The document discusses the policy-making process. It defines policy and describes the stages of the policy-making cycle as agenda setting, formulation, implementation, review and evaluation. It recognizes that policy-making is complex and political. It discusses the concept of "windows of opportunity" when problems, policies and politics align to allow policy changes. It describes how problems, policies and political environments interact in the policy-making process. It emphasizes the importance of framing issues and having policy champions to lead policy changes through the opportunities created by windows of opportunity.
This document provides an overview of public policy analysis. It defines policy analysis as using evidence and reason to select the best policy among alternatives to address a problem. The summary discusses three key points:
1) Policy analysis integrates methods from multiple disciplines like political science, economics, and sociology to produce information relevant to policy problems, potential solutions, and outcomes.
2) There are three main forms of policy analysis: prospective focuses on predicting future impacts before implementation; retrospective examines past policies after implementation; and integrated combines both approaches.
3) A good policy analysis considers what is known empirically, what is valued, and what actions should be taken to resolve issues - requiring the use of descriptive, normative,
This document outlines the 8 key steps for developing and evaluating policy:
1. Describe the problem by identifying causes, impacts, perceptions, and potential solutions.
2. Assess readiness by determining community and organizational support and resources.
3. Develop goals, objectives, and policy options to address the problem.
4. Identify decision makers and influencers who will support the policy.
5. Build support by persuading decision makers through various approaches.
6. Draft the specific details and requirements of the policy.
7. Implement the policy along with an enforcement and communication plan.
8. Evaluate and monitor the policy to ensure it is achieving its goals and identify needed changes.
The policy-making process refers to the series of steps that governments and organizations follow to address challenges. It generally involves agenda setting to identify issues, problem definition through research, formulating potential solutions, adopting a policy, implementation, monitoring and evaluation, adjustment if needed, and termination when obsolete. The process is often iterative and influenced by political and social factors, requiring collaboration and stakeholder input.
The document outlines the policy analysis and formulation process at the National Defence College. It begins with conceptual definitions of key terms like policy, public policy, strategy, policy analysis, formulation, and implementation. It then covers characteristics of policy like types, nature, and actors. Models of the policy process are presented including rational-comprehensive and stages models. The scope of the policy exercise at the college is described over three terms involving analysis, formulation, and implementation. An outline for policy analysis and formulation is provided as an example of the process taught.
The document discusses agricultural policy making in Kenya. It notes that agriculture is a key economic sector but faces challenges like poor policy formulation and implementation. The 2010 constitution made the process more complex by devolving some agricultural functions to county governments (1).
The national government is responsible for policies, guidelines, disaster management, and capacity building. County governments handle crop/animal husbandry, sale yards, abattoirs, disease control, and fisheries (2). Effective policies require evidence-based formulation, impact analysis, and effective implementation (3).
Coordination between stakeholders is important given the many actors involved. The Agriculture Intergovernmental Forum and Joint Agriculture Sector Steering Committee aim to coordinate national and county governments
This document outlines the public policy formulation process. It begins with defining key concepts like policy and public policy. The public policy formulation process has four phases - initiation, generation, implementation, and evaluation. The initiation phase involves agenda-setting, identifying policy issues, and stakeholder engagement. The generation phase is when policies are formulated and drafted. Implementation involves enacting the policies. Evaluation is monitoring and assessing the policies. The document provides details on steps like policy analysis and stakeholder consultation that are part of the initiation and generation phases of the public policy formulation process.
The document outlines the key phases and steps involved in the policy process: 1) Initiation which includes agenda-setting, identifying policy instruments, and stakeholder engagement; 2) Generation which includes formulating and drafting policy; 3) Implementation of the policy; and 4) Evaluation of the policy through monitoring. Some of the main steps described include identifying issues, analyzing alternatives, engaging stakeholders, setting objectives, and publishing the final policy.
This document outlines the eight stages of policy formulation: 1) identifying the problem, 2) reviewing existing policies, 3) developing alternative solutions, 4) setting goals, 5) building public support, 6) legislating or announcing the policy, 7) implementing the policy, and 8) evaluating the policy. It defines policy as a formal statement by an organization to address issues like poverty or the environment. The stages involve thoroughly understanding the problem, exploring options, gaining support, enacting and enforcing the policy, and assessing its effectiveness.
This document provides an overview of public policy analysis. It defines policy analysis as using evidence and reason to select the best policy among alternatives to address a problem. The summary discusses three key points:
1) Policy analysis integrates methods from multiple disciplines like political science, economics, and sociology to produce information relevant to policy problems, potential solutions, and outcomes.
2) There are three main forms of policy analysis: prospective focuses on predicting future impacts before implementation; retrospective examines past policies after implementation; and integrated combines both approaches.
3) A good policy analysis considers what is known empirically, what is valued, and what actions should be taken to resolve issues - requiring the use of descriptive, normative,
This document outlines the 8 key steps for developing and evaluating policy:
1. Describe the problem by identifying causes, impacts, perceptions, and potential solutions.
2. Assess readiness by determining community and organizational support and resources.
3. Develop goals, objectives, and policy options to address the problem.
4. Identify decision makers and influencers who will support the policy.
5. Build support by persuading decision makers through various approaches.
6. Draft the specific details and requirements of the policy.
7. Implement the policy along with an enforcement and communication plan.
8. Evaluate and monitor the policy to ensure it is achieving its goals and identify needed changes.
The policy-making process refers to the series of steps that governments and organizations follow to address challenges. It generally involves agenda setting to identify issues, problem definition through research, formulating potential solutions, adopting a policy, implementation, monitoring and evaluation, adjustment if needed, and termination when obsolete. The process is often iterative and influenced by political and social factors, requiring collaboration and stakeholder input.
The document outlines the policy analysis and formulation process at the National Defence College. It begins with conceptual definitions of key terms like policy, public policy, strategy, policy analysis, formulation, and implementation. It then covers characteristics of policy like types, nature, and actors. Models of the policy process are presented including rational-comprehensive and stages models. The scope of the policy exercise at the college is described over three terms involving analysis, formulation, and implementation. An outline for policy analysis and formulation is provided as an example of the process taught.
The document discusses agricultural policy making in Kenya. It notes that agriculture is a key economic sector but faces challenges like poor policy formulation and implementation. The 2010 constitution made the process more complex by devolving some agricultural functions to county governments (1).
The national government is responsible for policies, guidelines, disaster management, and capacity building. County governments handle crop/animal husbandry, sale yards, abattoirs, disease control, and fisheries (2). Effective policies require evidence-based formulation, impact analysis, and effective implementation (3).
Coordination between stakeholders is important given the many actors involved. The Agriculture Intergovernmental Forum and Joint Agriculture Sector Steering Committee aim to coordinate national and county governments
This document outlines the public policy formulation process. It begins with defining key concepts like policy and public policy. The public policy formulation process has four phases - initiation, generation, implementation, and evaluation. The initiation phase involves agenda-setting, identifying policy issues, and stakeholder engagement. The generation phase is when policies are formulated and drafted. Implementation involves enacting the policies. Evaluation is monitoring and assessing the policies. The document provides details on steps like policy analysis and stakeholder consultation that are part of the initiation and generation phases of the public policy formulation process.
The document outlines the key phases and steps involved in the policy process: 1) Initiation which includes agenda-setting, identifying policy instruments, and stakeholder engagement; 2) Generation which includes formulating and drafting policy; 3) Implementation of the policy; and 4) Evaluation of the policy through monitoring. Some of the main steps described include identifying issues, analyzing alternatives, engaging stakeholders, setting objectives, and publishing the final policy.
This document outlines the eight stages of policy formulation: 1) identifying the problem, 2) reviewing existing policies, 3) developing alternative solutions, 4) setting goals, 5) building public support, 6) legislating or announcing the policy, 7) implementing the policy, and 8) evaluating the policy. It defines policy as a formal statement by an organization to address issues like poverty or the environment. The stages involve thoroughly understanding the problem, exploring options, gaining support, enacting and enforcing the policy, and assessing its effectiveness.
Module 4: Policy Making as a Process Dima course contentMichael Kenny
This 24 slide presentation Policy Making as a Process is Module 4 of a nine (9) module online course for adult education policy makers and practitioners to complement an innovative toolkit to guide adult education policy and practice.
Participation in adult education varies significantly across states and regions of Europe! Why? Evidence and literature suggests a wide disparity in policy making, programming and implementation skills in the adult education sector across Europe. It is imperative that policy makers and programme managers address this disparity to foster life-long learning for a smart-sustainable Europe (see EU2020 https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/economic-and-fiscal-policy-coordination/eu-economic-governance-monitoring-prevention-correction/european-semester/framework/europe-2020-strategy_en) and to achieve a European target of 15% of the adult population engaged in learning.
In response to this challenge, the ERASMUS+ DIMA project (See https://dima-project.eu/index.php/en/, 2015 to 2017) developed a practical 9 module online course to complement an innovative toolkit to guide adult education policy and practice. The DIMA toolkit (See https://dima-project.eu/index.php/en/toolkit) introduces tools for developing, implementing, and monitoring adult education policies, strategies, and practices.
Author: Michael Kenny and DIMA Project partners (https://dima-project.eu/index.php/en/partners)
International Economic Policy Analysis for Africa and developing countries.pptxGeorgeKabongah2
This course provides the theoretical, historical, institutional and technical background for effective advocacy of international economic policy.
The focus is on the political economy of international trade, foreign direct investment, exchange rates, portfolio capital flows and the balance of payments, industrial policy and international labor migration.
It is not a course on economics and students are not expected to have any background in the study of economics though some economic concepts will be employed and discussed.
This document provides guidance on writing effective policy briefs. It outlines key challenges policymakers face in accessing and using research evidence, such as lack of relevant or reliable research. It recommends that researchers establish strong linkages with policymakers, provide evidence in user-friendly formats, and interpret research in its specific context. The document also cautions against criticizing policies without solutions or biased recommendations. Effective policy briefs are focused, evidence-based, succinct, understandable, and practical. They typically include sections on context, critique of current policies, and recommendations. The brief should be tailored to the specific dispositions and interests of its intended readers, which can include policymakers, lawyers, and academics from various backgrounds.
The lecture discusses two models of the policy process:
1) The BiH-UNDP cycle which includes 5 stages - setting the agenda, formulation, legitimizing, implementation, and evaluation.
2) The LG-NRM cycle which includes 7 stages - issue identification, clarifying options, consultation, approval, implementation, evaluation, and review.
Both models present the policy process as cyclical with feedback between stages. The process begins with identifying the need for a policy and proceeds through development, approval, implementation, and assessment to inform future policy decisions.
Plutus IAS is best coaching center in Delhi. It provides live online online classes, mock test series, weekly current affairs classes, mentoring sessions and all other facilities. So are you looking for online IAS classes? Plutus IAS provide you both online and offline class. Our excellent faculty make you expert in all subject. The faculty is highly experienced and dedicated, and they use innovative teaching methods to help students understand complex concepts. Additionally, Plutus IAS provides students with access to an extensive online resources library, which includes practice questions, mock tests and e-books. We also update our students by providing daily current affairs. You get all course with reasonable price. So come to our office and get more information from us.
Our office address: C 59, C Block, Sector 2, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301
Our website Address: https://plutusias.com/current-affairs/
ASIS Guideline #4 2021 - Testing new social innovation policies on local and ...armelleguillermet
This document provides guidance on testing new social innovation policies at the local and regional level. It discusses:
1. Defining the policies and interventions to be tested, including policies that are socially innovative in process and those that enhance social innovation. Interventions are the specific actions taken to address a problem.
2. Specifying a 'theory of change' that identifies the causal links between the intervention, its expected outcomes, and the broader goals being pursued.
3. Determining the outcomes to measure, related outcome indicators, and plans for collecting the necessary data.
4. Estimating a counterfactual to understand what would have happened in the absence of the intervention for comparison.
5. Analyzing
ASIS project - Guidelines #4 - TESTING NEW SOCIAL INNOVATION POLICIES ON LOCA...armelleguillermet
This document provides guidance for policymakers on testing social innovation policies at the local and regional level through impact evaluations. It discusses defining the policy or intervention to be evaluated, developing a theory of change, specifying outcomes and indicators, estimating the counterfactual, analyzing effects, disseminating findings, and applying lessons learned to future reforms. The goal is to help policymakers design strong evaluations that produce reliable evidence of what works to inform decision-making and ongoing social innovation efforts.
Preparation for Policy Formulation, Data on Educational Personnel_20231223_11...DrHafizKosar
What Is Policy?
Policy refers to a purposeful set of principles designed to steer decision making and attain logical results. It serves as a declaration of intentions and is put into action as a method or set of guidelines. Typically endorsed by a governing body within an organization, policies provide a framework for consistent and informed choices, helping to align actions with desired objectives.
Educational Policy
Educational policy refers to a set of principles, guidelines, laws, and strategies formulated by governments or educational authorities to regulate and guide the development and functioning of the education system within a specific jurisdiction.
Policy Formulation
The policy formulation process is a crucial aspect of governance that involves the systematic development and establishment of principles, guidelines, and actions to address specific issues or achieve particular objectives. The Importance of Policy Formulation
Policy formulation plays a critical role in shaping society and addressing important issues. Policies guide decisionmaking and action, and they can have a significant impact on individuals and communities. Effective policies can promote economic growth, protect public health and safety, and advance social justice and equality.Factors Affecting Educational Policies
Social Factors: Changing demographics drive the need for inclusive education systems. Social pressure prompts policymakers to create policies ensuring equal educational opportunities. Policies aim to promote diversity, multiculturalism, and inclusivity in schools.
Political Factors: Education policy is shaped by the ideologies and priorities of the ruling government. Governments recognize the importance of an educated citizenry for power and dominance. Specific policies depend on political beliefs; conservative governments may streamline curriculum, while liberal ones emphasize social justice and inclusion.
Economic Factors: Economic development, resource availability, and funding priorities determine financial investment in education. Limited financial backing results in a lack of resources and support for students. Affluent societies prioritize student needs and provide adequate funding for services and resources.
Training Slides - BUILDING A GENDER INCLUSIVE EDUCATION POLICY.pptxIbrahimBello33
This document discusses gender inclusive education policy formulation. It outlines the objectives of training policymakers to recognize and address gender issues in education policy. It discusses key concepts like public policy, the policy cycle, and actors involved in policymaking. It also covers Nigeria's national education policy, including trends, challenges, and analyzing state budgets. Finally, it introduces gender mainstreaming as a strategy for achieving gender equality and outlines the gender mainstreaming cycle and important actors in developing gender inclusive education policies.
This document discusses the context and process of education reform in developing countries. It outlines several factors shaping the context for reform, including globalization, human development advances, tradition, budget constraints, and the changing roles of governments, NGOs and international organizations. The document also examines the policymaking cycle, including the need to develop evidence-based, rational approaches to reform through assessment, goal-setting, decision-making, implementation, evaluation and institutionalization. Finally, it concludes that successful reform requires understanding both the macro and micro contexts, employing a collaborative process, and establishing realistic goals that are implemented through analysis and stakeholder participation.
G
et
ty
Im
ag
es
Learning Objectives
In this chapter you will learn to:
•Demonstrate knowledge of the key concepts in public policy formulation and adoption.
•Identify the key actors involved in public policy formulation and adoption.
•Identify the different arenas of influence and contexts in which public policy formulation and
adoption occur.
Formulating, Designing,
and Adopting Policy
5
the80472_05_c05_145-188.indd 145 11/21/12 12:48 PM
Section 5.1 What Is Policy Formulation? CHAPTER 5
Federal public policies do not just appear; they have to be created or designed and then adopted by an authoritative decision-making body. If policies are to solve per-ceived problems or emerging issues, then analysis of the most appropriate action
to address the problem must take place. As Chapter 1 discussed, policy makers can then
choose which type of policy to formulate and adopt. The choice of policy type will also
include decisions about who will benefit and who will bear the burden of the policy, based
on how groups are socially constructed. In essence, this amounts to which target popula-
tion will be affected by the policy. Groups that society perceives negatively will either be
ignored or negatively affected by the policy. Analysis involves policy makers’ choosing
among alternative courses of action. Inherent in this process is the fact that policy makers
must deal with the question of policy design—selecting the correct set of instruments that
can actually be adopted and best match the problem. Simply, for successful policy formu-
lation, a policy must be politically adoptable. Ideally, the best policy formulation solves
the identified problem. In actuality, policy formulation is a political exercise in which the
best policy is often sacrificed in favor of an adoptable policy. In sum, the policy must be
acceptable to those who adopt policy as well as to target populations. Just as a football
team needs support to help it play well, policy formulation is influenced heavily by policy
makers’ need to win support for their proposed policy from policy actors within the for-
mal institutions of government and society as a whole.
Once policy alternatives are designed, however, some kind of governmental decision must
be made regarding the direction and type of governmental action that will follow. This
seemingly simple act of making the decision to adopt a proposed course of policy action
represents a defining moment in the policy process. Only by adopting policies can a pro-
posed course of action garner legitimacy within the political and public arena. In sum, the
policy adoption stage represents the critical stage in which policy makers politically explore
alternatives in the law-making arenas, conduct debate and negotiate within the legislative
bodies, and take official actions to promote specific legislative positions over others.
5.1 What Is Policy Formulation?
Once a problem or issue is on the public age ...
The document discusses attempts over the last 14 years to improve policy making in the UK government. It identifies four main areas of focus: process, qualities, structures, and politics. While the goals of these reform efforts are widely agreed upon, the document argues there remains a gap between the theory presented and the realities of policy making practice. The two key qualities that have proven most elusive are evaluation, review and learning, and innovation, due to systemic barriers like misaligned timescales, departmental incentives, and lack of clarity over their practical meaning. Overall, while the desire to improve is clear, current approaches have not adequately addressed the challenges of translating theory into reality.
Politics relates to the ways people gain and use power in organizations. Political activities in an organization are inevitable and managers should manage them carefully.
The document outlines the agenda for a three-day workshop on communicating research to policymakers through policy briefs. The workshop aims to increase understanding of research to policy processes, build skills in communicating research to maximize impact, and produce an outline policy brief for each research project. It provides background on why communicating research matters, noting that donors spend billions on development research annually and want to know it provides value. The document reviews models of research to policy processes and challenges of getting research into use. It discusses what researchers need to know about the political context and evidence around an issue, and what they need to do to influence policies, like establishing credibility and providing practical solutions.
A Review Of Public Policy Development In UgandaCarmen Pell
The document discusses public policy development in Uganda. It begins by defining public policy and outlining several models of the public policy process, noting that Uganda has primarily followed the linear/rational model. This model proceeds through sequential phases from agenda setting to policy termination. The document then examines Uganda's public policy development framework, which involves five phases: initiation, analysis, decision-making, implementation, and monitoring/evaluation. Overall, the document analyzes Uganda's public policy process in comparison to various policy models and concludes that strengthening consultation and evidence-based approaches could further improve policy development.
This document discusses different types of policies and the policy development process. It outlines that there are substantive/administrative policies, vertical/horizontal policies, and reactive/proactive policies. It also explains that policy development involves selecting an objective, identifying targets, determining pathways, designing programs, implementing, and assessing impact. The goal of public policy is to achieve outcomes that benefit society such as reducing poverty through various policy pathways.
This document discusses strategies for effectively executing public policy through strategic management and benchmarking. It defines key concepts in public policy including agenda setting, formulation, implementation, and evaluation. Strategic management in the public sector faces challenges in maintaining long-term consistency and accountability. Benchmarking systematically compares processes to best practices. The National Economic and Development Authority plays a role in Philippine development planning, coordination, and project evaluation to strategically achieve national goals.
Module 4: Policy Making as a Process Dima course contentMichael Kenny
This 24 slide presentation Policy Making as a Process is Module 4 of a nine (9) module online course for adult education policy makers and practitioners to complement an innovative toolkit to guide adult education policy and practice.
Participation in adult education varies significantly across states and regions of Europe! Why? Evidence and literature suggests a wide disparity in policy making, programming and implementation skills in the adult education sector across Europe. It is imperative that policy makers and programme managers address this disparity to foster life-long learning for a smart-sustainable Europe (see EU2020 https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/economic-and-fiscal-policy-coordination/eu-economic-governance-monitoring-prevention-correction/european-semester/framework/europe-2020-strategy_en) and to achieve a European target of 15% of the adult population engaged in learning.
In response to this challenge, the ERASMUS+ DIMA project (See https://dima-project.eu/index.php/en/, 2015 to 2017) developed a practical 9 module online course to complement an innovative toolkit to guide adult education policy and practice. The DIMA toolkit (See https://dima-project.eu/index.php/en/toolkit) introduces tools for developing, implementing, and monitoring adult education policies, strategies, and practices.
Author: Michael Kenny and DIMA Project partners (https://dima-project.eu/index.php/en/partners)
International Economic Policy Analysis for Africa and developing countries.pptxGeorgeKabongah2
This course provides the theoretical, historical, institutional and technical background for effective advocacy of international economic policy.
The focus is on the political economy of international trade, foreign direct investment, exchange rates, portfolio capital flows and the balance of payments, industrial policy and international labor migration.
It is not a course on economics and students are not expected to have any background in the study of economics though some economic concepts will be employed and discussed.
This document provides guidance on writing effective policy briefs. It outlines key challenges policymakers face in accessing and using research evidence, such as lack of relevant or reliable research. It recommends that researchers establish strong linkages with policymakers, provide evidence in user-friendly formats, and interpret research in its specific context. The document also cautions against criticizing policies without solutions or biased recommendations. Effective policy briefs are focused, evidence-based, succinct, understandable, and practical. They typically include sections on context, critique of current policies, and recommendations. The brief should be tailored to the specific dispositions and interests of its intended readers, which can include policymakers, lawyers, and academics from various backgrounds.
The lecture discusses two models of the policy process:
1) The BiH-UNDP cycle which includes 5 stages - setting the agenda, formulation, legitimizing, implementation, and evaluation.
2) The LG-NRM cycle which includes 7 stages - issue identification, clarifying options, consultation, approval, implementation, evaluation, and review.
Both models present the policy process as cyclical with feedback between stages. The process begins with identifying the need for a policy and proceeds through development, approval, implementation, and assessment to inform future policy decisions.
Plutus IAS is best coaching center in Delhi. It provides live online online classes, mock test series, weekly current affairs classes, mentoring sessions and all other facilities. So are you looking for online IAS classes? Plutus IAS provide you both online and offline class. Our excellent faculty make you expert in all subject. The faculty is highly experienced and dedicated, and they use innovative teaching methods to help students understand complex concepts. Additionally, Plutus IAS provides students with access to an extensive online resources library, which includes practice questions, mock tests and e-books. We also update our students by providing daily current affairs. You get all course with reasonable price. So come to our office and get more information from us.
Our office address: C 59, C Block, Sector 2, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301
Our website Address: https://plutusias.com/current-affairs/
ASIS Guideline #4 2021 - Testing new social innovation policies on local and ...armelleguillermet
This document provides guidance on testing new social innovation policies at the local and regional level. It discusses:
1. Defining the policies and interventions to be tested, including policies that are socially innovative in process and those that enhance social innovation. Interventions are the specific actions taken to address a problem.
2. Specifying a 'theory of change' that identifies the causal links between the intervention, its expected outcomes, and the broader goals being pursued.
3. Determining the outcomes to measure, related outcome indicators, and plans for collecting the necessary data.
4. Estimating a counterfactual to understand what would have happened in the absence of the intervention for comparison.
5. Analyzing
ASIS project - Guidelines #4 - TESTING NEW SOCIAL INNOVATION POLICIES ON LOCA...armelleguillermet
This document provides guidance for policymakers on testing social innovation policies at the local and regional level through impact evaluations. It discusses defining the policy or intervention to be evaluated, developing a theory of change, specifying outcomes and indicators, estimating the counterfactual, analyzing effects, disseminating findings, and applying lessons learned to future reforms. The goal is to help policymakers design strong evaluations that produce reliable evidence of what works to inform decision-making and ongoing social innovation efforts.
Preparation for Policy Formulation, Data on Educational Personnel_20231223_11...DrHafizKosar
What Is Policy?
Policy refers to a purposeful set of principles designed to steer decision making and attain logical results. It serves as a declaration of intentions and is put into action as a method or set of guidelines. Typically endorsed by a governing body within an organization, policies provide a framework for consistent and informed choices, helping to align actions with desired objectives.
Educational Policy
Educational policy refers to a set of principles, guidelines, laws, and strategies formulated by governments or educational authorities to regulate and guide the development and functioning of the education system within a specific jurisdiction.
Policy Formulation
The policy formulation process is a crucial aspect of governance that involves the systematic development and establishment of principles, guidelines, and actions to address specific issues or achieve particular objectives. The Importance of Policy Formulation
Policy formulation plays a critical role in shaping society and addressing important issues. Policies guide decisionmaking and action, and they can have a significant impact on individuals and communities. Effective policies can promote economic growth, protect public health and safety, and advance social justice and equality.Factors Affecting Educational Policies
Social Factors: Changing demographics drive the need for inclusive education systems. Social pressure prompts policymakers to create policies ensuring equal educational opportunities. Policies aim to promote diversity, multiculturalism, and inclusivity in schools.
Political Factors: Education policy is shaped by the ideologies and priorities of the ruling government. Governments recognize the importance of an educated citizenry for power and dominance. Specific policies depend on political beliefs; conservative governments may streamline curriculum, while liberal ones emphasize social justice and inclusion.
Economic Factors: Economic development, resource availability, and funding priorities determine financial investment in education. Limited financial backing results in a lack of resources and support for students. Affluent societies prioritize student needs and provide adequate funding for services and resources.
Training Slides - BUILDING A GENDER INCLUSIVE EDUCATION POLICY.pptxIbrahimBello33
This document discusses gender inclusive education policy formulation. It outlines the objectives of training policymakers to recognize and address gender issues in education policy. It discusses key concepts like public policy, the policy cycle, and actors involved in policymaking. It also covers Nigeria's national education policy, including trends, challenges, and analyzing state budgets. Finally, it introduces gender mainstreaming as a strategy for achieving gender equality and outlines the gender mainstreaming cycle and important actors in developing gender inclusive education policies.
This document discusses the context and process of education reform in developing countries. It outlines several factors shaping the context for reform, including globalization, human development advances, tradition, budget constraints, and the changing roles of governments, NGOs and international organizations. The document also examines the policymaking cycle, including the need to develop evidence-based, rational approaches to reform through assessment, goal-setting, decision-making, implementation, evaluation and institutionalization. Finally, it concludes that successful reform requires understanding both the macro and micro contexts, employing a collaborative process, and establishing realistic goals that are implemented through analysis and stakeholder participation.
G
et
ty
Im
ag
es
Learning Objectives
In this chapter you will learn to:
•Demonstrate knowledge of the key concepts in public policy formulation and adoption.
•Identify the key actors involved in public policy formulation and adoption.
•Identify the different arenas of influence and contexts in which public policy formulation and
adoption occur.
Formulating, Designing,
and Adopting Policy
5
the80472_05_c05_145-188.indd 145 11/21/12 12:48 PM
Section 5.1 What Is Policy Formulation? CHAPTER 5
Federal public policies do not just appear; they have to be created or designed and then adopted by an authoritative decision-making body. If policies are to solve per-ceived problems or emerging issues, then analysis of the most appropriate action
to address the problem must take place. As Chapter 1 discussed, policy makers can then
choose which type of policy to formulate and adopt. The choice of policy type will also
include decisions about who will benefit and who will bear the burden of the policy, based
on how groups are socially constructed. In essence, this amounts to which target popula-
tion will be affected by the policy. Groups that society perceives negatively will either be
ignored or negatively affected by the policy. Analysis involves policy makers’ choosing
among alternative courses of action. Inherent in this process is the fact that policy makers
must deal with the question of policy design—selecting the correct set of instruments that
can actually be adopted and best match the problem. Simply, for successful policy formu-
lation, a policy must be politically adoptable. Ideally, the best policy formulation solves
the identified problem. In actuality, policy formulation is a political exercise in which the
best policy is often sacrificed in favor of an adoptable policy. In sum, the policy must be
acceptable to those who adopt policy as well as to target populations. Just as a football
team needs support to help it play well, policy formulation is influenced heavily by policy
makers’ need to win support for their proposed policy from policy actors within the for-
mal institutions of government and society as a whole.
Once policy alternatives are designed, however, some kind of governmental decision must
be made regarding the direction and type of governmental action that will follow. This
seemingly simple act of making the decision to adopt a proposed course of policy action
represents a defining moment in the policy process. Only by adopting policies can a pro-
posed course of action garner legitimacy within the political and public arena. In sum, the
policy adoption stage represents the critical stage in which policy makers politically explore
alternatives in the law-making arenas, conduct debate and negotiate within the legislative
bodies, and take official actions to promote specific legislative positions over others.
5.1 What Is Policy Formulation?
Once a problem or issue is on the public age ...
The document discusses attempts over the last 14 years to improve policy making in the UK government. It identifies four main areas of focus: process, qualities, structures, and politics. While the goals of these reform efforts are widely agreed upon, the document argues there remains a gap between the theory presented and the realities of policy making practice. The two key qualities that have proven most elusive are evaluation, review and learning, and innovation, due to systemic barriers like misaligned timescales, departmental incentives, and lack of clarity over their practical meaning. Overall, while the desire to improve is clear, current approaches have not adequately addressed the challenges of translating theory into reality.
Politics relates to the ways people gain and use power in organizations. Political activities in an organization are inevitable and managers should manage them carefully.
The document outlines the agenda for a three-day workshop on communicating research to policymakers through policy briefs. The workshop aims to increase understanding of research to policy processes, build skills in communicating research to maximize impact, and produce an outline policy brief for each research project. It provides background on why communicating research matters, noting that donors spend billions on development research annually and want to know it provides value. The document reviews models of research to policy processes and challenges of getting research into use. It discusses what researchers need to know about the political context and evidence around an issue, and what they need to do to influence policies, like establishing credibility and providing practical solutions.
A Review Of Public Policy Development In UgandaCarmen Pell
The document discusses public policy development in Uganda. It begins by defining public policy and outlining several models of the public policy process, noting that Uganda has primarily followed the linear/rational model. This model proceeds through sequential phases from agenda setting to policy termination. The document then examines Uganda's public policy development framework, which involves five phases: initiation, analysis, decision-making, implementation, and monitoring/evaluation. Overall, the document analyzes Uganda's public policy process in comparison to various policy models and concludes that strengthening consultation and evidence-based approaches could further improve policy development.
This document discusses different types of policies and the policy development process. It outlines that there are substantive/administrative policies, vertical/horizontal policies, and reactive/proactive policies. It also explains that policy development involves selecting an objective, identifying targets, determining pathways, designing programs, implementing, and assessing impact. The goal of public policy is to achieve outcomes that benefit society such as reducing poverty through various policy pathways.
This document discusses strategies for effectively executing public policy through strategic management and benchmarking. It defines key concepts in public policy including agenda setting, formulation, implementation, and evaluation. Strategic management in the public sector faces challenges in maintaining long-term consistency and accountability. Benchmarking systematically compares processes to best practices. The National Economic and Development Authority plays a role in Philippine development planning, coordination, and project evaluation to strategically achieve national goals.
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1. MODULE 4 PART 2
The policy-making process
4
POLICY-MAKING
AND HiAP
2. Define policy and describe the stages
of the policy-making cycle
Recognize the complex and political nature
of the policy-making process
1
2
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
4
Identify the characteristics of a “window
of opportunity” for policy change
Frame a complex health issue and identify
its policy challenges and opportunities
3
4
3. WHAT IS POLICY?
4
A policy is a principle or a plan to guide
decisions, actions and outcomes.
Policies can be laws, documents, procedures, guiding
principles, statements of intent or working frameworks.
Public policy refers to the policy of government.
There can often be large (sometimes deliberate) discrepancy
between policy as intent (what is planned, stated or written) and
policy as practice (what actually happens).
4. THE POLICY-MAKING CYCLE
4
REVIEW
Report
Evaluate
Monitor
Stages of the policy cycle
(Source: modified from http://www.geostrategies.com/images/policycycle.jpg)
AGENDA SETTING
Identify problem
Research
Set agenda
FORMULATION
Develop options and strategies
Negotiate
Formulate policy
IMPLEMENTATION
Enforce policy
Implement policy
POLICY
5. WINDOWS OF OPPORTUNITY
4
Alignment of problems, policies and politics in creating “windows of opportunity”
Source: Leppo K et al. (2013) Health in All Policies: Seizing Opportunities, Implementing Policies.
Finland, Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, p. 16.
PROBLEMS
POLICIES
POLITICS
Alignment of problems, policies
and politics allows health
to come through
6. POLICY PROCESS:
THE PROBLEM STREAM
4
Regards public matters requiring attention.
An issue needs to be recognized as a “problem”
– Ad hoc basis – through events such as disasters,
accidents or crises and media attention
– More deliberate or planned avenues – research results, worrying
changes in a situation, failures to meet previous goals, rising costs.
Opportunities may arise from policy development
within other sectors
– Health policy-makers should identify such gateways for action.
Not all problems are given attention to by the decision-makers.
7. FRAMING THE PROBLEM
4
Recognition of a problem can also be thought of as
the agenda-setting stage of the policy cycle.
The process of setting the agenda or getting
a problem recognized is all about framing.
Framing refers to how an issue is defined –
– influences how the issue is viewed
– who is considered responsible
– the cause of the problem and possible solutions.
Redefining or reframing the problem allows for new ways
of understanding. This can encourage new stakeholders
to engage in the policy process.
8. POLICY PROCESS:
THE POLICIES STREAM
4
The policy stream regards proposals for change – “policies”.
These provide alternative solutions for the problems
and are developed by policy communities.
To achieve success these policies should be –
– Technically sound
– Culturally and ethically acceptable
– Financially reasonable.
The search for solutions is the policy formulation
stage of the policy cycle.
9. POLICY PROCESS:
THE POLITICS STREAM
4
The politics stream is composed of political issues
– E.g. election results, changes of administration, interest
group campaigns or changes in public opinions.
A policy change is possible only if the “politics” environment is right.
Policy-makers need to be able to recognize appropriate moments
in politics when a policy change would be most likely adopted.
The negotiation of politics is part of both the policy formulation
and policy implementation stages of the policy cycle.
10. 4
SEIZING WINDOWS
OF OPPORTUNITY
“Windows of opportunity” in policy formulation and implementation
Source: Leppo K et al. (2013) Health in All Policies: Seizing Opportunities, Implementing Policies.
Finland, Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, p. 19.
TIME STARTING POINT
WINDOW
OPEN
WINDOW CLOSED
WINDOW CLOSED
WINDOW
OPEN
DRAWBACKS
MISSED
OPPORTUNITY
LONG-TERM HEALTH
POLICY GOAL
11. POLICY CHAMPIONS /
POLICY ENTREPRENEURS
4
In the context of ‘windows of opportunity’ and the complex,
political nature of policy-making, Kingdon emphasizes
the importance of policy champions.
Policy champion: a person or team willing and
able to lead and manage the policy process.
Kingdon attributes policy entrepreneurs some vital resources:
– Claim to a hearing – possesses expertise
– Negotiating skills – political ‘know-how’
– Sheer persistence.
Briefly summarize the key objectives for this lecture.
This lecture explains the policy-making process in relation to HiAP including topics such as the framing of issues, windows of opportunity, and managing complexity.
To begin the discussion of the policy-making process, we first look at a general definition of policy.
Broadly speaking, a policy is a principle or a plan to guide decisions, actions and outcomes. Policies may be written documents or unwritten practices. Often, there can be a difference between policy as intent and policy in effect. Policies are also highly context specific and influenced by social, cultural, economic and political structures.
This slide articulates theoretically the process of policy-making. There are a range of conceptual frameworks to describe the stages of the policy-making process or policy cycle. Generally speaking, the policy cycle consists of the following stages:
Agenda setting (identify the problem, conduct the research, set agenda);
Policy formulation (develop policy options and strategies, negotiate, formulate policy);
Policy implementation (implement and enforce policy); and
Policy review (monitoring, evaluation and reporting).
Policy-making is complex, highly political and a continual process. It can stretch over long periods of time and usually involves many actors and interests, which may vary over the course of time. It is almost never straight forward and often feels more like a tangled web or an ongoing ‘juggling’ process. Often, the completion of one stage does not guarantee movement to the next. Nor is progress in one stage dependent on completion of all tasks in the previous stage.
HiAP is premised on the kind of strategic and collaborative approach required to build and deliver effective policy, also recognizing that many contemporary health issues are complex and influenced by factors outside the health sector so collaboration is critical. This also makes HiAP an inherently political process that involves the reallocation of resources including power and responsibilities.
Understanding the policy-making processes and contexts that support consideration of health and equity in the policies of non-health sectors is critical to the success and maintenance of HiAP.
Given the complex, political nature of policy-making, it is essential to seize “windows of opportunity” that arise from changing economic, social and political realities.
Given the complex, political nature of policy-making in health, it is essential to seize “windows of opportunity” that arise from changing economic, social and political realities. This concept of windows of opportunity comes from political scientist Kingdon who proposes the existence of three non-linear streams in policy-making – problems, policies and politics – which interplay to open windows of opportunity for policy decisions. He proposes that policy action requires a ‘policy window’ to become available through linkage of three streams: problems, policy and politics. When the three streams couple, i.e. when simultaneously a problem is recognized, a solution is available, and the political climate is positive for change, a window of opportunity, a policy window, opens to facilitate policy change.
Windows of opportunity are short periods of time in which, simultaneously, a problem is recognized, a solution is available and the political climate is positive for policy change. This slide illustrates this alignment of problems, policies and politics. These are critical opportunities for policy entrepreneurs or policy champions to address important policy problems. In Kingdon’s model, policy entrepreneurs may act to bring the three policy system streams together creating a policy window of opportunity. Thus, policy entrepreneurs must act rapidly before the opportunity passes by, or they will have to wait until the next chance comes along. Windows of opportunity can sometimes coincide with political campaigns, changes in the government’s balance of power as well as crises and disasters.
We will now delve deeper into the three streams in policy-making to gain a better understanding of policy processes. Here we will discuss the importance of framing a policy problem in order to get it recognized.
We have begun to explore the policy-making process and have touched on Kingdon’s theory of policy formation as the result of three kinds of processes, or the flow of three ‘streams’ – the problem stream, the policy stream and the politics stream. Let’s now discuss these in more detail.
The problem stream regards public matters requiring attention. Firstly, an issue needs to be recognized as a “problem” by politicians, policy-makers and the overall community before it can be raised in the policy-making agenda. This is most easily achieved on an ad hoc basis through focusing on events such as disasters, accidents or crises and the linked media attention. Fortunately, more deliberate or planned avenues are also possible. For instance, research results showing key information on the magnitude of the problem; worrying changes in the situation; failures to meet previous goals; or rising costs, can be very effective in raising awareness. International efforts also provide opportunities for the health sector to raise HiAP on national agendas – for example, the work of the WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health or the 2011 United Nations High-Level Meeting on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases.
It is important to bear in mind that opportunities may also arise from policy development within other sectors and it is essential that health policy-makers identify such gateways for action. Ideally, policy processes across sectors would be screened for major impacts on health, health equity or health systems and those of high priority would be analyzed further. The rising cost of health care provision is proving to be an important factor for motivating governments to adopt a HiAP approach as one response to the perceived crisis.
Obviously, a long list of problems could be advocated to national governments or municipal administrations. Far from all problems are, however, given attention to by the decision-makers. Some conditions are not even defined as problems until there is something to do about it, i.e. there is a solution (policy) available and recognized by the politicians.
This recognition of a problem can also be thought of as the agenda-setting stage of the policy cycle, viewed earlier. This process of setting the agenda or getting a problem recognized is all about framing.
Essentially, framing refers to how an issue is defined, which can in turn influence how the issue is viewed (non-issue, problem, crisis, etc.), who is considered responsible and the cause and possible solutions. Policy stakeholders can own or disown a public problem through the way they define it. Owning a problem can be an advantage to groups and organizations – it may allow for increased credibility, funding and legitimacy. Health problems often remain defined in purposely “fuzzy” terms because no stakeholder can see a benefit of owning complex problems. This often means that the ownership falls onto the “default” health actor: the ministry of health or other institutional arrangement that has a statutory requirement to deal with health. Redefining or reframing the problem allows for new ways of understanding, which can encourage new stakeholders to engage in the policy process.
After recognizing or framing problems, proposals for solutions are required, in other words – “policies”. Before a problem can reach the decision agenda, decision-makers must be given at least one alternative solution, worked out and ready to put in place. Politicians concerned with an array of problems will prioritize to act on the ones where the administration, the scientific community, or somebody else, could provide a constructive solution, often worked out in advance. Often developed by policy communities (including public institutions, universities, think-tanks, and/or private bodies) these provide alternative solutions for the problems. To achieve success, these policies should be technically sound, culturally and ethically acceptable and financially reasonable. Such solutions are accepted more readily if they do not conflict with other interests, and therefore, it is often worth studying other interests and pursuing such solutions.
The search for solutions is the policy formulation stage of the policy cycle. We will focus on this more when we look at policy briefings in a later lecture, which explores and recommends policy options (Module 6).
Finally, a policy change is possible only if the “politics” environment is right. Policy-makers need to be able to recognize appropriate moments in politics when a policy change would be most likely to be adopted. Suitable opportunities often arise in election campaigns; during the establishment of a new government; or during a change in the balance of power in parliament, such as the rise of a new coalition. A financial crisis can also provide an opportunity if, for example, raising taxes on harmful products is viewed as an appropriate option. There is also a need to identify relevant actors and policy-making processes. The political process involves negotiations between all the parties involved and the more conflicting interests there are, the more difficult the process to find a common solution.
The negotiation of politics is part of both the policy formulation and policy implementation stages of the policy cycle.
In the context of policy-making, a long-term vision is essential to guide the policy process over the course of a longer time span and allow policy-makers to seize windows of opportunity. Progress is made by taking opportunities as they arise but, at a given political time, some windows might be closed or missed because of lack of awareness of policy processes in other sectors. There can also be drawbacks that worsen the situation.
Example:
Ecuador’s introduction of restrictions and taxes on the sale of alcohol is an example of seizing a window of opportunity. The policy community had long identified Ecuador as a country with high binge-drinking rates in Latin America. But nothing was done until 50 people died and 14 were left blind due to bootleg liquor in June 2011. In response, the authorities introduced a three-day ban on alcohol sales and bought back any contaminated alcohol still in circulation. Since then, Ecuador has seen great progress: an intersectoral alcohol policy was launched in April 2012; a tax reform increased excise tax for imported alcohol significantly; and several local districts have banned alcohol sales and consumption on the streets during public festivities.
We briefly touched on the concept of policy champions/policy entrepreneurs in our opening lecture. We will now discuss this in more detail.
Policy entrepreneurs are individuals who introduce and promote their ideas in many different avenues and invest time and energy to increase the chances for an idea to be placed on the decision agenda. Policy entrepreneurs are active both in the problem stream and the policy stream. While decision-makers often shift their attention from one problem to another, policy entrepreneurs keep to their issue. Even good policy proposals may, however, fail to be taken seriously if they are presented before the policy community is ready. ‘Softening up processes’, implying to prepare and educate both the public and the specialists, are often driven by the policy entrepreneurs. Therefore, both the problem recognition and the suggested solutions could be results of policy entrepreneurs’ efforts.
In the context of discussing windows of opportunity and the complex, political nature of policy-making, Kingdon emphasizes the importance of policy champions. A policy champion is a person or team willing and able to lead and manage the policy process. Policy champions proactively promote policy reforms, publicly support the policies and foster the support of others. They frame discussion of the issue, build consensus, attract resources, and seize and create opportunities to move the reform forward.
Kingdon attributes policy entrepreneurs some vital resources. The first resource is claim to a hearing, which means that an actor has an ability to speak for others, hold a decision-making position or possesses expertise. The second resource regards political connections or negotiating skills, implying a combination of technical expertise and political know-how. The third, and by Kingdon labelled the most important resource, is sheer persistence. This means that actors promote their ideas in all ways and in several avenues, and are willing to invest large resources in order to promote their solutions.
Change agents and policy entrepreneurs are similar terms for this concept that highlights the creative dimension of breaking with existing ideas and initiating new policies.
The ultimate aim of this course is to help you, as the participants, feel enabled to become policy champions or policy entrepreneurs. Effective policy-making is about the people – the policy champions – being able to look for windows of opportunity and make positive change for the good of the community and broader society.