Potassium- Forms,Equilibrium in soils and its agricultural significance ,mech...Vaishali Sharma
The slide is conserned with the potassium fertilisers apllied in the soils. When the fertiliser applied in higher amount then it is avail in different form for plant uptake and there exist a equilibrium in soils and it has many agricultural significance and the slide also deal with brief on the mechanism of potassium fixation in the soil.
The Mode of Action of herbicides is important for understanding the management , classification and hierarchy of the herbicides. It also provides an insight into herbicide resistance , which continues to be a problem in sustainable agricultural management .
Potassium- Forms,Equilibrium in soils and its agricultural significance ,mech...Vaishali Sharma
The slide is conserned with the potassium fertilisers apllied in the soils. When the fertiliser applied in higher amount then it is avail in different form for plant uptake and there exist a equilibrium in soils and it has many agricultural significance and the slide also deal with brief on the mechanism of potassium fixation in the soil.
The Mode of Action of herbicides is important for understanding the management , classification and hierarchy of the herbicides. It also provides an insight into herbicide resistance , which continues to be a problem in sustainable agricultural management .
Movement of Herbicide in Plants and Soil.pptxRIMT UNIVERSITY
Introduction
Mode of action: Primary and Secondary
Soil applied herbicides and factors affecting them
Foliar applied herbicides and factors affecting them
Plant leaf cuticle and its structure
Herbicide translocation in plant: Symplast and Apoplast
This presentation is only with respect to the Parasitic Weed and their management tactics, falling under the category of Specificity while classifying weeds.
Movement of Herbicide in Plants and Soil.pptxRIMT UNIVERSITY
Introduction
Mode of action: Primary and Secondary
Soil applied herbicides and factors affecting them
Foliar applied herbicides and factors affecting them
Plant leaf cuticle and its structure
Herbicide translocation in plant: Symplast and Apoplast
This presentation is only with respect to the Parasitic Weed and their management tactics, falling under the category of Specificity while classifying weeds.
Classification, identification and chemical constituents of poisonous plants (to both animals & humans).
Brief description of chemical constituents responsible for toxicity in living system.
The “mode of action” is the biological process or enzyme that the herbicide interrupts, affecting normal plant growth and development. For example 2, 4-D is a growth regulator
mode of action herbicide that affects auxin growth.
The main mechanism seems to be through pumping the herbicide into the cell vacuole. As this involves specific transporters for the herbicide, resistance usually occurs to a single herbicide only.
The mode of action is the way in which the herbicide controls susceptible plants. It usually describes the biological process or enzyme in the plant that the herbicide interrupts, affecting normal plant growth and development. In other cases, the mode of action may be a general description of the injury symptoms seen on susceptible plants. In Oklahoma crop production, 11 different herbicide modes of action are commonly used, and each is unique in the way it controls susceptible plants. Some herbicide modes of action comprise several chemical families that vary slightly in their chemical composition, but control susceptible plants in the same way and cause similar injury symptoms.
Herbicides can also be classified by their “site of action,” or the specific biochemical site that is affected by the herbicide. The site of action is a more precise description of the herbicide’s activity; however, the terms “site of action” and “mode of action” are often used interchangeably to describe different groups of herbicides.
Knowing and understanding each herbicide’s mode of action is an important step in selecting the proper herbicide for each crop, diagnosing herbicide injury, and designing a successful weed management program for your production system. Over-reliance on a single herbicide active ingredient or mode of action places heavy selection pressure on a weed population and may eventually select for resistant individuals. Over time, the resistant individuals will multiply and become the dominant weeds in the field, resulting in herbicides that are no longer effective for weed control. Simply rotating herbicide active ingredients is not enough to prevent the development of herbicide-resistant weeds. Rotating herbicide modes of action, along with other weed control methods, is necessary to prevent or delay herbicide-resistant weeds. Always read each product’s label to determine the mode of action and best management practices for herbicide-resistant weeds.
Many weeds have developed “cross resistance” and are resistant to multiple herbicides within a single mode of action. Most waterhemp populations in Oklahoma, for example, are cross-resistant to both Scepter (chemical family: imidazolinone) and Classic (chemical family: sulfonylurea). Both of these herbicides are ALS inhibitors, but belong to different chemical families within the same mode of action. Therefore, it is important to not only rotate herbicide active ingredients but also to rotate modes of action to prevent herbicide-resistance weed populations.
The different types of external stresses that influence the plant growth and development.
These stresses are grouped based on their characters
Biotic
Abiotic
Almost all the stresses, either directly or indirectly, lead to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that create oxidative stress in plants.
This damages the cellular constituents of plants which are associated with a reduction in plant yield.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
Herbicide classification by mode of action
1. Herbicide Classification by Mode of Action
• Inhibit photosynthetic electron transport
• Inhibit amino acid biosynthesis
• Inhibit protoporphyrinogen oxidase
• Inhibit lipid biosynthesis (ACCase inhibitors)
• Act as growth regulators
• Inhibit carotenoid biosynthesis
• Inhibit seeding growth
2. Inhibit photosynthetic electron
transport
Herbicide Common Trade
Family Name Name
Triazines atrazine AAtrex
ametryn Evik
simazine Princep
cyanazine Bladex
metribuzin Sencor,Lexone
hexazinone Velpar
atrazine + cyanazine Extrazine II
3. Triazines
• Stop photosynthesis: you see yellowing
• Mobile in plant and environment (move on
soil off site)
• pH—low pH are soil bound (unavailable),
high pH are available for plant uptake
• Low pH, lime increases pH, used high
atrazine on corn, then plant small grains get
injury
4. Inhibit photosynthetic electron
transport
Herbicide Common Trade
Family Name Name
Phenylureas linuron Lorox
tebuthiuron Spike
diuron Karmex
siduron Tuperson
fluormeturon Cotoran
14. Inhibit amino acid biosynthesis
(ALS)—Imi’s
Herbicide Common Trade
Family Name Name
Imidazolinones imazethapyr Pursuit
imazaquin Scepter
imazapyr Arsenal
imazamethabenz Assert
imazamox Raptor
imazapyr+ imazethapyr Lightning
15. Imidazolinones (Imi’s)
• ALS: block an enzyme so the plant cannot make
certain amino acids
• Scepter/Imi’s need rain to activate—in a dry year
there is carryover to the next crop
• long lived in environment
• Symptoms:
– prunes roots
– purpling and stunted plant
– bright yellow areas in whorl of plant
16. Inhibit amino acid biosynthesis
(ALS)—SU’s
Herbicide Common Trade
Family Name Name
Sulfonylureas bensulfuron Londax
chlorimuron Classic
chlorsulfuron Glean, Telar
metsulfuron Ally
nicosulfuron Accent
primisulfuron Beacon
sufometuron Oust
17. Sulfonylureas (SU’s)
• ALS: block an enzyme so the plant cannot make
certain amino acids
• Soilborne
• Symptoms:
– Pruned roots
– Short plant
– Yellowing in whorl
• Permit—in very warm temperature, actively
growing corn has a tough time growing = late
season “buggy whipping”
18. Sulfonylureas (SU’s) cont.
• Lime amended slug = high pH = SU
carryover
• Low to normal pH (<6.0-6.5) = microbes
work to break down hericide = no carryover
= good
• High pH (>6.5) slows microbial activity and
hydrolysis stops = Bad!
19. Inhibit amino acid biosynthesis
(ALS)—SU’s
Herbicide Common Trade
Family Name Name
Sulfonylureas thifensulfuron Harmony GT
triasulfuron Amber
tribenuron Express
thifensulfuron Harmony
+ tribenuron Extra
Halosulfuron Permit,Battalion
rimsulfuron Matrix
prosulfuron Peak
20. Inhibit amino acid biosynthesis
(ALS)—SU’s
Herbicide Common Trade
Family Name Name
Sulfonylureas primisulfuron+
prosulfuron Exceed,Spirit
rimsulfuron +
thifensulfuron Basis
sulfosulfuron Maverick
21. Inhibit amino acid biosynthesis
(ALS)
Herbicide Common Trade
Family Name Name
Sulfonamides flumetsulam Python
22. Sulfonamides
• ALS: block an enzyme so the plant cannot
make certain amino acids
• Cold, wet damage is worse because plant is
not actively growing—does not metabolize
herbicide
• Symptoms:
– Purpling
– stunting
23. Inhibit amino acid biosynthesis
Herbicide Common Trade
Family Name Name
Phosphono glyphosate Roundup,
Amino Acid Touchdown
Derivatives
24. Phosphono amino acid
derivatives
• Roundup blocks an emzyme—not a
photosynthesis inhibitor
• Symptoms:
– Yellow band where spray droplet landed (stays
yellow all season)
– Will kill Non-Roundup Ready Corn
25. Inhibit protporphyringen oxidase
(PPO’S)
Herbicide Common Trade
Family Name Name
Diphenyl ethers acifluorofen Blazer
lactofen Cobra
fomesafen Reflex
oxyfluorofen Goal
Oxadiazoles sulfentrazone Authority
27. Inhibit lipid biosynthesis (ACCase
Inhibitors)
Herbicide Common Trade
Family Name Name
Aryloxyphenoxy- diclofop Hoelon
Propionates fluazifop Fusilade DX
(ACC-fop) fenoxaprop OptionII,Acclaim
quizalofop Assure II
fluazifop + Fusion
fenoxaprop
Cyclohexanediones sethoxydim Poast, Poast Plus
(Acc-dim) clethodim Select
28. ACCase Inhibitors
• Works on enzyem system—goes to
meristem and kills it
• Post grass products in soybeans
29. Act as growth regulators
Herbicide Common Trade
Family Name Name
Phenoxys 2, 4-D Many
MCPP Many
MCPA Many
2, 4-D B Butyrac,
Butoxone
Benzoic acids dicamba Banvel,
Clarity,
Distinct
30. Growth Regulators: Oldest compounds
• Symptoms:
– Distortion in plant growth
– Bending of corn, twisting of leaves
– Fusion of brace roots
– If applied too late, kills ear—no kernals, can stop the
development of seed head in small grains
– Cupping in leaves upward (2, 4D)
– Cupping in leaves downward (dicamba) = “Cobra
Head”
31. Act as a growth regulator
Herbicide Common Trade
Family Name Name
Pyridines picloram Tordon
clopyralid Stinger
triclopyr Garlon
32. Inhibit carotenoid biosynthesis
(Pigment inhibitors)
Herbicide Common Trade
Family Name Name
Isoxazolidinones clomazone Command
Pyridazinones norflurazon Zorial,
Solicam
Isoxazoles isoxaflutole Balance
34. Inhibit seedling growth (Shoot
inhibitors)
Herbicide Common Trade
Family Name Name
Chloroacetamides metolachlor Dual
alachlor lasso,
Micro-Tech
propachlor Ramrod
acetachlor Harness,
Surpass
dimethenamid Frontier
35. Shoot inhibitors (Chloroacetamides)
• Main group outside of permit
• Symptoms:
– Typical “buggy whipping” early in season
– Puckering on soybeans with Dual, Lasso,
Frontier
• V-shape at puckering at leaf tip
• Favored by cold, wet conditions
36. Inhibit seedling growth (Shoot
inhibitors)
Herbicide Common Trade
Family Name Name
Thiocarbamates EPTC Eptam
EPTC + safener Eradicane
butylate+safener Sutan Plus
37. Shoot inhibitors (Thiocarbamates)
• Incorporated products
• Thio=sulfur
• Symptoms:
– “buggy whipping” early in season
– Puckering on soybeans
38. Inhibit seedling growth (Root
inhibitors – DNA’s)
Herbicide Common Trade
Family Name Name
Dinitroanalines trifluralin Treflan, etc
ethafluralin Sonalan
penimethanlin Prowl
benefin Balan
oryzalin Surflan
