Aromatherapy is a holistic healing treatment that uses natural plant extracts to promote health and well-being. Sometimes it's called essential oil therapy.  The word ‘Attar’ or ‘Ittar’ comes from an ancient Persian word ‘attar’, that means perfume. The earliest record of perfume-making in India can be found in the ‘Bri- hat Samhita’, authored by Varahamihi- who lived in Ujjain. Rather than being synthetically manufactured in labs, essential oils are extracted from plant materials through removal methods that are suited to the specific plant part containing the oils. Essential oils are the liquids that are isolated from plants when introduced to solvents – they are liquefied versions of the plants!

1. Dr. Himanshu Makwana (M. Pharm., Ph. D)
Asst. R&D Manager, Phyto Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd., Ahmedabad
HERBS USED IN AROMA THERAPY

2. Aromatherapy is a holistic healing treatment
that uses natural plant extracts to promote
health and well-being. Sometimes it's called
essential oil therapy.

3. Aromatherapy uses aromatic essential oils
medicinally to improve the health of the body,
mind, and spirit. It enhances both physical and
emotional health.

4. Historic moments in the Aromatherapy

5. Key moments in aromatherapy’s history
• 2000 BC: Medicinal properties of black pepper noted in Chinese and Sanskrit texts
• 400 BC: Hippocrates recommending chamomile to reduce fever
• 165 AD: Galen using cypress to relieve diarrhoea
• 500–600 AD : Evidence in India of sandalwood being used for exorcism rites
• 1948–49 AD : Dr Jean Valnet uses essential oils to treat battle wounds during the Indochina war.

6. The story of aromatherapy in India: How aromatherapy is entwined
in our culture:
As noted in the Rig Veda, written in 4500 BC, in ancient
India aromatherapy existed in correlation with Ayurveda.
The use of aromatic plants & plant parts for treatment & cure
made a major section of Ayurvedic treatments according to the
foundational texts of Ayurveda, Charaka Samhita & Sushruta
Samhita.
According to ‘Agni Purana’, they would take bath with over
150 varieties of fragrances.

7. Ramayana: One of the first recorded use of aromatherapy can be
found in the Indian classic Ramayana. Finally, the aroma of
Mruthasanjeevani was used for reviving Lakshmana from near
death.
Gautam Buddha: Buddhist scriptures, Tripitak, which makes it clear
that during that period aromatherapy was a well-accepted way of
treating ailments.
In Buddhism, the use of aromatic plant parts & flowers as medicine
for healing wounds was quite popular as it was often suggested by
Buddha himself .

8. THE HISTORY OF FRAGRANCE
The word ‘Attar’ or ‘Ittar’ comes from an ancient Persian word ‘attar’, that means perfume.
The earliest record of perfume-making in India can be found in the ‘Bri- hat Samhita’,
authored by Varahamihi- who lived in Ujjain.
Most of the Mughal emperors and their queens were fond of attar.
Babur, the founder of the Mughal dynasty in India, brought the Persian culture of perfume
& use of fragrant plants with him during the 16th century.

9. Aromatherapy during the Mughal Era:
It is also said that these luxurious baths were the real
secret of the beauty of the women of the Mughal empire.
Abul Fazal’s historical note: Akbar had a whole
department of perfumery.
Accidental discovery of rose essential oil by Asmat
Begum, the mother of Jahangir’s wife Nur Jahan has
been recorded in Tuzuki Jahangiri.

10. “Kannauj has been the perfumery town of the
country for thousands of years”.
Kannauj Itty has been protected under the
Geographical indication (GI). It is listed at item 157 as
“Kannauj Perfume” of the GI Act 1999 of the
Government of India with registration confirmed by
the Controller General of Patents Designs and
Trademarks.
Mitti attar : Earth’s perfume. (The fragrance of first
rain on parched earth.)
Kannauj “the perfume capital of India”

11. What is an Attar?
‘concentrated perfume oils’: there is no presence of alcohol in them.
What is Perfume?
Perfume is a mixture of fragrant essential oils or aroma compounds,
fixatives and solvents. It also contains a mixture of alcohol, water and
molecules that evaporates at room temperature.

12. Aromatic
Herbs

13. Aromatic
Herbs

14. Aromatherapy works through the sense of
smell and skin absorption using products
such as these:
HOW DOES
AROMATHERAPY
TREATMENT WORK?
ESSENTIAL OIL
DIFFUSERS
AROMATIC
SPRITZERS
INHALERS BODY OILS, CREAMS, OR
LOTIONS FOR MASSAGE
FACIAL CLAY MASK
ESSENTIAL OIL INHALATION METHODS:
Inhalation is the fastest method of introducing essential oil molecules into the
bloodstream.
Essential oils can be administered through direct or indirect inhalation methods.

15. 01 BLENDS FOR AROMATHERAPY- MASSAGE & DIFFUSION
HEALTH CONDITION ESSENTIAL OIL BLEND USAGE
Alzheimer's & Dementia Vetiver + Lavender + Rosemary + Ylang Ylang Massage, Diffusion
Arthritis, Osteoarthiritis Thyme + Cypress + Peppermint + Black Pepper Massage
Back Pain Black Pepper + Ginger + Juniper Berr + Eucalyptus Massage
Diabetic Neuropathy Lavender + Geranium + Eucalyptus + Tea Tree Massage, Diffusion
Hypertension Lavender + Ylang Ylang Massage, Diffusion
Insomnia Cedarwood + Lavender ( Massage Blend ) Massage
Muscle Spasm Rosemary + Cypress + Ginger Massage
Parkinson’s, Tremors, Fibromyalgia Vetiver + Lavender + Rosemary + Frankincense Massage, Diffusion
Rheumatoid, Gout Rosemary + Juniper Berry + Black Pepper + Ginger Massage
Sciatica Ginger + Thyme + Lavender + Peppermint Massage
Skin Dryness Patchouli + Palmarosa Massage
Snoring, Sleep Apnea (Chest Rub) Lavender + Thyme + Eucalyptus + Peppermint Massage, Diffusion
Spondylitis Rosemary + Peppermint + Juniper Berry Massage
Stroke & paralysis Frankincense + Lavender (Blend for Men) Massage/Diffusion
Urinary Incontinence Cypress + Juniper Berry (Blend for Men) Massage, Diffusion
Varicose Veins Cypress + Rosemary Massage
Water Retention (Oedema) Juniper Berry Massage, Diffusion

16. BENEFITS OF AROMATHERAPY

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18. 01
AROMATHERAPY: EFFECT ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
If you look at the ingredients, you will see that
these rubs are chock-full of essential oils; usually a
combination of rosemary, eucalyptus, wintergreen
and camphor and occasionally, peppermint or
lavender.
1. Sinusitis
2. Sore throat
3. Bronchitis
4. Coughs/colds
5. Tonsillitis
Inhalation will help clear your head

19. 01 ESSENTIAL OILS
Essential oils are compounds extracted from plants. The oils capture the plant's scent and flavor, or “essence.”
Unique aromatic compounds give each essential oil its characteristic essence.
Key medicinal characteristics of Essential oil:
1. All are anti-bacterial
2. Lipophilic: fat soluble, not water
3. Chemically complex
4. Volatile
5. Most are lighter than water
6. Powerful
7. Not oily
8. Whole oil is more active than principal constituent

20. ESSENTIAL OILS
CONTAIN 50-500
DIFFERENT
CHEMICALS
1. Terpenes: citrus oils
2. Alcohols: key constituent in benefit
3. Phenols: fiery, strong anti-bacterial
4. Ketones: dangerous, healing for wounds
5. Esters: soothing, calming

21. What essential oils
can do?
We know they do work – for example, the
use of lavender as a sedative is well
documented. One possibility is that once
the essential oils enter the body they and act as
neurotransmitter.
we are trying to increase the feel-good effects of
those neurotransmitters, and help someone over
an emotional status of mind.

22. HEALING PROCESS
Application
to site of
action
Travel in the
bloodstream
Small molecules
penetrate the skin
& olfactory system
Leave the body in 4-20
hours through the
kidneys

23. Why essential oils QUALITY vary ?
The potency, fragrance and chemical makeup of any essential oil will vary according to the following criteria:
1. SOIL TYPE
2. CLIMATE
3. USE OF PESTICIDES
4. AMOUNT OF WATER AVAILABLE AS THE PLANT IS GROWING
5. TIME OF HARVEST
6. ALTITUDE
English Lavender
(Lavandula angustifolia)
French/Spanish Lavender
(Lavandula stoechas)
Egyptian Lavender
(Lavandula multifida)
Portuguese Lavender
(Lavandula latifolia)

25. Rather than being synthetically manufactured in labs, essential oils are extracted from plant materials
through removal methods that are suited to the specific plant part containing the oils.
Essential oils are the liquids that are isolated from plants when introduced to solvents – they are liquefied
versions of the plants!

26. ESSENTIAL OIL
EXTRACTION
METHODS
01 STEAM DISTILLATION
02 SOLVENT EXTRACTION
03 CO2 EXTRACTION
04 MACERATION
05 ENFLEURAGE

27. 5A COLD ENFLEURAGE
5B HOT ENFLEURAGE
06 COLD-PRESS EXTRACTION
07 WATER DISTILLATION
08 WATER AND STEAM
DISTILLATION
ESSENTIAL OIL
EXTRACTION
METHODS

28. BASIC STEP INVOLVED IN ISOLATION
Collection of raw material & pre washing Extraction of oils Separation & purification of oil Packaging & storage of oil
4
3
2
1

29. 01 STEAM DISTILLATION
Steam Distillation is the most popular method used to extract and isolate essential oils from plants for use in
natural products. This happens when the steam vaporizes the plant material’s volatile compounds, which
eventually go through a condensation and collection process.
The water-soluble constituents released from the plant during distillation are known as : Hydrosol
The oil-soluble constituents released from the plant during distillation are known as Essential oils.

30. This method employs food grade solvents like hexane and ethanol to isolate essential oils from plant material.
Once the plant material has been treated with the solvent, it produces a waxy aromatic compound called a
"concrete." When this concrete substance is mixed with alcohol, the oil particles are released.
02 SOLVENT EXTRACTION

31. In CO2 extraction, none of the constituents of the oil are damaged by heat because no heat is involved during the
extraction process. Thus, the difference between traditional distillation and supercritical extraction is that instead
of heated water or steam, CO2 is used as a solvent in the latter method.
03 CO2 EXTRACTION

32. Maceration is an extractive technique that is conducted at room temperature. It consists of immersing a plant in
a liquid (water, oil, alcohol, etc.) inside an airtight container, for a variable time based on the plant material and
liquid used.
04 MACERATION

33. Enfleurage is defined as a process of absorbing the aroma of fresh plant material, usually a single flower, into
fat. The systematic repetition of adding and removing the flowers may be over a period of many days.
05 ENFLEURAGE

34. Cold-pressed extraction is a mechanical process to recover the essential oil contained in the skin (or epicarp)
of citrus fruits. This technique is specifically reserved for citrus due to where their essential oils are stored.
06 COLD-PRESS EXTRACTION

35. Delicate flowers such as roses and orange blossoms would clump together when introduced to steam in the
distillation process, so the most effective method of extraction in this situation is to submerge fragile plant
material in pure boiling water instead. The water protects the extracted oil from overheating.
07 WATER DISTILLATION

36. HYDRO-DISTILLATION CLEVENGER APPARATUS SYSTEM
The Clevenger type apparatus for essential oils
extraction. A. Oil heavier than water, B. Oil
lighter than water

37. LAB SCALE EXTRACTION OF TULSI ESSENTIAL OIL

38. 1. Preparation of test samples
2. Determination of relative density at 20 degrees C-Reference method
3. Determination of refractive index
4. Determination of optical rotation
5. Determination of ester value
6. Determination of acid value
7. Determination of peroxide value
8. Determination of saponification value
9. Evaluation of miscibility in ethanol
10.Determination of freezing point
11.Chromatographic standardization-HPTLC/HPLC
12.Analysis of active constituents by GC/MS analysis
STANDARDIZATION OF ESSENTIAL OILS

39. 4-8
Year
1-2
Year
Shelf life: 1-2 Year
Due to their high
monoterpene composition,
most citrus essential oils have
a shelf life of 1–2 years from
their distillation date.
2-3
Year
Shelf life:2-3 Year
Most essential oils have a shelf life of 2–3
years. These oils have a higher percentage
of aldehydes, oxides, monoterpenols, esters,
ethers, phenols, or ketones. Some common
essential oils in this group include lavender,
Roman chamomile, and eucalyptus, but
there are many more.
Shelf life:4-8 Year
Essential oils with a longer shelf
life of 4–8 years typically have
high sesquiterpenes and/or
sesquiterpinols. These include
German chamomile, sandalwood,
vetiver, and patchouli.
ESSENTIAL OIL SHELF LIFE AND STORAGE

40. ESSENTIAL OIL SHELF LIFE AND STORAGE

41. Why do essential oils expire?
When an oil comes into contact with oxygen, light, and heat, its composition begins to change. Over time, it starts to lose
its strength and effectiveness. This is why most essential oils are sold in amber-colored bottles the darker glass provides
better protection against ultraviolet light.

42. How to extend the shelf life
of essential oils?
1. Reduce exposure to oxygen
2. Keep away from light and heat
3. Use smaller containers to store your oils
4. Maintain the right temperature
5. Avoid the use of dropper caps as lids
The ideal temperature to store your essential oils is 36-40° F (2-
4° C). A dedicated refrigerator is a must, as you need to avoid
using the family food refrigerator due to the possibility of cross
contamination.

43. IP 2018 MOMOGRAPH PAGE NO. 3749
Basil oil (Methyl chavicol type)
Tulsi ka tail
Basil oil is the essential oil obtained by stem distillation of plant (leaves & flowering tops) Ocimum basilicum.
Basil oil contains not less than 50.0% and note more than 75.0% methyl chavicol and not less than 15.0% and note more than 25.0% limonene.
Description: A clear pale yellow to amber liquid, free from sediment and suspended matters.
Identification:
A. Determine by gas chromatography
B. Flash point not less than 100.0
Tests:
Relative density: 0.930-0.960
Refractive index: 1.488-1.500
Optical rotation: -6.0 to +75
Acid value: not more than 1.0.
Assay:
Determine by gas chromatography
Reference solution: 2% w/v methyl chavicol & limonene
Storage: Store protect from light and moisture

44. SAFETY ISSUES
AND CONTRAINDICATIONS

45. SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS CHECKLIST
01
Do not take essential oils by mouth.
03
Always dilute essential oils in a carrier oil –
especially if you are applying them to the skin.
05
Keep essential oils away from your eyes.
02
Store essential oils out of the reach of children.
04
Check for allergies to essential oils or carrier
products by patch testing.
06
Never apply essential oils to broken skin or
open wounds.
Because essential oils are so concentrated, there are specific safety issues that must be taken into consideration.

46. CONTRAINDICATIONS TO AROMATHERAPY
SENSITISATION
As with a skin irritation, the sensitisation
reaction involves rashes, blotchiness,
possibly slight blistering and the
development of an allergic-style reaction
IDIOSYNCRATIC
REACTION
This is an allergic-style reaction to an
essential oil or a carrier oil that is
generally not regarded as an allergen. Do
the patch test before application.
PHOTOSENSITISATION
This is commonly associated with the citrus
essential oils.
SKIN IRRITATION
The skin will react very quickly, often going
red, becoming itchy and possibly inflamed.

47. Thank you
Happiness is the great medicine.