering 44, 103227.
[3] Lamy-Mendes, A., Pontinha, A. D. R., Alves, P., Santos, P. and Duraes, L.
(2021), “Progress in Silica Aerogel-Containing Materials for Building’s
Thermal Insulation”, Construction and Building Materials 286, 122815.
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46. [4] Welsch, T. and Schnellenbach-Held, M. (2018), “High Performance
Aerogel Concrete”, High Tech Concrete: Where Technology and Engineering
Meet, 117-124.
[5] Wang, Y., Huang, J., Wang, D., Liu, Y., Zhao, Z. and Liu, J. (2019),
“Experimental Investigation on Thermal Conductivity of Aerogel
Incorporated Concrete Under Various Hygrothermal Environment”, Energy
Procedia 188, 115999.
[6] Schnellenbach-Held, M. and Welsch, T. (2016), “Advancements in High
Performance Aerogel Concrete”, Structural Engineering, Mechanics and
Computation, 1577-1582.
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REFERENCES (Contd..)
47. [7] Liu, S., Zhu, P. and Li, X. (2020), “Design Approach for Improving Fire-
Resistance Performance of Tunnel Lining Based on SiO2 Aerogel Coating”,
Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 34 (3), 0402003.
[8] Zhu, P., Brunner, S., Zhao, S., Griffa, M., Leemann, A., Toropovs, N., Lura,
P., Malekos, A. and Koebel, M. M. (2019), “Study of Physical Properties and
Microstructure of Aerogel Cement Mortars for Improving the Fire Safety of
High-Performance Concrete Linings in Tunnels”, Cement and Concrete
Composites 104, 103414.
[9] Ibrahim, M., Biwole, H. P., Wurtz, E. and Achard, P. (2014), “A Study on the
Thermal Performance of Exterior Walla Covered with Silica-Aerogel-Based
Insulating Coating”, Building and Environment 81, 112-122.
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REFERENCES (Contd..)