NGOs provide both short-term emergency aid and long-term aid to developing countries. They receive funding from private donors and foundations. An advantage is that aid from NGOs can directly target the poorest and be distributed quickly. A disadvantage is that NGOs rely on continued individual donations. Bilateral aid involves one country giving aid directly to another. While it provides large sums for big projects, much of the money may return to the donor country and it can be open to corruption and waste. Debt-for-nature swaps allow developing countries to reduce their debt in exchange for conserving nature, protecting the environment from exploitation. However, there is no guarantee countries will maintain conservation policies long-

1. NGO'S
From a non profit agency- short term/emergency
and long term
Can be from private contributors and philanthropy
such as the Gates Foundation
Advantages: aid can target poorest and is given out
quickly
Disadvantages: relies on individual donations

2. Encouraging manufacturing
goods
Creates domestic jobs in, value added goods- FDI
Advantages: creates new jobs, helps improve infrastructure and business culture
Disadvantages: TNCs can move away at any time, dependency on TNC's

3. Drop the Debt (debt relief)
Debt relief is when MEDCs /the World Bank reschedule or
reduce a country's debt. It is used to reduce the debt burden
of countries that are repaying loans but seeing the
outstanding sums grow despite repayments.
Pros: This means LEDCs can use more money for
development e.g. Health and education
Cons: LEDCs will not will not learn how to manage their
economy
The money saved may go to corrupt politicians and not on the
country's development.
It may be seen as unfair on countries that have already repaid
their debts.

4. Bilateral aid
By sophie

5. What is it?
• Aid from one country to another
• E.g the UK gives 1% GNP in aid each year to LEDCs
• It finances projects normally of interest to the donors
because it will depend on the expertise that they supply

6. Advantages
• Large sums given for big projects
• 75% of aid is in this form

7. Disadvantages
• Open to corruption and waste
• Much of the money returns to the donor country

8. Exporting Primary Products

9. How does it help?
• allows specialisation of production and
exchanging goods (imports and exports)
• can give the country the opportunity to have a
trade surplus or reduce its trade deficit

10. advantages
• income from what country does best
• creates employment thus positive multiplier
effect
• aids independent development

11. disadvantages
• could lead to trade deficit as LEDCs often
specialise in low value primary product (&
may be importing much higher value
products)
• TNCs dominate trade thus retain most of the
profit so only small amounts will reach
communities

12. Aid

13. Fair Trade
• Fair trade ensures that the producers of of
goods are paid a fair price for their products.
• This is important now because there are so
many multinational companies that receive
the majority of the profit leaving their workers
unfairly paid.

14. Debt-For-Nature
• This is when MEDCs give money to or let LEDCs off some of
their debt in return for the guarantee that a particular area of
the LEDC be protected e.g. Large oil reservoir beneath a TRF
in Ecuador.
• This is beneficial as a lot of the environment can be protected
from their own governments who may exploit them for
economic purposes.
• Some people argue that countries should not need to be
bribed in order to conserve their natural ecosystem. Also there
is no guarantee that the LEDC will agree to s policy in the long
term.

15. Fair trade
• Fair trade pays the farmer or producer more for their
product ensuring they get a better deal
• Example: Ecuador bananas
• Advantage: income from what the country does best,
provides jobs and helps independent development
• Disadvantage: can lead to a trade deficit, LEDC's
often specialise in low value primary products, TNC's
dominate trade

16. Debt for nature-swaps
• Reducing a countries debt in return for nature conservation,
this allows countries to get out from under their debt without
destroying their land
• Example: Ecuador
• Advantage: LEDCs can use more of their money for
development: improving health and education
• Disadvantage: No guarantee that countries will not exploit
their environments in the future, people should conserve their
environment anyway I.e. there should not need encourage
from other countries

17. NGO,s
• Non government organisations
• They usually give emergency aid to countries.
• Aid can be food, shelter, as well as longer term sustainable aid.
An advantage of NGO, the money gets spent
on the people who need it as opposed it other
forms of aid which some of the money will not
go to help the