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Here is a process to minimize material handling costs for arranging 6 departments in a factory layout: 1. Map the material flow between each department pair and estimate the volume of material (Xij) and cost per load (Cij) moved between each pair. 2. Calculate the total material handling cost (MHC) for each possible layout arrangement by summing the costs between each department pair: MHC = ΣΣ XijCij 3. Try arranging the departments in different layouts that vary the distances between department pairs to minimize the total MHC. For example, arrange departments with the highest material flow closest together. 4. Compare the total MHC for each layout arrangement and select the one with the lowest cost

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Operations Management Chapter 9 – Layout Strategies PowerPoint presentation to accompany Heizer/Render Principles of Operations Management, 7e Operations Management, 9e © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9–1
Outline  Global Company Profile: McDonald’s  The Strategic Importance of Layout Decisions  Types of Layout  Office Layout © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9–2
Outline – Continued  Retail Layout  Servicescapes  Warehousing and Storage Layouts  Cross-Docking  Random Docking  Customizing  Fixed-Position Layout © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9–3
Outline – Continued  Process-Oriented Layout  Computer Software for Process- Oriented Layouts  Work Cells  Requirements of Work Cells  Staffing and Balancing Work Cells  The Focused Work Center and the Focused Factory © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9–4
Outline – Continued  Repetitive and Product-Oriented Layout  Assembly-Line Balancing © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9–5
Learning Objectives When you complete this chapter you should be able to: 1. Discuss important issues in office layout 2. Define the objectives of retail layout 3. Discuss modern warehouse management and terms such as ASRS, cross-docking, and random stocking 4. Identify when fixed-position layouts are appropriate © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9–6
Learning Objectives When you complete this chapter, you should be able to: 5. Explain how to achieve a good process- oriented facility layout 6. Define work cell and the requirements of a work cell 7. Define product-oriented layout 8. Explain how to balance production flow in a repetitive or product-oriented facility © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9–7
Innovations at McDonald’s  Indoor seating (1950s)  Drive-through window (1970s)  Adding breakfast to the menu (1980s)  Adding play areas (late 1980s)  Redesign of the kitchens (1990s)  Self-service kiosk (2004)  Now three separate dining sections © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9–8
Innovations at McDonald’s  Indoor seating (1950s)  Drive-through window (1970s) Six out of the  Adding breakfast to the menu seven are (1980s) layout  Adding play areas (late 1980s) decisions!  Redesign of the kitchens (1990s)  Self-service kiosk (2004)  Now three separate dining sections © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9–9
McDonald’s New Layout  Seventh major innovation  Redesigning all 30,000 outlets around the world  Three separate dining areas  Linger zone with comfortable chairs and Wi-Fi connections  Grab and go zone with tall counters  Flexible zone for kids and families  Facility layout is a source of competitive advantage © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 10
Strategic Importance of Layout Decisions The objective of layout strategy is to develop a cost-effective layout that will meet a firm’s competitive needs © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 11
Layout Design Considerations  Higher utilization of space, equipment, and people  Improved flow of information, materials, or people  Improved employee morale and safer working conditions  Improved customer/client interaction  Flexibility © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 12
Types of Layout 1. Office layout 2. Retail layout 3. Warehouse layout 4. Fixed-position layout 5. Process-oriented layout 6. Work-cell layout 7. Product-oriented layout © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 13
Types of Layout 1. Office layout: Positions workers, their equipment, and spaces/offices to provide for movement of information 2. Retail layout: Allocates shelf space and responds to customer behavior 3. Warehouse layout: Addresses trade- offs between space and material handling © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 14
Types of Layout 4. Fixed-position layout: Addresses the layout requirements of large, bulky projects such as ships and buildings 5. Process-oriented layout: Deals with low-volume, high-variety production (also called job shop or intermittent production) © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 15
Types of Layout 6. Work cell layout: Arranges machinery and equipment to focus on production of a single product or group of related products 7. Product-oriented layout: Seeks the best personnel and machine utilizations in repetitive or continuous production © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 16
Good Layouts Consider 1. Material handling equipment 2. Capacity and space requirements 3. Environment and aesthetics 4. Flows of information 5. Cost of moving between various work areas © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 17
Layout Strategies Warehouse Office Retail (storage) Examples Allstate Insurance Kroger’s Federal-Mogul’s Supermarket warehouse Microsoft Corp. Walgreen’s The Gap’s distribution center Bloomingdale’s Problems/Issues Locate workers Expose customer Balance low-cost requiring frequent to high-margin storage with low- contact close to items cost material one another handling Table 9.1 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 18
Layout Strategies Project Job Shop (fixed position) (process oriented) Examples Ingall Ship Building Arnold Palmer Hospital Corp. Hard Rock Café Trump Plaza Olive Garden Pittsburgh Airport Problems/Issues Move material to the Manage varied material limited storage areas flow for each product around the site Table 9.1 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 19
Layout Strategies Work Cells Repetitive/ Continuous (product families) (product oriented) Examples Hallmark Cards Sony’s TV assembly line Wheeled Coach Toyota Scion Standard Aero Problems/Issues Identify a product Equalize the task time family, build teams, at each workstation cross train team members Table 9.1 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 20
Office Layout  Grouping of workers, their equipment, and spaces to provide comfort, safety, and movement of information  Movement of information is main distinction  Typically in state of flux due to frequent technological changes © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 21
Relationship Chart Figure 9.1 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 22
Supermarket Retail Layout  Objective is to maximize profitability per square foot of floor space  Sales and profitability vary directly with customer exposure © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 23
Five Helpful Ideas for Supermarket Layout 1. Locate high-draw items around the periphery of the store 2. Use prominent locations for high-impulse and high-margin items 3. Distribute power items to both sides of an aisle and disperse them to increase viewing of other items 4. Use end-aisle locations 5. Convey mission of store through careful positioning of lead-off department © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 24
Store Layout Figure 9.2 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 25
Retail Slotting  Manufacturers pay fees to retailers to get the retailers to display (slot) their product  Contributing factors  Limited shelf space  An increasing number of new products  Better information about sales through POS data collection  Closer control of inventory © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 26
Retail Store Shelf Space Planogram 5 facings  Computerized tool for shelf- Shampoo Shampoo Shampoo Shampoo Shampoo space management  Generated from store’s scanner Conditioner Shampoo Shampoo Shampoo Shampoo data on sales Conditioner Conditioner  Often supplied by manufacturer 2 ft. © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 27
Servicescapes  Ambient conditions - background characteristics such as lighting, sound, smell, and temperature  Spatial layout and functionality - which involve customer circulation path planning, aisle characteristics, and product grouping  Signs, symbols, and artifacts - characteristics of building design that carry social significance © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 28
Warehousing and Storage Layouts  Objective is to optimize trade-offs between handling costs and costs associated with warehouse space  Maximize the total “cube” of the warehouse – utilize its full volume while maintaining low material handling costs © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 29
Warehousing and Storage Layouts Material Handling Costs  All costs associated with the transaction  Incoming transport  Storage  Finding and moving material  Outgoing transport  Equipment, people, material, supervision, insurance, depreciation  Minimize damage and spoilage © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 30
Warehousing and Storage Layouts  Warehouse density tends to vary inversely with the number of different items stored  Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems (ASRSs) can significantly improve warehouse productivity by an estimated 500%  Dock location is a key design element © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 31
Cross-Docking  Materials are moved directly from receiving to shipping and are not placed in storage in the warehouse  Requires tight scheduling and accurate shipments, bar code or RFID identification used for advanced shipment notification as materials are unloaded © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 32
Random Stocking  Typically requires automatic identification systems (AISs) and effective information systems  Random assignment of stocking locations allows more efficient use of space  Key tasks 1. Maintain list of open locations 2. Maintain accurate records 3. Sequence items to minimize travel, pick time 4. Combine picking orders 5. Assign classes of items to particular areas © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 33
Customizing  Value-added activities performed at the warehouse  Enable low cost and rapid response strategies  Assembly of components  Loading software  Repairs  Customized labeling and packaging © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 34
Warehouse Layout Traditional Layout Storage racks Customization Conveyor Staging Office Shipping and receiving docks © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 35
Warehouse Layout Cross-Docking Layout Shipping and receiving docks Office Shipping and receiving docks © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 36
Fixed-Position Layout  Product remains in one place  Workers and equipment come to site  Complicating factors  Limited space at site  Different materials required at different stages of the project  Volume of materials needed is dynamic © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 37
Alternative Strategy  As much of the project as possible is completed off-site in a product- oriented facility  This can significantly improve efficiency but is only possible when multiple similar units need to be created © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 38
Process-Oriented Layout  Like machines and equipment are grouped together  Flexible and capable of handling a wide variety of products or services  Scheduling can be difficult and setup, material handling, and labor costs can be high © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 39
Process-Oriented Layout Patient A - broken leg ER triage Emergency room admissions room Patient B - erratic heart Surgery pacemaker Laboratories Radiology ER Beds Pharmacy Billing/exit Figure 9.3 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 40
Layout at Arnold Palmer Hospital Pie-shaped Central break rooms and medical supply rooms Local linen Central nurses supply station Local © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. nursing pod 9 – 41
Process-Oriented Layout  Arrange work centers so as to minimize the costs of material handling  Basic cost elements are  Number of loads (or people) moving between centers  Distance loads (or people) move between centers © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 42
Process-Oriented Layout n n Minimize cost = ∑ ∑ Xij Cij i=1 j=1 where n = total number of work centers or departments i, j = individual departments Xij = number of loads moved from department i to department j Cij = cost to move a load © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. between department i and 9 – 43
Process Layout Example Arrange six departments in a factory to minimize the material handling costs. Each department is 20 x 20 feet and the building is 60 feet long and 40 feet wide. 1. Construct a “from-to matrix” 2. Determine the space requirements 3. Develop an initial schematic diagram 4. Determine the cost of this layout 5. Try to improve the layout 6. Prepare a detailed plan © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 44
Process Layout Example Number of loads per week Department Assembly Painting Machine Receiving Shipping Testing (1) (2) Shop (3) (4) (5) (6) Assembly (1) 50 100 0 0 20 Painting (2) 30 50 10 0 Machine Shop (3) 20 0 100 Receiving (4) 50 0 Shipping (5) 0 Testing (6) Figure 9.4 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 45
Process Layout Example Area 1 Area 2 Area 3 Assembly Painting Machine Shop Department Department Department (1) (2) (3) 40’ Receiving Shipping Testing Department Department Department (4) (5) (6) Figure 9.5 Area 4 Area 5 Area 6 60’ © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 46
Process Layout Example Interdepartmental Flow Graph 100 50 30 1 2 3 20 20 10 50 100 4 5 6 50 Figure 9.6 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 47
Process Layout Example n n Cost = ∑ ∑ Xij Cij i=1 j=1 Cost = $50 + $200 + $40 (1 and 2) (1 and 3) (1 and 6) + $30 + $50 + $10 (2 and 3) (2 and 4) (2 and 5) + $40 + $100 + $50 (3 and 4) (3 and 6) (4 and 5) = $570 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 48
Process Layout Example Revised Interdepartmental Flow Graph 30 50 100 2 1 3 10 50 20 50 100 50 4 5 6 Figure 9.7 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 49
Process Layout Example n n Cost = ∑ ∑ Xij Cij i=1 j=1 Cost = $50 + $100 + $20 (1 and 2) (1 and 3) (1 and 6) + $60 + $50 + $10 (2 and 3) (2 and 4) (2 and 5) + $40 + $100 + $50 (3 and 4) (3 and 6) (4 and 5) = $480 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 50
Process Layout Example Area 1 Area 2 Area 3 Painting Assembly Machine Shop Department Department Department (2) (1) (3) 40’ Receiving Shipping Testing Department Department Department (4) (5) (6) Figure 9.8 Area 4 Area 5 Area 6 60’ © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 51
Computer Software  Graphical approach only works for small problems  Computer programs are available to solve bigger problems  CRAFT  ALDEP  CORELAP  Factory Flow © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 52
CRAFT Example PATTERN PATTERN 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 A A A A B B 1 D D D D B B 2 A A A A B B 2 D D D D B B 3 D D D D D D 3 D D D E E E 4 C C D D D D 4 C C D E E F 5 F F F F F D 5 A A A A A F 6 E E E E E D 6 A A A F F F TOTAL COST 20,100 TOTAL COST 14,390 EST. COST REDUCTION .00 EST. COST REDUCTION 70. ITERATION 0 ITERATION 3 (a) (b) Figure 9.9 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 53
Computer Software  Three dimensional visualization software allows managers to view possible layouts and assess process, material handling, efficiency, and safety issues © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 54
Work Cells  Reorganizes people and machines into groups to focus on single products or product groups  Group technology identifies products that have similar characteristics for particular cells  Volume must justify cells  Cells can be reconfigured as designs or volume changes © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 55
Advantages of Work Cells 1. Reduced work-in-process inventory 2. Less floor space required 3. Reduced raw material and finished goods inventory 4. Reduced direct labor 5. Heightened sense of employee participation 6. Increased use of equipment and machinery 7. Reduced investment in machinery and equipment © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 56
Improving Layouts Using Work Cells Current layout - workers in small closed areas. Cannot increase output without a third worker and third set of equipment. Improved layout - cross-trained workers can assist each other. May be able to add a third worker as additional output is needed. Figure 9.10 (a) © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 57
Improving Layouts Using Work Cells Current layout - straight lines make it hard to balance Improved layout - in U tasks because work may not shape, workers have better be divided evenly access. Four cross-trained workers were reduced. U-shaped line may reduce employee movement and space requirements while enhancing communication, reducing the number of Figure 9.10 (b) workers, and facilitating inspection © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 58
Requirements of Work Cells 1. Identification of families of products 2. A high level of training, flexibility and empowerment of employees 3. Being self-contained, with its own equipment and resources 4. Test (poka-yoke) at each station in the cell © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 59
Staffing and Balancing Work Cells Determine the takt time Total work time available Takt time = Units required Determine the number of operators required Total operation time required Workers required = Takt time © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 60
Staffing Work Cells Example 600 Mirrors per day required Mirror production scheduled for 8 hours per day From a work balance chart 60 total operation time 50 = 140 seconds Standard time required 40 30 20 10 0 Assemble Paint Test Label Pack for shipment Operations © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 61
Staffing Work Cells Example 600 Mirrors per day required Mirror production scheduled for 8 hours per day From a work balance chart total operation time = 140 seconds Takt time = (8 hrs x 60 mins) / 600 units = .8 mins = 48 seconds Total operation time required Workers required = Takt time = 140 / 48 = 2.91 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 62
Work Balance Charts  Used for evaluating operation times in work cells  Can help identify bottleneck operations  Flexible, cross-trained employees can help address labor bottlenecks  Machine bottlenecks may require other approaches © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 63
Focused Work Center and Focused Factory  Focused Work Center  Identify a large family of similar products that have a large and stable demand  Moves production from a general-purpose, process-oriented facility to a large work cell  Focused Factory  A focused work cell in a separate facility  May be focused by product line, layout, quality, new product introduction, flexibility, or other requirements © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 64
Focused Work Center and Focused Factory Work Cell Focused Work Center Focused Factory A work cell is a A focused work center is A focused factory is a temporary product- a permanent product- permanent facility to oriented arrangement oriented arrangement produce a product or of machines and of machines and component in a personnel in what is personnel in what is product-oriented ordinarily a process- ordinarily a process- facility. Many focused oriented facility. oriented facility. factories currently being built were originally part of a process-oriented facility. Example: A job shop Example: Pipe bracket Example: A plant to with machinery and manufacturing at a produce window personnel rearranged shipyard. mechanism for to produce 300 unique automobiles. control panels. © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. Table 9.2 9 – 65
Repetitive and Product- Oriented Layout Organized around products or families of similar high-volume, low-variety products 1. Volume is adequate for high equipment utilization 2. Product demand is stable enough to justify high investment in specialized equipment 3. Product is standardized or approaching a phase of life cycle that justifies investment 4. Supplies of raw materials and components are adequate and of uniform quality © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 66
Product-Oriented Layouts  Fabrication line  Builds components on a series of machines  Machine-paced  Require mechanical or engineering changes to balance  Assembly line  Puts fabricated parts together at a series of workstations  Paced by work tasks  Balanced by moving tasks Both types of lines must be balanced so that the time to perform the work at each station is the same © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 67
Product-Oriented Layouts Advantages 1. Low variable cost per unit 2. Low material handling costs 3. Reduced work-in-process inventories 4. Easier training and supervision 5. Rapid throughput Disadvantages 1. High volume is required 2. Work stoppage at any point ties up the whole operation 3. Lack of flexibility in product or production rates © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 68
McDonald’s Assembly Line Figure 9.12 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 69
Disassembly Lines • Disassembly is being considered in new product designs • “Green” issues and recycling standards are important consideration • Automotive disassembly is the 16th largest industry in the US © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 70
Assembly-Line Balancing  Objective is to minimize the imbalance between machines or personnel while meeting required output  Starts with the precedence relationships 1. Determine cycle time 2. Calculate theoretical minimum number of workstations 3. Balance the line by assigning specific tasks to workstations © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 71
Wing Component Example Performance Task Must Follow Time Task Listed Task (minutes) Below A 10 — B 11 A This means that C 5 B tasks B and E cannot be done D 4 B until task A has E 12 A been completed F 3 C, D G 7 F H 11 E I 3 G, H Total time 66 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 72
Wing Component Example Performance Task Must Follow Time Task Listed Task (minutes) Below A 10 — B 11 A C 5 B D 4 B E 12 A F 3 C, D 5 G 7 F 10 11 C 3 7 H 11 E A B F G I 3 G, H 4 3 Total time 66 12 D 11 I E H Figure 9.13 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 73
Wing Component Example Performance Task Must Follow 480 available Time Task Listed mins per day Task (minutes) Below 40 units required A 10 — B 11 A Production time C 5 B available per day D 4 Cycle time = Units required per day B E 12 A = 480 / 40 F 3 C, D 5 = 12 minutes per unit G 7 F 10 11 C 3 7 n H 11 E I 3 Minimum A i∑1Time for taskF G, H = B 4 i G number of = 3 Total time 66 workstations Cycle D time 12 11 I = 66 / 12 E H = 5.5 or 6 stations Figure 9.13 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 74
WingLine-Balancing Heuristics Component Example 1. Longest task time Choose the available task 480 available Performance Task Must Followlongest task time with the Time Task Listed mins per day Task Most following tasksBelow 2. (minutes) Choose the available task required 40 units A 10 —with the largestCycle time = 12 mins number of B 11 Afollowing tasks Minimum C 3. Ranked positional 5 B workstations for or 6 Choose the available task = 5.5 D weight4 Bwhich the sum of following E 12 Atask times is the longest F 3 C, D 5 G 4. Shortest task time 7 FChoose the available task C with the 10 shortest task time 11 3 7 H 11 E A B F G I 5. Least number of 3 G,Choose the available task H 4 3 Total time 66 tasks following with the least number of D I following tasks 12 11 E H Table 9.4 Figure 9.13 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 75
Wing Component Example Performance Task Must Follow 480 available Time Task Listed mins per day Task (minutes) Below 40 units required A 10 — Cycle time = 12 mins B 11 A Minimum Station workstations = 5.5 or 6 5 B C 5 2 D 4 C B E 10 11 12 A 3 7 F A B 3 C, D F G 4 3 G 7 F H 11 D E Station 3 I I 3 12 G, H 11 Station 6 Total time 66 Station 1 E H Station Station 4 5 Figure 9.14 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 76
Wing Component Example Performance Task Must Follow 480 available Time Task Listed mins per day Task (minutes) Below 40 units required A 10 — Cycle time = 12 mins B 11 A Minimum C 5 B workstations = 5.5 or 6 D 4 B E 12 A F 3 C, D G 7 F ∑ Task times Efficiency = H (Actual number of workstations) x (Largest cycle time) 11 E I 3 G, H = 66 minutes / (6 stations) x (12 minutes) Total time 66 = 91.7% © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 77

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Heizer 09

  • 1.
    Operations Management Chapter 9 – Layout Strategies PowerPoint presentation to accompany Heizer/Render Principles of Operations Management, 7e Operations Management, 9e © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9–1
  • 2.
    Outline  Global Company Profile: McDonald’s  The Strategic Importance of Layout Decisions  Types of Layout  Office Layout © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9–2
  • 3.
    Outline – Continued  Retail Layout  Servicescapes  Warehousing and Storage Layouts  Cross-Docking  Random Docking  Customizing  Fixed-Position Layout © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9–3
  • 4.
    Outline – Continued  Process-Oriented Layout  Computer Software for Process- Oriented Layouts  Work Cells  Requirements of Work Cells  Staffing and Balancing Work Cells  The Focused Work Center and the Focused Factory © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9–4
  • 5.
    Outline – Continued  Repetitive and Product-Oriented Layout  Assembly-Line Balancing © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9–5
  • 6.
    Learning Objectives When you complete this chapter you should be able to: 1. Discuss important issues in office layout 2. Define the objectives of retail layout 3. Discuss modern warehouse management and terms such as ASRS, cross-docking, and random stocking 4. Identify when fixed-position layouts are appropriate © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9–6
  • 7.
    Learning Objectives When you complete this chapter, you should be able to: 5. Explain how to achieve a good process- oriented facility layout 6. Define work cell and the requirements of a work cell 7. Define product-oriented layout 8. Explain how to balance production flow in a repetitive or product-oriented facility © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9–7
  • 8.
    Innovations at McDonald’s  Indoor seating (1950s)  Drive-through window (1970s)  Adding breakfast to the menu (1980s)  Adding play areas (late 1980s)  Redesign of the kitchens (1990s)  Self-service kiosk (2004)  Now three separate dining sections © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9–8
  • 9.
    Innovations at McDonald’s  Indoor seating (1950s)  Drive-through window (1970s) Six out of the  Adding breakfast to the menu seven are (1980s) layout  Adding play areas (late 1980s) decisions!  Redesign of the kitchens (1990s)  Self-service kiosk (2004)  Now three separate dining sections © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9–9
  • 10.
    McDonald’s New Layout  Seventh major innovation  Redesigning all 30,000 outlets around the world  Three separate dining areas  Linger zone with comfortable chairs and Wi-Fi connections  Grab and go zone with tall counters  Flexible zone for kids and families  Facility layout is a source of competitive advantage © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 10
  • 11.
    Strategic Importance of Layout Decisions The objective of layout strategy is to develop a cost-effective layout that will meet a firm’s competitive needs © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 11
  • 12.
    Layout Design Considerations  Higher utilization of space, equipment, and people  Improved flow of information, materials, or people  Improved employee morale and safer working conditions  Improved customer/client interaction  Flexibility © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 12
  • 13.
    Types of Layout 1. Office layout 2. Retail layout 3. Warehouse layout 4. Fixed-position layout 5. Process-oriented layout 6. Work-cell layout 7. Product-oriented layout © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 13
  • 14.
    Types of Layout 1. Office layout: Positions workers, their equipment, and spaces/offices to provide for movement of information 2. Retail layout: Allocates shelf space and responds to customer behavior 3. Warehouse layout: Addresses trade- offs between space and material handling © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 14
  • 15.
    Types of Layout 4. Fixed-position layout: Addresses the layout requirements of large, bulky projects such as ships and buildings 5. Process-oriented layout: Deals with low-volume, high-variety production (also called job shop or intermittent production) © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 15
  • 16.
    Types of Layout 6. Work cell layout: Arranges machinery and equipment to focus on production of a single product or group of related products 7. Product-oriented layout: Seeks the best personnel and machine utilizations in repetitive or continuous production © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 16
  • 17.
    Good Layouts Consider 1. Material handling equipment 2. Capacity and space requirements 3. Environment and aesthetics 4. Flows of information 5. Cost of moving between various work areas © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 17
  • 18.
    Layout Strategies Warehouse Office Retail (storage) Examples Allstate Insurance Kroger’s Federal-Mogul’s Supermarket warehouse Microsoft Corp. Walgreen’s The Gap’s distribution center Bloomingdale’s Problems/Issues Locate workers Expose customer Balance low-cost requiring frequent to high-margin storage with low- contact close to items cost material one another handling Table 9.1 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 18
  • 19.
    Layout Strategies Project Job Shop (fixed position) (process oriented) Examples Ingall Ship Building Arnold Palmer Hospital Corp. Hard Rock Café Trump Plaza Olive Garden Pittsburgh Airport Problems/Issues Move material to the Manage varied material limited storage areas flow for each product around the site Table 9.1 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 19
  • 20.
    Layout Strategies Work Cells Repetitive/ Continuous (product families) (product oriented) Examples Hallmark Cards Sony’s TV assembly line Wheeled Coach Toyota Scion Standard Aero Problems/Issues Identify a product Equalize the task time family, build teams, at each workstation cross train team members Table 9.1 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 20
  • 21.
    Office Layout  Grouping of workers, their equipment, and spaces to provide comfort, safety, and movement of information  Movement of information is main distinction  Typically in state of flux due to frequent technological changes © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 21
  • 22.
    Relationship Chart Figure 9.1 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 22
  • 23.
    Supermarket Retail Layout  Objective is to maximize profitability per square foot of floor space  Sales and profitability vary directly with customer exposure © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 23
  • 24.
    Five Helpful Ideasfor Supermarket Layout 1. Locate high-draw items around the periphery of the store 2. Use prominent locations for high-impulse and high-margin items 3. Distribute power items to both sides of an aisle and disperse them to increase viewing of other items 4. Use end-aisle locations 5. Convey mission of store through careful positioning of lead-off department © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 24
  • 25.
    Store Layout Figure 9.2 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 25
  • 26.
    Retail Slotting  Manufacturers pay fees to retailers to get the retailers to display (slot) their product  Contributing factors  Limited shelf space  An increasing number of new products  Better information about sales through POS data collection  Closer control of inventory © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 26
  • 27.
    Retail Store ShelfSpace Planogram 5 facings  Computerized tool for shelf- Shampoo Shampoo Shampoo Shampoo Shampoo space management  Generated from store’s scanner Conditioner Shampoo Shampoo Shampoo Shampoo data on sales Conditioner Conditioner  Often supplied by manufacturer 2 ft. © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 27
  • 28.
    Servicescapes  Ambient conditions - background characteristics such as lighting, sound, smell, and temperature  Spatial layout and functionality - which involve customer circulation path planning, aisle characteristics, and product grouping  Signs, symbols, and artifacts - characteristics of building design that carry social significance © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 28
  • 29.
    Warehousing and Storage Layouts  Objective is to optimize trade-offs between handling costs and costs associated with warehouse space  Maximize the total “cube” of the warehouse – utilize its full volume while maintaining low material handling costs © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 29
  • 30.
    Warehousing and Storage Layouts Material Handling Costs  All costs associated with the transaction  Incoming transport  Storage  Finding and moving material  Outgoing transport  Equipment, people, material, supervision, insurance, depreciation  Minimize damage and spoilage © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 30
  • 31.
    Warehousing and Storage Layouts  Warehouse density tends to vary inversely with the number of different items stored  Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems (ASRSs) can significantly improve warehouse productivity by an estimated 500%  Dock location is a key design element © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 31
  • 32.
    Cross-Docking  Materials are moved directly from receiving to shipping and are not placed in storage in the warehouse  Requires tight scheduling and accurate shipments, bar code or RFID identification used for advanced shipment notification as materials are unloaded © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 32
  • 33.
    Random Stocking  Typically requires automatic identification systems (AISs) and effective information systems  Random assignment of stocking locations allows more efficient use of space  Key tasks 1. Maintain list of open locations 2. Maintain accurate records 3. Sequence items to minimize travel, pick time 4. Combine picking orders 5. Assign classes of items to particular areas © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 33
  • 34.
    Customizing  Value-added activities performed at the warehouse  Enable low cost and rapid response strategies  Assembly of components  Loading software  Repairs  Customized labeling and packaging © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 34
  • 35.
    Warehouse Layout Traditional Layout Storage racks Customization Conveyor Staging Office Shipping and receiving docks © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 35
  • 36.
    Warehouse Layout Cross-Docking Layout Shipping and receiving docks Office Shipping and receiving docks © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 36
  • 37.
    Fixed-Position Layout  Product remains in one place  Workers and equipment come to site  Complicating factors  Limited space at site  Different materials required at different stages of the project  Volume of materials needed is dynamic © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 37
  • 38.
    Alternative Strategy  As much of the project as possible is completed off-site in a product- oriented facility  This can significantly improve efficiency but is only possible when multiple similar units need to be created © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 38
  • 39.
    Process-Oriented Layout  Like machines and equipment are grouped together  Flexible and capable of handling a wide variety of products or services  Scheduling can be difficult and setup, material handling, and labor costs can be high © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 39
  • 40.
    Process-Oriented Layout Patient A - broken leg ER triage Emergency room admissions room Patient B - erratic heart Surgery pacemaker Laboratories Radiology ER Beds Pharmacy Billing/exit Figure 9.3 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 40
  • 41.
    Layout at ArnoldPalmer Hospital Pie-shaped Central break rooms and medical supply rooms Local linen Central nurses supply station Local © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. nursing pod 9 – 41
  • 42.
    Process-Oriented Layout  Arrange work centers so as to minimize the costs of material handling  Basic cost elements are  Number of loads (or people) moving between centers  Distance loads (or people) move between centers © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 42
  • 43.
    Process-Oriented Layout n n Minimize cost = ∑ ∑ Xij Cij i=1 j=1 where n = total number of work centers or departments i, j = individual departments Xij = number of loads moved from department i to department j Cij = cost to move a load © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. between department i and 9 – 43
  • 44.
    Process Layout Example Arrange six departments in a factory to minimize the material handling costs. Each department is 20 x 20 feet and the building is 60 feet long and 40 feet wide. 1. Construct a “from-to matrix” 2. Determine the space requirements 3. Develop an initial schematic diagram 4. Determine the cost of this layout 5. Try to improve the layout 6. Prepare a detailed plan © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 44
  • 45.
    Process Layout Example Number of loads per week Department Assembly Painting Machine Receiving Shipping Testing (1) (2) Shop (3) (4) (5) (6) Assembly (1) 50 100 0 0 20 Painting (2) 30 50 10 0 Machine Shop (3) 20 0 100 Receiving (4) 50 0 Shipping (5) 0 Testing (6) Figure 9.4 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 45
  • 46.
    Process Layout Example Area 1 Area 2 Area 3 Assembly Painting Machine Shop Department Department Department (1) (2) (3) 40’ Receiving Shipping Testing Department Department Department (4) (5) (6) Figure 9.5 Area 4 Area 5 Area 6 60’ © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 46
  • 47.
    Process Layout Example Interdepartmental Flow Graph 100 50 30 1 2 3 20 20 10 50 100 4 5 6 50 Figure 9.6 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 47
  • 48.
    Process Layout Example n n Cost = ∑ ∑ Xij Cij i=1 j=1 Cost = $50 + $200 + $40 (1 and 2) (1 and 3) (1 and 6) + $30 + $50 + $10 (2 and 3) (2 and 4) (2 and 5) + $40 + $100 + $50 (3 and 4) (3 and 6) (4 and 5) = $570 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 48
  • 49.
    Process Layout Example Revised Interdepartmental Flow Graph 30 50 100 2 1 3 10 50 20 50 100 50 4 5 6 Figure 9.7 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 49
  • 50.
    Process Layout Example n n Cost = ∑ ∑ Xij Cij i=1 j=1 Cost = $50 + $100 + $20 (1 and 2) (1 and 3) (1 and 6) + $60 + $50 + $10 (2 and 3) (2 and 4) (2 and 5) + $40 + $100 + $50 (3 and 4) (3 and 6) (4 and 5) = $480 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 50
  • 51.
    Process Layout Example Area 1 Area 2 Area 3 Painting Assembly Machine Shop Department Department Department (2) (1) (3) 40’ Receiving Shipping Testing Department Department Department (4) (5) (6) Figure 9.8 Area 4 Area 5 Area 6 60’ © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 51
  • 52.
    Computer Software  Graphical approach only works for small problems  Computer programs are available to solve bigger problems  CRAFT  ALDEP  CORELAP  Factory Flow © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 52
  • 53.
    CRAFT Example PATTERN PATTERN 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 A A A A B B 1 D D D D B B 2 A A A A B B 2 D D D D B B 3 D D D D D D 3 D D D E E E 4 C C D D D D 4 C C D E E F 5 F F F F F D 5 A A A A A F 6 E E E E E D 6 A A A F F F TOTAL COST 20,100 TOTAL COST 14,390 EST. COST REDUCTION .00 EST. COST REDUCTION 70. ITERATION 0 ITERATION 3 (a) (b) Figure 9.9 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 53
  • 54.
    Computer Software  Three dimensional visualization software allows managers to view possible layouts and assess process, material handling, efficiency, and safety issues © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 54
  • 55.
    Work Cells  Reorganizes people and machines into groups to focus on single products or product groups  Group technology identifies products that have similar characteristics for particular cells  Volume must justify cells  Cells can be reconfigured as designs or volume changes © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 55
  • 56.
    Advantages of WorkCells 1. Reduced work-in-process inventory 2. Less floor space required 3. Reduced raw material and finished goods inventory 4. Reduced direct labor 5. Heightened sense of employee participation 6. Increased use of equipment and machinery 7. Reduced investment in machinery and equipment © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 56
  • 57.
    Improving Layouts Using Work Cells Current layout - workers in small closed areas. Cannot increase output without a third worker and third set of equipment. Improved layout - cross-trained workers can assist each other. May be able to add a third worker as additional output is needed. Figure 9.10 (a) © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 57
  • 58.
    Improving Layouts Using Work Cells Current layout - straight lines make it hard to balance Improved layout - in U tasks because work may not shape, workers have better be divided evenly access. Four cross-trained workers were reduced. U-shaped line may reduce employee movement and space requirements while enhancing communication, reducing the number of Figure 9.10 (b) workers, and facilitating inspection © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 58
  • 59.
    Requirements of WorkCells 1. Identification of families of products 2. A high level of training, flexibility and empowerment of employees 3. Being self-contained, with its own equipment and resources 4. Test (poka-yoke) at each station in the cell © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 59
  • 60.
    Staffing and Balancing Work Cells Determine the takt time Total work time available Takt time = Units required Determine the number of operators required Total operation time required Workers required = Takt time © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 60
  • 61.
    Staffing Work CellsExample 600 Mirrors per day required Mirror production scheduled for 8 hours per day From a work balance chart 60 total operation time 50 = 140 seconds Standard time required 40 30 20 10 0 Assemble Paint Test Label Pack for shipment Operations © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 61
  • 62.
    Staffing Work CellsExample 600 Mirrors per day required Mirror production scheduled for 8 hours per day From a work balance chart total operation time = 140 seconds Takt time = (8 hrs x 60 mins) / 600 units = .8 mins = 48 seconds Total operation time required Workers required = Takt time = 140 / 48 = 2.91 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 62
  • 63.
    Work Balance Charts  Used for evaluating operation times in work cells  Can help identify bottleneck operations  Flexible, cross-trained employees can help address labor bottlenecks  Machine bottlenecks may require other approaches © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 63
  • 64.
    Focused Work Centerand Focused Factory  Focused Work Center  Identify a large family of similar products that have a large and stable demand  Moves production from a general-purpose, process-oriented facility to a large work cell  Focused Factory  A focused work cell in a separate facility  May be focused by product line, layout, quality, new product introduction, flexibility, or other requirements © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 64
  • 65.
    Focused Work Centerand Focused Factory Work Cell Focused Work Center Focused Factory A work cell is a A focused work center is A focused factory is a temporary product- a permanent product- permanent facility to oriented arrangement oriented arrangement produce a product or of machines and of machines and component in a personnel in what is personnel in what is product-oriented ordinarily a process- ordinarily a process- facility. Many focused oriented facility. oriented facility. factories currently being built were originally part of a process-oriented facility. Example: A job shop Example: Pipe bracket Example: A plant to with machinery and manufacturing at a produce window personnel rearranged shipyard. mechanism for to produce 300 unique automobiles. control panels. © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. Table 9.2 9 – 65
  • 66.
    Repetitive and Product- Oriented Layout Organized around products or families of similar high-volume, low-variety products 1. Volume is adequate for high equipment utilization 2. Product demand is stable enough to justify high investment in specialized equipment 3. Product is standardized or approaching a phase of life cycle that justifies investment 4. Supplies of raw materials and components are adequate and of uniform quality © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 66
  • 67.
    Product-Oriented Layouts  Fabrication line  Builds components on a series of machines  Machine-paced  Require mechanical or engineering changes to balance  Assembly line  Puts fabricated parts together at a series of workstations  Paced by work tasks  Balanced by moving tasks Both types of lines must be balanced so that the time to perform the work at each station is the same © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 67
  • 68.
    Product-Oriented Layouts Advantages 1. Low variable cost per unit 2. Low material handling costs 3. Reduced work-in-process inventories 4. Easier training and supervision 5. Rapid throughput Disadvantages 1. High volume is required 2. Work stoppage at any point ties up the whole operation 3. Lack of flexibility in product or production rates © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 68
  • 69.
    McDonald’s Assembly Line Figure 9.12 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 69
  • 70.
    Disassembly Lines • Disassembly is being considered in new product designs • “Green” issues and recycling standards are important consideration • Automotive disassembly is the 16th largest industry in the US © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 70
  • 71.
    Assembly-Line Balancing  Objective is to minimize the imbalance between machines or personnel while meeting required output  Starts with the precedence relationships 1. Determine cycle time 2. Calculate theoretical minimum number of workstations 3. Balance the line by assigning specific tasks to workstations © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 71
  • 72.
    Wing Component Example Performance Task Must Follow Time Task Listed Task (minutes) Below A 10 — B 11 A This means that C 5 B tasks B and E cannot be done D 4 B until task A has E 12 A been completed F 3 C, D G 7 F H 11 E I 3 G, H Total time 66 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 72
  • 73.
    Wing Component Example Performance Task Must Follow Time Task Listed Task (minutes) Below A 10 — B 11 A C 5 B D 4 B E 12 A F 3 C, D 5 G 7 F 10 11 C 3 7 H 11 E A B F G I 3 G, H 4 3 Total time 66 12 D 11 I E H Figure 9.13 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 73
  • 74.
    Wing Component Example Performance Task Must Follow 480 available Time Task Listed mins per day Task (minutes) Below 40 units required A 10 — B 11 A Production time C 5 B available per day D 4 Cycle time = Units required per day B E 12 A = 480 / 40 F 3 C, D 5 = 12 minutes per unit G 7 F 10 11 C 3 7 n H 11 E I 3 Minimum A i∑1Time for taskF G, H = B 4 i G number of = 3 Total time 66 workstations Cycle D time 12 11 I = 66 / 12 E H = 5.5 or 6 stations Figure 9.13 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 74
  • 75.
    WingLine-Balancing Heuristics Component Example 1. Longest task time Choose the available task 480 available Performance Task Must Followlongest task time with the Time Task Listed mins per day Task Most following tasksBelow 2. (minutes) Choose the available task required 40 units A 10 —with the largestCycle time = 12 mins number of B 11 Afollowing tasks Minimum C 3. Ranked positional 5 B workstations for or 6 Choose the available task = 5.5 D weight4 Bwhich the sum of following E 12 Atask times is the longest F 3 C, D 5 G 4. Shortest task time 7 FChoose the available task C with the 10 shortest task time 11 3 7 H 11 E A B F G I 5. Least number of 3 G,Choose the available task H 4 3 Total time 66 tasks following with the least number of D I following tasks 12 11 E H Table 9.4 Figure 9.13 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 75
  • 76.
    Wing Component Example Performance Task Must Follow 480 available Time Task Listed mins per day Task (minutes) Below 40 units required A 10 — Cycle time = 12 mins B 11 A Minimum Station workstations = 5.5 or 6 5 B C 5 2 D 4 C B E 10 11 12 A 3 7 F A B 3 C, D F G 4 3 G 7 F H 11 D E Station 3 I I 3 12 G, H 11 Station 6 Total time 66 Station 1 E H Station Station 4 5 Figure 9.14 © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 76
  • 77.
    Wing Component Example Performance Task Must Follow 480 available Time Task Listed mins per day Task (minutes) Below 40 units required A 10 — Cycle time = 12 mins B 11 A Minimum C 5 B workstations = 5.5 or 6 D 4 B E 12 A F 3 C, D G 7 F ∑ Task times Efficiency = H (Actual number of workstations) x (Largest cycle time) 11 E I 3 G, H = 66 minutes / (6 stations) x (12 minutes) Total time 66 = 91.7% © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 9 – 77